Munhu wese akamirira dzidziso yake

MuHitchhiker's Guide kuGirazi, iyo Yakadzika Yekufunga hypercomputer (1) yakabvunzwa "mubvunzo muhombe". Pashure pemakore mamiriyoni manomwe nehafu ekuverenga kwakaoma kunzwisisa, akapa mhinduro ine chokuita noupenyu, chisiko chapose pose nezvimwe zvinhu zvose. Pairi pakanga pakanyorwa kuti “42”.

Muna Nyamavhuvhu Nature, nyanzvi yefizikisi Mostafa Ahmadi akaburitsa bepa nevaaishanda navo nezvekudzidza kwake, izvo zvakaratidza kuti mutsara wekuburitsa maatomu eantihydrogen wakafanana neayo ehydrogen ari chinhambwe chemasendimita 21. Saka, pamwe chete, mafungu akabudiswa nehydrogen uye antihydrogen ane kureba 42 cm!

Mucherechedzo wekusheedzera unobata basa rinosekesa pano. Zvisineyi, "associative sequence" iri pamusoro apa haisi kure nekumwe kufunga kuri kuitika mumunda wefizikisi yemazuva ano. Vatsvakurudzi vave vachifunga kwenguva refu kana maitiro uye kugadzirisa kwatinoona muchadenga kusiri kungoita kwepfungwa dzedu, uye kwete kuratidzwa kwechinangwa chero chipi zvacho. Mune imwe pfungwa, nhamba ipi neipi yechadenga yaigona kunge yakaitika pasina chikonzero. Takazviwana tiri mune chimwe chazvo, chakananga, umo chiverengero chakati chemigariro yakavanzika chakasangana nokuda kwokuonekwa kwomunhu ari mairi. Tinomuti o. anthropic nyika (2), ndiko kuti, imwe apo zvinhu zvose zvinonangidzirwa pakubuda kwehupenyu sezvatinohuziva.

Kudiwa kwemakumi emakore Dzidziso yezvose panogonawo kunge paine nhamba "42", iyo ichabva pamhedzisiro yekutarisa, kuyedza, kuverenga, mhedziso - uye muchokwadi haungazive zvekuita nazvo.

Sokuti hauzive zvekuita nazvo standard model. Icho chishandiso chakanakisa chinotsanangura chefizikisi yemazuva ano. Dambudziko, zvisinei, nderekuti handisi kumurasa, ndoda simba. Uye mubvunzo wekufungidzira kwekuenzanisa kwezvinhu uye antimatter muUniverse wave kutonetsa anenge munhu wese. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzefizikiki dzinobvuma zvakadzikama kuti chinangwa chechokwadi chekuedza pane yakakurumbira LHC Hadron Collider nedzimwe nzvimbo dzemhando iyi haisi yakanyanya kusimbisa iyi modhi, asi ku ... kuikanganisa! Zvino, ndinofunga, sainzi yaizoenda kumberi, ichikunda mhirizhonga iripo.

Sezvineiwo, Dzidziso Yezvese idzidziso yekufungidzira inotsanangura zvese zvinoitika zvemuviri uye inobvumira munhu kufanotaura mhedzisiro yechero chiitiko chemuviri.

Iro izwi parizvino rinowanzo shandiswa kutsanangura pfungwa dzekuyedza, zvisinei, kusvika parizvino hapana kana imwe yemazano aya yakamboongororwa. Dambudziko guru rakazova mutsauko usingakundiki mukuumbwa kwedzidziso dzose dziri mbiri. Zvakare, kune akawanda matambudziko ayo hapana kana imwe yedzidziso idzi inogadzirisa, saka kunyangwe ukaabatanidza pamwechete, haakupe iwe Theory yezvese.

Kubatana kunonetsa

Yekutanga yemazuva ano yakakodzera mufizikisi, Newton's gravitational model, aiva nezvimwe zvakaipa. Anenge mazana maviri emakore gare gare, muScot akasarudza kuti magetsi uye magineti zvinofanira kuonekwa semasimba anopindirana. Izvi zvinogona kufungidzirwa sevheji iyo crest inogadzira nzvimbo yemagetsi, iyo inogadzirawo magnetic field kuburikidza neoscillation yayo, iyo zvakare inogadzira munda wemagetsi.

Kupindirana kwemagetsi uye magineti kwakave kusingafe nenyanzvi yefizikisi yeScotland nerubatsiro rwemaequation mana anozivikanwa. Nokudaro, masimba ose ari maviri akabatanidzwa kuva rimwe, i.e. electromagnetism. Hazvifanirwe kukanganwa zvakare kuti pachiitiko ichi Maxwell akawana imwezve, nekuda kwechiedza chakazotsanangurwa se electromagnetic wave. Zvisinei, pakanga pane dambudziko guru, iro panguva iyoyo rakanga risina kubhadharwa. Kumhanya kwechiedza, i.e. kuparidzirwa kweiyi electromagnetic wave hakuenderane nekumhanya kuri kufamba kwaibva mwaranzi, zvinoreva kuti kumhanya uku kunoramba kwakafanana kune vakasiyana vanoona. Saka, kubva mumienzaniso yaMaxwell kuti chinhu chinofamba nespidhi iri pedyo nekumhanya kwemasaisai echiedza, nguva inofanira kudzikira.

