Pakistan Air Force
Remangwana rekufamba nendege yePakistani ndere Chengdu JF-17 Thunder ndege, yakagadzirwa muChina asi yakagadzirwa pasi perezinesi muPakistan.
Yakavakirwa panhaka yeBritish, iyo Pakistani Air Force nhasi inomiririra simba rakakura mudunhu iri, ichishandisa isingawanzo sanganiswa yemidziyo yeAmerica neChinese, pamwe nemidziyo kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Pakistan inovaka rusununguko rwekudzivirira pahwaro hwekudzivirira nyukireya, asi hairegeredze nzira dzakajairwa dzedziviriro, zvese maererano nekudzivisa angangove mhandu uye maererano nemaitiro chaiwo ehondo.
Pakistan, kana kuti chaizvo Islamic Republic of Pakistan, inyika iri kumaodzanyemba kweCentral Asia, ine nzvimbo yakakura zvakapetwa ka2,5 kupfuura Poland, ine vagari vemo vanopfuura mamirioni mazana maviri. Nyika ino ine muganho wakareba kwazvo neIndia kumabvazuva - 200 km, iyo iyo "yakagara" ine nharo dzemuganhu. Kuchamhembe inoganhurana neAfghanistan (2912 km), uye pakati peIndia neAfghanistan - nePeople's Republic of China (2430 km). Kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, Pakistan zvakare inoganhurana neIran - 523 km. Iyo inokwanisa kuwana kubva kumaodzanyemba kuenda kuIndia Ocean, kureba kwemhenderekedzo ndeye 909 km.
Pakistan ine hafu yakadzika-yakadzika uye hafu yemakomo. Hafu yekumabvazuva, kunze kwechikamu chekuchamhembe pachacho, mupata unotambanudzira mhiri kweRwizi rweIndus (3180 km), unoyerera kubva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kuenda kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, kubva kumuganhu nePeople's Republic of China kuenda kumahombekombe erwizi. Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea). Muganhu unonyanya kukosha neIndia kubva pakudzivirira kwekuona unofamba nemumupata uyu. Zvakare, hafu yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kwenyika inotevedza muganhu neIran neAfghanistan ine makomo, ine rudungwe rwemakomo ari eHindu Kush-Sulaiman Mountains. Nzvimbo yavo yepamusoro-soro iTakht-e-Sulaiman - 3487 m pamusoro pegungwa.
Yese Kashmir, yakawanda iri kudivi reIndia, inzvimbo huru ine gakava pakati penyika mbiri idzi. Pakistan inotenda kuti chikamu chayo chinodzorwa nehurumende cheKashmir chinogarwa nevaMuslim, uye nekudaro nemaPakistanis. Nzvimbo iri kudivi reIndia remutsetse wekutara iri kunzi nePakistan iSiachen Glacier pamuganhu weSino-Indo-Pakistani. Nekudaro, India inoda kutonga pamusoro peKashmir yese, kusanganisira chikamu chinodzorwa nePakistan, uye kunyangwe mamwe matunhu akapihwa nekuzvidira nePakistan kuPRC. India iri kuedzawo kubvisa kuzvitonga kwechikamu chayo cheKashmir. Imwe nzvimbo ine gakava iSir Creek muIndus Delta, inova muganho weiyo fairway, kunyangwe iyi bay isina chiteshi, uye nzvimbo yese ine machakwi uye inenge isina vanhu. Naizvozvo, gakava rinenge risina musoro, asi gakava pamusoro peKashmir rinotora nzira dzakapinza. Kaviri, muna 1947 na1965, pakava nehondo pamusoro peKashmir pakati peIndia nePakistan. Hondo yechitatu muna 1971 yakanangana nekupatsanurwa kweEast Pakistan, zvichikonzera kubuda kwenyika itsva inotsigirwa neIndia inozivikanwa nhasi seBangladesh.