Iyo yechinyakare fizikisi yaIsaac Newton haina kunyatsonzwa kugadzikana nezvakazarurwa izvi. Musiki wemasimba haana kufunga kuti nguva inofanira kuva nezvainoreva - inofanira kunge isina kuchinjwa uye yakaenzana nemunhu wese. Maxwell akatora danho diki rekutanga kupikisa chitendero ichi, asi chaidiwa yaive nhamba inodenha zvakanyanya, ichiratidza kuti simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi nechiedza zviripo pamisimboti yakati siyanei nezvaimbofungwa. hunhu hwakadai Albert Einstein.

Munguva idzodzo dzetarisiro, Dzidziso Yezvese yairatidzika kuva yekuwedzera nekuwedzera kweequations yaMaxwell. Kwaifungidzirwa kuti paizova nefomula imwe inoyevedza yaizokodzera fizikisi yose yechisiko chapose pose pamwe chete nokumwe kupindirana kunozivikanwa.

Pfungwa yaEinstein yekubatana kwenguva nenzvimbo, simba uye nyaya kune imwe neimwe yaive shanduko. Mushure mekukosha uyezve hukama hwakazara hwakaziviswa, shasha yakafunga kuti yaive nguva yekutsvaga Dzidziso yezvese, iyo yaaifunga kuti yaive mukati mekubata kwake. Einstein aive nechokwadi chekuti aive pedyo nechinangwa chake uye zvaive zvakakwana kuti awane nzira yekubatanidza dzidziso yake yehukama neMaxwell's electromagnetism kuti atore fomula inotsanangura maitiro ese ekufarira kune vefizikisi.

Zvinosuruvarisa, pakarepo mushure mekubudirira kukuru kwaEinstein, munda mutsva wefizikisi wakaonekwa - quantum mechanics. Kana kuti pamwe "nerombo rakanaka", nekuti pasina kufunga nezve chiitiko cheiyo microcosm yezvikamu zvekutanga zvinotsanangurwa nazvo, Einstein's hypothetical theory yaisazove iyo Theory yezvese. Asi zvinhu zvaiita sezviri nyore pakutanga zvakatanga kuoma.

Pakupedzisira, nepfungwa dzose dziri mbiri mupfungwa, nyanzvi dzefizikisi, kwete Einstein chete, dzakaronga kubatanidza. Imwe yekutanga mushure mekushanda kwaEinstein yaive Kaluzi-Klein dzidziso  yakarongwa muna 1919 Theodora Caluzen uye yakagadziridzwa muna 1926. Oscar Klein. Akabatanidza dzidziso yehukama neMaxwell's electromagnetism, achiwedzera mana-dimensional space-nguva nekufungidzira kwekuwedzera. cheshanu Dimension. Yakanga iri yekutanga dzidziso inozivikanwa zvakanyanya yakavakirwa papfungwa nyowani ye hyperspace.

Sezvakaratidzwa nechizvarwa chinotevera chenyanzvi dzefizikisi, atomu inofambiswa nemasimba aimbozivikanwa kunze kwegiravhiti kana kuti magineti emagetsi. Yekutanga yaive kudyidzana kwakasimba, iyo ine basa rekubata mapurotoni nemanyutroni mukati meatomu nucleus. Chepiri - kudyidzana kusina simba, zvichikonzera kuora kweatomu uye inosanganiswa neradioactivity.

Pfungwa yekubatana yakatanga zvakare. Zvisinei, panguva ino, kuitira kuti titarisire dzidziso yakananga, zvakanga zvakakodzera kubatanidza kwete maviri, asi masimba mana anodzora zvinhu zvose zvakatipoteredza. Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vakadzidza kushandisa kugona kweatomu, vakasuduruka kubva pakusikwa kwezvinhu zvose. Vefizikisi vakatanga kuvaka nzvimbo dzekutsvagisa dzekudhumhana zvidimbu zveatomu. Accelerator kuyedza zvakakurumidza kuratidza kuti izvo zvatakadaidza kuti zvidimbu zvekutanga zvinogona kuputswa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki. Nokudaro, “ZOO” yose yakabudiswa subatomic particles, uye masayendisiti akatanga kushamisika kuti chii chinovakisa zvinhu.

Makore gare gare imwe shasha yakaonekwa Richard Feynman. Akatora dzidziso itsva - quantum electrodynamics (QED). Izvi zvine chekuita nekudyidzana kwephoton ine subatomic particles, kunyanya neelectron.

ipapo Abdus Salam naSteven Weinberg akatadza kutsanangura mhedzisiro isina simba. Vesainzi vakafanotaura kuvepo kwezvikamu zvitatu zvine chekuita nerudzi urwu rwesimba: W (+), W (-) uye Z (0). Vakaona kuti pakakwirira zvakakwana simba, zvimedu izvi zvinoita nenzira imwechete.

Masayendisiti akatevera maitiro uye akabata maerekitironi neutrino nenzira imwechete - semativi maviri emari imwe chete. Pachikonzero ichi, zvinofanotaurwa kuti munguva dzekutanga dzeBig Bang, i.e. nguva yekusimba kukuru kwesimba, kudyidzana kusina simba uye electromagnetism zvakabatana (3). Yakanga iri yekutanga kusanganisa kusangana kubva kuna James Maxwell. Salam naWeinberg vakazivikanwa electroweak kusangana.

3. Mufananidzo wezvakafanana mavambo ekubatana kwese

Zvakawanikwa izvi zvakapa nyanzvi dzefizikisi simba rekushanda nesimba rakasimba. Sezvo mafotoni achitakura kupindirana kwemagetsi, uye zvimedu W(+), W(-) uye Z(0) zvisina simba, nekuenzanisa panofanira kunge paine twumwe twunhu twakakonzeresa kudyidzana kwakasimba. Izvi zvimedu, izvo zvinogadzira proton uye neutron kubva kuquarks, zvakadanwa ndirumbidzei. Iro zita rinobva pakuti magluons anoita seglue kune subatomic particles.

Mazuva ano zvakada kufanana neiyo Theory yezvese pfungwa inodaidzwa seiyo huru yakabatana dzidziso, inozivikanwawo seGUT (). Zvisinei, inongova boka redzidziso dzinoedza kubatanidza quantum chromodynamics (kusangana kwakasimba) uye dzidziso ye electroweak interactions.

Vanotsanangura kupindirana kwakasimba, kusina simba uye kwemagetsi sechiratidzo chekubatana kumwe chete. Zvisineyi, hapana kana imwe yedzidziso huru dziripo dzakabatana dzakagamuchira simbiso yekuyedza. Ivo vanonongedza kune mitsva symmetries pakati pekutanga zvimedu, izvo zvinotitendera kuti tizvidudzire sezviratidziro zvakasiyana zvechikamu chimwe. Mafungiro mazhinji anomiririra kuvepo kwezvimedu zvitsva (zvisati zvawanikwa), semuenzaniso, uye maitiro matsva anoitika nekutora kwavo kutora chikamu. Chinhu chakajairika cheiyo huru yakabatana dzidziso kufanotaura kwekuora kweproton. Zvisinei, nzira iyi haisati yaonekwa. Izvi zvinotevera kubva pane izvi kuti hupenyu hweproton hunofanira kunge huri gumi³² nungo.

Dambudziko rakakura kwazvo rinoramba riri kubatana kwerelativity yakajairika inotsanangura giravhiti pa macrolevel, z, inotsanangura kudyidzana kwakakosha padanho resubatomic. Kusvika pari zvino, hazvisati zvave zvichikwanisika kuvaka dzidziso yakabatana inoshanda zvizere. quantum gravityizvo zvaizofanotaura zviitiko zvitsva zvinogona kuedzwa mukuedza.

Pasinei nekushanduka kusingarambiki kwakaunzwa nekubatana kwevasina simba, vakasimba, uye magineti emagetsi, Standard Model, iyo inosanganisira kubatana kwatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, ichiri kunetseka nerudzi rwekuderera kusingaite mushure meNewton naEinstein. Uye giravhiti handiro dambudziko rake chete...

Symphony haana kumbotamba

Iyo Standard Model inopfupikisa ruzivo rwedu rwazvino rwe particle fizikisi. Yakaedzwa mukuedza kwakawanda uye yakaratidza kubudirira mukufanotaura kuvapo kwezvikamu zvaimbova zvisingazivikanwe. Zvisinei, haripi rondedzero imwe chete yemasimba ose anokosha, sezvo zvichiri kuoma kugadzira dzidziso yegiravhiti yakafanana nedzidziso yemamwe masimba. Uye kunyange yakawedzerwa naFr. Higgs chikamu Hazviite zvishoma kutsanangura zvakavanzika zvemazuva ano zvesimba rakasviba, giravhiti, asymmetry yezvinhu uye antimatter, uye kunyange neutrino oscillations.

Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, pakanga paine tarisiro yekuti iyo Standard Model inogona kugadzirwa nehunyanzvi munzira supersymmetry (SUSY), iyo inofanotaura kuti chese chepakutanga chidimbu chinozivikanwa kwatiri chine symmetrical mudiwa - anonzi s-chidimbu (4). Izvi zvinopeta nekaviri huwandu hwese hwezvivharo zvezvinhu, asi dzidziso inokwana zvakakwana muyemasvomhu equation uye, zvakakosha, inopa mukana wekuburitsa chakavanzika che cosmic rima nyaya. Yakangosara kumirira mhedzisiro yekuyedza paLarge Hadron Collider, iyo inosimbisa kuvepo kwesupersymmetric particles. Nehurombo, masayendisiti haasati awanikwa, uye semhedzisiro, SUSY ichiri pasi pemubvunzo muhombe.