India yanga iine zvombo zvenyukireya kubvira 1974. Sezvingatarisirwa, hondo dzakakwana pakati penyika mbiri idzi dzakapera kubva panguva iyoyo. Nekudaro, Pakistan yakatangawo chirongwa chayo chenyukireya. Basa pazvombo zvenyukireya zvePakistani rakatanga muna Ndira 1972. Basa racho raitungamirirwa nenyanzvi yefizikisi yenyukireya Munir Ahmad Khan (1926-1999) kweanopfuura chikamu chechina chezana remakore. Kutanga, zvivakwa zvekugadzirwa kweplutonium yakapfuma yakagadzirwa. Kubva muna 1983, kunonzi kuedza kunotonhora kunoverengeka, uko maatomu anogona kukamurwa kuva mhosva dziri pasi pehuremu hwakakomba, izvo zvinodzivirira kuita kwecheni kutanga uye zvinotungamirira kukuputika chaiko kwenyukireya.
Munir Ahmad Khan akatsigira zvakasimba denderedzwa remhando yeimplosion, umo zvinhu zvese zvegoko rakatenderedzwa zvinofuridzirwa mukati nezvinoputika zvinoputika, zvakanamatirana pakati, zvichigadzira misa pamusoro pekutsoropodza nehupamhi hwepamusoro, iyo inomhanyisa maitiro. Pakukumbira kwake, tekinoroji yekugadzira yakapfumiswa plutonium nenzira yemagetsi yakagadziridzwa. Mumwe wevaaishanda navo, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, vakakurudzira kuti pave nemhando yepistol iri nyore, apo mhosva mbiri dzinopfurirwana. Iyi inzira iri nyore, asi isinganyanyi kushanda kune yakapihwa huwandu hwefissile material. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan vakakurudzirawo kushandiswa kweuranium yakakwenenzverwa pachinzvimbo cheplutonium. Mushure mezvose, Pakistan yakagadzira michina yekugadzira zvese zvakafumiswa plutonium uye yakapfumisa uranium.
Muedzo wekupedzisira wekugona kwenyukireya kwePakistan yaive bvunzo yakazara muna Chivabvu 28, 1998. Pazuva rino, miedzo mishanu panguva imwe chete yakaitwa mumakomo eRas Koh padyo nemuganhu weAfghan nekuputika kwegoho rinosvika makumi matatu nemasere kt, mhosva dzese dzaive uranium isingaite. Mazuva maviri gare gare, muedzo mumwe chete wakaitwa nekuputika kweanenge 38 kt. Panguva ino, nzvimbo yekuputika yaiva Haran Desert (inopfuura 20 km kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwenzvimbo yapfuura), izvo zvinoshamisa, nokuti iyi ndiyo nharaunda yepaki yenyika ... haina kuputika. Chokwadi chinofadza pamusoro pekuedza uku kwechipiri (kuputika kwenyukireya kwePakistani kwechitanhatu) kwaiva kuti kunyange zvazvo panguva ino yakanga iri mutero weimplosion, plutonium yakashandiswa pachinzvimbo chokupfumisa uranium. Zvichida, nenzira iyi, migumisiro yemhando mbiri dzezvinhu zvakaenzaniswa.
Muna 2010, maAmerican akafungidzira zviri pamutemo nzvimbo yePakistan ye70-90 warheads yemabhomba emhepo uye mabhomba emuchadenga ane goho re20-40 kt. Pakistan haisi kuyedza kuvaka-super-powerful thermonuclear warheads. Muna 2018, zvombo zvenyukireya zvePakistan zvakafungidzirwa pa120-130 zvombo zvenyukireya zvemakomba nemabhomba emuchadenga.