4. Elementary uye symmetric particles

Kusvika ikozvino, zvinotendwa zvakanyanya kuti mukuru, kana kuti chokwadi chete mumiriri akakomba weChidzidzo cheZvese ndiyo dzidziso, kana kuti, dzidziso yetambo. Kufungidzira kwekutanga pano kuvepo kwechinhu chakakosha, chinova "tambo" yedimensional - yakavhurika (ine magumo emahara) kana yakavharwa (kana migumo yakabatana). Tambo yakadaro inogona kutenderera, uye aya maoscillations emhando dzakasiyana anoburitsa, mupfungwa yehuwandu yezwi, ekutanga zvidimbu zvinozivikanwa kwatiri kubva kuStandard Model (mafotoni, maerekitironi, quarks, gravitons, nezvimwewo). Semuyenzaniso, kutekenyedzwa kuri nyore kwetambo yakavhurika kunoita semafotoni kana magluons. Iwo akareruka mavibrations etambo dzakavharwa ane zvimiro zvakaita semagravitons, angave quanta yenzvimbo inokwevera pasi, ichiumba zvinhu zvikuru mu. quantum dzidziso yegiravhiti.

Kudzikiswa kwezvidiki-diki zvinozivikanwa kwatiri kune vibrations yetambo ndiyo yakamisikidzwa yakakura kubatana uye nzira yakananga kune Theory yezvese. Saka kufarirwa kukuru kwetambo dzidziso. Nekudaro, pfungwa, zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nesainzi, dzinofanirwa kuedzwa, zviri nani kuyedza. Uye pano kukwezva kwetambo symphony inopera pakarepo, nokuti hapana munhu auya nenzira inooneka yekusimbisa empirical. Mune mamwe mazwi, iyo tambo yakagadzirwa haina kumbobvira yaridzwa pazviridzwa chaizvo.

Izvi hazviodzi mwoyo vaongorori vakasarudza kuenderera mberi vachirekodha zvinyorwa zveiyi isina kumbobvira yagadzirwazve tambo mimhanzi, vachitsvaga toni nyowani nemanzwi mumasvomhu mafomula. Created incl. supersymmetric tambo dzidziso Oraz M-dzidziso - seyakajairwa yedzidziso yetambo, inoda kuvepo kwekuwedzera, kwegumi nerimwe dimension, yakawedzerwa kune yakambofanotaurwa gumi. Chinhu chikuru muM-dzidziso ndeye maviri-dimensional diaphragm, iyo inoderedzwa kusvika kune tambo huru nekuderedza iyi yakawedzera dimension. Vanyori vanosimbisawo kuti pfungwa dzese hadzifanirwe kurongeka sedzidziso dzakazvimirira - dzinongove kuratidzwa kweimwe, pfungwa huru.

Zvishwe zve quantum gravity

Imwe yedzazvino kuyedza kuyananisa inoita seisingaenderane dzidziso dze quantum mechanics ine general relativity. loop quantum giravhiti (PGK), inozivikanwawo se loop gravity kana quantum geometry. PGC iri kuyedza kugadzira iyo quantum dzidziso yegiravhiti, umo nzvimbo pachayo inoverengerwa. Izwi rekuti "quantum" rinoreva kuti pfungwa iyi ishanduro yehuwandu hwedzidziso yechinyakare - muchiitiko ichi, dzidziso huru yehukama, iyo inofananidza giravhiti nejeometry yenguva-yenguva (5).

Mune dzidziso yakajairika yehukama, metrics uye zvinongedzo zvinogona kutorwa semamwe mabasa, anotsanangurwa chero nguva munzvimbo-nguva, anokwanisa kutora chero kukosha chero nguva. Kune rimwe divi, muloop gravity, metric uye yekubatanidza haisi "mabasa" akajairwa, asi tevera mimwe mitemo ye quantum mechanics - semuenzaniso, havagone kutora chero hupi hupi (vanogona kuchinja zvakanyanya) uye haugone. panguva imwe chete tarisa iyo metric uye kubatana nechero chokwadi.

Zvisinei, dzidziso yePGK inotarisana nematambudziko makuru. Zvakaoma kuisa, kuwedzera kune geometry pachayo, iyo nyaya yatinoumbwa uye iyo inotipoteredza. Izvo hazvina kunyatsojeka kuti ungawana sei classical Einstein equations mu quantum vhezheni ine muganho wakakodzera.

Pamusoro pekugadzirisa

Dzidziso yezvinhu zvose inzira inokosha, yepakutanga uye yemanzwiro holographic hypothesis, kushandura matambudziko ekuziva kune imwe ndege yakati siyanei. Iyo fizikisi yemaburi matema inoita seinoratidza kuti chadenga chedu hachisi icho manzwisisiro edu anozviita. Chokwadi chakatipoteredza chinogona kuva hologram - fungidziro yendege ine mativi maviri (6).

6. Chadenga sehologiramu

Craig Hogan, prof. Nyanzvi dzefizikisi paFermilab Research Center dzinoratidza kuti mizhinji yemhedzisiro yekuyedza, senge yakaitwa kuLHC, inoratidza kuti nhanho yekugadziriswa kwehologram ichangosvika. Saka, kana chadenga chiri hologram, pamwe tangosvika pamiganho yekugadziriswa kwechokwadi. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzakapa pfungwa inonakidza yekuti nguva-yatinogara mairi haisi kuzoenderera mberi, asi, semufananidzo wakawanikwa kubva kudhijitari mafoto, padanho rayo rekutanga rinoumbwa nemamwe "zviyo" kana "pixels."

Hogan akavaka interferometer inonzi Hogan holometeriyo ine chinangwa chekuzadzisa quantum hunhu hwenzvimbo pachayo uye kuvapo kweinonzi nesainzi "holographic ruzha". Iyo holometer ine maviri interferometer akaiswa parutivi. Vanopisa one-kilowatt laser matanda pane mudziyo unoapatsanura kuita maviri perpendicular matanda akareba 40 metres, ayo anoratidzwa nekudzokera kunzvimbo yekuparadzanisa, achigadzira kuchinjika mukupenya kwemwenje wemwenje. Kana vakakonzera kumwe kufamba mumudziyo wekuparadzanisa, izvi zvichava humbowo hwekudedera kwenzvimbo pachayo.

Vamwe vanotenda kuti idzidziso yeholographic universe inogona pakupedzisira kuyananisa dzidziso yehukama nequantum mechanics. Iyo hypothesis inoramba iri padyo neiyo holographic musimboti Chadenga sekuenzanisayaari murwiri ane mukurumbira Niklas Bostrum. Musayendisiti anoratidza kuti nekombuta ine simba rakakwana, unogona kugadzira yakavimbika simulation yebudiriro yese kana kunyangwe chadenga chese.

Nyanzvi kubva kuYunivhesiti yeSouthampton, ichishanda nevamwe vavanoshanda navo muCanada neItaly, vanoti pane humbowo hwechokwadi hwekuti muchadenga chinogona kunge chiri manyepo. Pane dzimwe nzvimbo anomalies microwave kumashure kwemwaranzi, inozivikanwawo se kumashure nemwaranzi Kana CMB (). Chikwata che theoretical physicists kubva kuyunivhesiti iyi, mukutsvaga kusimbiswa kweiyo dzidziso ye holographic chimiro chepasirese, yakaongorora huwandu hukuru hwe data, ichiedza kutsvaga inhomogeneities kumashure kwemwaranzi. Masayendisiti akaedza akati wandei akasiyana holographic modhi uye akaenzanisa kufanotaura kwavo nekuona kwekugovewa kwezvinhu muchadenga chekare, chakawanikwa kubva muzviyero zvePlanck satellite. Nenzira iyi, zvaive zvichibvira kubvisa mienzaniso yakawanda, asi mamwe maitiro akawanikwa achinyanya kuenderana nekucherechedza.

Mune mamwe mazwi, vatsvakurudzi vanoratidza kuti izvo zvavakawana zvinotsigira kuti isu tiri kurarama muhologram, uye kuziva chokwadi ichi kwaizotungamirira kukubatana kwefizikiki mune dzidziso chaiyo yezvose. Kana iyi modhi yemuviri yaizogamuchirwa, kwaizova kuguma kwedzidziso yeBig Bang kana pfungwa dzakadai sekukwira kwemitengo yezvinhu. Nekune rumwe rutivi, yaizotsanangurawo, semuenzaniso, kukangaidzika kwemucherechedzi mu quantum physics, ndiko kuti, pfungwa yekuona iyo iyo chokwadi chekucherechedza chiitiko chinokanganisa mugumisiro wekucherechedza, sezvinongoita nzira mu. iyo inozivikanwa holographic mifananidzo inoonekwa inokanganisa chitarisiko chavo.

Iyi ndiyo yaive Dzidziso yezvese zvataida here? Zvakaoma kutaura. Mushure mezvose, isu hatisati taziva chero wavo ...

Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana, kureva kuti, zvinhu zvose zvinorasikirwa nezvazvinoreva

Mhiri kwePasirose se hologram uye/kana kuenzanisa kweimwe, imwe jee rakashata kubva mukuedza kwedu kutsvaga Iyo Theory yezvese. multiverse hypothesis. Maererano neiyo quantum theory yenyika dzakawanda Hugh Everett III, iyo yaanodaidza kuti "kududzirwa kwakasiyana-siyana kwe quantum mechanics", zvese zvinogona kuitika zvinosungirwa kuitika mune rimwe rematavi echokwadi. Kuna Everett, imwe neimwe nzvimbo yepamusoro ndeyechokwadi zvakaenzana uye inowanikwa mune chimwe chadenga chakafanana. Iyo quantum multiverse yakaita semuti usingaperi webazi.

Maererano nekumwe dudziro ye quantum mechanics, kune universes munzvimbo ino inotangira kubva kune yedu muchadenga. Nguva nenguva matenga matsva anosikwa munzvimbo iyi. Izvi zvinoitika pese panenge paine sarudzo muchadenga - semuenzaniso, chimedu chakapihwa chinogona kufamba munzira dzakati wandei, uyezve zvisikwa zvitsva zvakawanda zvinosikwa sekunge kune nzira dzinogona kuitika, uye mune imwe neimwe yadzo mamorekuru anofamba munzira dzakasiyana. Imwe mhando yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana inotsanangurwa mune yakambotaurwa M-dzidziso. Sekureva kwake, yedu uye nezvimwe zvakasikwa zvakamuka semhedzisiro yekudhumhana kwemembrane mune gumi nerimwe-dimensional space. Kusiyana nechadenga chiri mu "quantum multiverse", vanogona kunge vaine mitemo yakasiyana kwazvo yefizikisi.

Pfungwa yezvakasiyana-siyana kana zvakasiyana-siyana inogadzirisa matambudziko mazhinji, senge kurongedza kwakaringana, asi mupfungwa yesainzi inoita kunge mugumo wakafa. Nokuti zvinoita kuti mibvunzo yose "nei?" kusakosha. Uyezve, kudzidza nezvezvimwe zvinhu zviri muchadenga kunoratidzika kuva kusingambofungiki. Uye iyo pfungwa chaiyo yeTheory yeZvese inorasikirwa nezvainoreva pano.

Simba muchishanu

Pamwe isu hatifanire kuchinjira kune hombe, dzidziso dzekuda chinzvimbo? Zvichida zvakakwana kuterera kune zvakawanwa izvo kusvika zvino zvinoita sezvisinganzwisisike, asi zvinogoneka kuti zvinozotungamira kune mibairo mikuru?

Nyamavhuvhu apfuura, theoretical physicists kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Irvine yakaburitsa chinyorwa mujenari Physical Review Letters ichitaura kuti pamusoro pesimba rinokwevera remagetsi, remagetsi, risina simba uye rakasimba, panogona kunge paine kumwe kudyidzana ...

Muna 2015, masayendisiti kubva kuHungarian Academy yeScience akanga achitsvaga iyo inonzi, inofungidzira mutakuri wesimba rechishanu rezvisikwa. Lithium isotope - 7Li - payakadhumhana nemaproton, vakaona kuvepo kweboson itsva (7), iyo yairema zvakapetwa kamakumi matatu pane erekitironi. Zvisinei, havana kukwanisa kuziva kana akanga ari mutakuri wepesvedzero. Masayendisiti kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCalifornia kuIrvine vakadzidza ruzivo rwevatsvakurudzi veHungary uye vakaongorora zviedzo zviripo kusvika zvino munzvimbo ino. Somugumisiro, vakapa dzidziso itsva. Inosanganisa ese aripo data uye inoratidza angangowanikwa kuwanikwa. simba rechishanu rezvisikwa. Mukufunga kwavo, ichi chipenga chisinganzwisisike chinogona kunge chiri icho chinonzi musoro X, inonzi "protonophobic" - nekuda kwekushayikwa kwekudyidzana nechinhu ichi chekutanga. Masayendisiti anodavirawo kuti simba rechishanu rechisiko, pamwe chete nokumwe kudyidzana, kunogona kuumba mativi akasiana-siana eimwezve nheyo inokosha, kana kuti mucherechedzo unotungamirira rima nyaya.

7. X-boson yekugadzira muenzaniso

Chikamu chakasviba chebhangi

Inofungidzirwa kuti inosvika 27% yezvinhu zvose zviri muchadenga zvinoramba zvisingaoneki, uyezve, zvose zvinogona "kuonekwa" - kubva pasangweji yako kusvika ku quasars - inongova 4,9% yenyaya. Zvimwe zvacho isimba rerima.

Nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga dziri kuita napose padzinogona napo kutsanangura chikonzero nei zvinhu zvakasviba zviriko, nei kune zvakawanda kwazvo, uye nei zvichiramba zvakavanzwa zvakadaro. Nepo risingabudisi simba rinooneka, rakasimba zvakakwana kuchengeta mapoka enyeredzi ari mumapoka, achiadzivisa kupararira zvishoma nezvishoma nomuchadenga. Chii chinonzi black matter? Axion, WIMP, graviton kana supersubstance kubva kuKaluza-Klein theory?

Uye mubvunzo unonyanya kukosha - munhu angafunga sei pamusoro peTheory yeZvose pasina kutsanangura dambudziko rezvinhu zvakasviba (uye, zvechokwadi, simba rakasviba)?

Mudzidziso itsva yegiravhiti yakakurudzirwa nenyanzvi yefizikisi Erika Verlinde kubva kuYunivhesiti yeAmsterdam, akawana nzira yekubvisa dambudziko iri rinogumbura. Kupesana nemaitiro echinyakare kusimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi sesimba rakakosha rechisikwa, Verlinde anozviona seinomuka. pfuma yenzvimbo. Kubuda uku inzira iyo zvisikwa zvinogadzira chinhu chine simba uchishandisa zvidiki, zviri nyore zvinhu. Somugumisiro, chisikwa chekupedzisira chinoratidza zvinhu izvo zviduku zviduku hazvina.

kubuda kana entropic gravity, sekudanwa kwainodanwa nedzidziso itsva, inokonzera misiyano uye nyonganiso mukutenderera kwemapoka enyeredzi zvino ane chokuita nekushanda kwezvinhu zvakasviba. Mupfungwa yaVerlinde, simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi rinoonekwa semhedzisiro yeshanduko yezvikamu zvakakosha zveruzivo. Mushoko rimwe chete, giravhiti raizova mugumisiro we entropy, kwete simba guru riri muchadenga. Space-time yaizove nezvikamu zvitatu zvinozivikanwa uye yaizowedzerwa nenguva. Kwaizova kuchinjika.

Ehe, iwe unogona zvakare kubvisa dambudziko remagetsi erima nekutsvaga imwe dzidziso inoti hapana dambudziko zvachose nekuti hakuna chinhu chakadai serima simba. Zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yecomputer nyowani simulation yakabudiswa muna Kurume 2017 neHungarian-American timu yesainzi, 68% yepasirese inofungidzirwa mune yekare modhi, inonzi Lambda-CDM kwenguva pfupi, haipo.

Nyika yesainzi yakagamuchira pfungwa yesimba rakasviba, iyo yakabuda mu90s mushure mekuona kwechiedza kubva kuType Ia supernovae, inozivikanwawo se "standard makenduru". Mhedzisiro yekutarisa zvakare dzidziso yekukurumidza kwekuwedzera kwechadenga, akapiwa 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Zvichakadaro, vaongorori paYunivhesiti yeEötvös Lorand muHungary uye University of Hawaii muUS nguva pfupi yadarika yakazivisa kuti simba rerima ndiro "kugadzirwa" kwakauya nekuda kwekuverenga kwakareruka. Mumuenzaniso mutsva wakadanwa nevatsvakurudzi AveraChadenga chiri kuwedzera sesipo. Mwero wekuwedzera wakafanana newakacherechedzwa, uye kukurumidza kwacho kwakarurama, uye zvinhu zvose zvinowirirana nedzidziso dzaEinstein. Nekudaro, mune iyo Hungarian-American pfungwa hapana chikonzero chekufunga nezve rima simba. Tsanangudzo yechidzidzo ichi yakaburitswa muMonthly Notes yeRoyal Astronomical Society.

Zvose zvinogona kushanda pasina dzidziso

Muuzivi hwesainzi, pane chinzvimbo chakapesana neicho chaicho, chinonzi instrumentalism. Maererano naye, zvinhu zvose zvisingagoni kuonekwa nemanzwiro zvinongova "ngano dzinobatsira." Ivo havapo chaizvo - kana zvirinani hazvizivikanwe kana varipo. Nekudaro, ivo vanobatsira mukuti kuvonga kwavari isu tinogona kufanotaura uye kutsanangura zviitiko mukati mechimiro chedzidziso dzemuviri, dzakagadzirwa, hongu, mumutauro wemasvomhu.

Masayendisiti anoziva kuti chisiko chapose pose hachigoni kubatanidzwa mudzidziso imwe, zvikuru sei mukuenzanisa kwemasvomhu. Ese symmetries uye kufanotaura kunogona chete kuve kugadzirwa kwemasvomhu uye kazhinji mhedzisiro yezvatinoda zvepfungwa, sekuda kuwana mhinduro dzechokwadi uye dzekupedzisira. Ndega Zvisinei, zviri muchadenga zvingasafanira kubatanidzwa zvachose kuti zvivepo uye zvishande zvakanaka zvakakwana.

Nobel caravan inoenderera mberi

Sezvine hunyoro sechadenga, nzira yekupa Mubairo weNobel wekubudirira kwemuviri unoshanda, izvo zvinotiunza zvishoma kana kusaswedera kune Dzidziso Yezvese. Zvakare, michina yakasiyana-siyana uye zvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi zvakavakirwa paNobel zvakawanikwa nesainzi zvinodzika midzi munyika yedu. Zvakakwana kurangarira tsvagiridzo yeblue yeLED yakapihwa makore mashoma apfuura, iyo isingade tsananguro yemisimboti yakakosha yepasirese, kuti itishumire nhanho dzese.

Zvingangodaro kuti gore rino, zvakare, kubudirira kwesayenzi kuchapiwa, iyo isingapinduri mibvunzo yose uye isingapi kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwezvose, asi inogona kubatsira zvikuru - kana zvisingaiti, ipapo munyika yekushandiswa kwekombiyuta. - zvishoma nhanho nhanho nhanho kuwedzera ruzivo rwedu rwechokwadi. Sezvakaitika, semuenzaniso, pamwe neanotevera giravitational wave kuonekwa.

Mumwe weanowanzo kutaurwa kukwikwidza kweNobel Prize yegore rino Prof. Rainer "Paradhiso" Weiss (sere). Iye mugadziri wehunyanzvi laser interferometer, inoshandiswa muLIGO () - a gravitational wave detector, ine matatu akasimbiswa marekodhi emagetsi emagetsi. LIGO mubatanidzwa pakati pemasayendisiti kubva kuMassachusetts Institute of Technology, iyo California Institute of Technology, uye mamwe makoreji mazhinji. Chirongwa ichi chinotsigirwa neNational Science Foundation. Pfungwa yekugadzira detector yakaberekwa muna 1992, uye vanyori varo vaiva Kip Thorne i Ronald Drever kubva kuCalifornia Institute of Technology uye kunyanya Rainer Weiss anobva kuMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Drever zvinosiririsa akafa muna Kurume wegore rino, asi vamwe vaviri vanogona kunge vari pachirongwa muna Gumiguru.

Muna Zvita 2015, masaisai egiravhiti akaonekwa neese madetector paLIGO Observatory muLivingston, Louisiana neHanford, Washington. Kuonekwa kwenhoroondo kwekutanga kwakaitika muna Gunyana 2015 uye kwakashumwa muna Kukadzi 2016. Iyi ndiyo yekutanga kudhumhana kwegomba dema rinoratidzwa nechiratidzo. GW150914. Kuwanikwa pazuva rechipiri reKisimusi 2015 GW151226, uye ruzivo pamusoro payo rwakaonekwa muna June 2016. Takaziva nezve kuwanikwa kwechitatu gore rakatevera.

Nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga dzinoenzanisa zviitiko zvenguva pfupi yapfuura nemasaisai esimba rinokwevera zvinhu nokusimudzwa kwechidzitiro chisingapindiki kusvikira zvino uye mukana wokuzoona kuti muchadenga chinoshanda sei chaizvoizvo. Mune mamwe mazwi, mafungu emagetsi kutenderera munzvimbo yepakati, uye masaisai egiravhiti ndiko kutenderera kwepakati pachayo.

Akanga ari mumiriri we ironclad weNobel Prize kwemakore akawanda. Anton Zeilinger (9), nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuAustria inyanzvi muquantum interferometry, purofesa wefizikisi yekuyedza paYunivhesiti yeVienna. Nekuda kwekubatana kweEuropean neChinese nzvimbo dzekutsvagisa, iyo Austrian yakabatana kune ichangobva kuzivikanwa orbital kuyedza. quantum teleportation. Zvinogoneka kuti achange ari pakati pevachapihwa pamwe chete nevesainzi veChinese vanoshanda pa teleportation uye quantum telecommunications mapurojekiti.

Zeilinger inoitisa tsvakiridzo pane chikuru chiitiko cheiyo microworld (kunyanya entangled nyika). Mumakore ekuma80s akaita nhevedzano yezviedzo pakukanganiswa neutron. Muna 1989, pamwe chete Daniel Greenberger i Michael Hornemkuti kupinzwa kwezvikamu zvitatu kana kupfuura zvinopa quantum correlations izvo zvisingaenderane nechero mufananidzo unobva pane pfungwa dzerelativistic classical physics. Kuedza kwakakurumbira kwaZeilinger yaive yekutanga quantum teleportation pakati pemafotoni maviri, ayo akagadzirwa muzviitiko zviviri zvakasiyana zvemwaranzi (1997).

Pakave zvakare nekutaura kwemakore akati wandei nezve kudiwa kweNobel Committee kuti iongorore kuwanda kwezvinhu zvakawanikwa. extrasolar mapuraneti. Kufungidzira kunotanga kutaurwa Jeffrey W. Marcy, muongorori wenyeredzi wekuAmerica uyo, akabatana naye Paul Butler i Debra Fischer akatora chikamu mukuwanikwa kwemakumi manomwe ekutanga anozivikanwa mapuraneti eextrasolar.

Nekudaro, kana masayendisiti eSweden akanamatira kune kufambira mberi kune zvimwe zvinokonzeresa uye kugona tekinoroji, vanogona kupa rukudzo kune vaongorori vari kuyedza nemhedzisiro inobatanidzwa nanowire photonicskusanganisira kusikwa kwekutanga nanowire laser. Vanogonawo kunge vari mugwara rezvido zvavo. Yosinori Tokura, Ramamurti Ramesh i James Scott - yekutsvaga pa ferroelectric storage medium (Scott) uye zvinhu zvitsva zveferroelectric (mamwe maviri).

Pakati pemashandisirwo akataurwa mumakore achangopfuura pakanga panewo masayendisiti ari kugadzira matekinoroji metamatadium ine negative refractive index, i.e. mazita akadai se: Victor Veselago (Victor Vecielago) John Pendry, David Smith, Xiang Zhang, Sheldon Schultz kana Ulf Leonhardt. Zvichida Komiti yeNobel ichayeuka vagadziri uye vatsvakurudzi ve photonic crystals, i.e. masayendisiti akadai Eli Yablonovich, Sean Lin kana John Ioannopoulos.

Zvose kusvika zvino zvakapiwa uye ramangwana "vaduku" vanokudzwa - i.e. mibairo yezvimedu pfungwa inotungamira kune chaiyo zvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi zvinofanirwa kumira kana Dzidziso yezvese inogadzirwa. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti inofanirwa kupa zvese zvinogoneka mhinduro uye mhinduro kumubvunzo wese.

Nechepfungwa, uyu mubvunzo unonakidza - iyo Theory yezvese inoreva kupera kwesainzi, kudiwa kwekuyedza nekutsvaga? Mupfungwa chete...