Nuclear Dzidziso yePakistan
Kubva 2000, komiti inozivikanwa seNational Command yakave nebasa rekugadzira zano, kugadzirira uye kushandisa zvine hungwaru kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Iri isangano revanhu-chiuto rinotungamirwa neMutungamiriri weImran Khan. Komiti yehurumende ine gurukota rezvekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika, gurukota rezvemukati menyika, gurukota rezvemari, gurukota rezvekudzivirirwa kwenyika pamwe negurukota rezvekudzivirirwa kwenyika. Kudivi remauto, Sachigaro weVakuru veVashandi, General Nadeem Raza, uye Vakuru veVashandi vemapazi ese emauto: Mauto, Air Force uye Navy. Wechishanu wechiuto ndiye mukuru weakabatanidzwa mauto ehungwaru, wechitanhatu ndiye mutungamiriri wedhipatimendi rehurongwa hwekuronga weChief of Staff Committee. Vaviri vekupedzisira vane chinzvimbo chemukuru wemauto, mauto mana asara ane chinzvimbo chemukuru (nyeredzi ina). Chigaro chePNCA (Pakistan National Command) ndiro guta guru renyika, Islamabad. Dare racho rinoitawo chisarudzo chakakosha zvikuru maererano nekushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya pachazvo.
Zvinoenderana nedzidziso yenyukireya iripo, Pakistan inoshandisa kudzivirira kwenyukireya pamatanho mana:
- pachena kana kuburikidza nenzira dzevamiriri kunyevera nezvekushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya;
- yambiro yenyukireya kumba;
- kurwisa kwenyukireya kweunyanzvi kurwisa mauto evavengi munharaunda yayo;
- kurwisa kuisirwa kwemauto (chete zvinhu zvakakosha zvechiuto) panzvimbo yevavengi.
Panyaya yesarudzo yekushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya, zviri pamutemo zvinotaurwa kuti kune zvikumbaridzo zvina zviri mberi uko Pakistan ichashandisa zvombo zvayo zvenyukireya. Tsanangudzo hazvizivikanwe, asi kubva muhurukuro dzepamutemo, zvirevo uye, pamwe, izvo zvinonzi. Mamiriro anotevera anozivikanwa anozivikanwa:
- spatial chikumbaridzo - kana mauto evavengi achiyambuka mumwe muganho muPakistan. Izvi zvinotendwa kuti ndiwo muganhu weIndus River, uye zvechokwadi ndiwo mauto eIndia - kana vakasundira mauto ePakistani mumakomo ari kumadokero kwenyika, ipapo Pakistan ichaita kurwisa kwenyukireya kumauto eIndia;
- chikumbaridzo chekugona kwemauto - zvisinei nemuganho wakasvika nemauto emuvengi, kana nekuda kwehutsinye Pakistan yaizorasikirwa nehuwandu hwayo hwemauto, izvo zvaizoita kuti kumwe kudzivirira kunoshanda kusingagoneke, kana muvengi akasamisa kurwisana, kushandisa kwenyukireya. zvombo senzira yekuripa simba;
- Economic chikumbaridzo - kana muvengi aizokonzeresa kupera simba kwehupfumi nehurongwa hwehupfumi, kunyanya kuburikidza nekuvharirwa kwechikepe uye kuparadzwa kweindasitiri yakakosha, zvifambiso kana zvimwe zvivakwa zvine chekuita nehupfumi, kurwisa kwenyukireya kwaizomanikidza muvengi kumisa zviitiko zvakadaro. ;
- chikumbaridzo chezvematongerwo enyika - kana zviito zvemuvengi zviri pachena zvakakonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya kwezvematongerwo enyika kwePakistan, semuenzaniso, nekuuraya vatungamiriri vayo, zvichikonzera kusagadzikana kunoshanduka kuita hondo yevagari.
Dr. Farrukh Saleem, nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika uye nyanzvi yezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika yose iri muIslamabad, ine simba guru pakuongorora kutyisidzira uye kuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yekudzivirira yePakistan. Basa rake rinotorwa zvakanyanya nehurumende nehutungamiri hwemauto. Zviri kubva kumabasa ake kuti kuongororwa kwepamutemo kwekutyisidzira kuPakistan kunouya: kutyisidzira kwemauto, i.e. mukana wekupinda kwakajairika kwePakistan, kutyisidzira kwenyukireya, i.e. mukana wekuti India ishandise zvombo zvenyukireya kurwisa Pakistan (hapana mamiriro ezvinhu anotarisirwa kuti dzimwe nyika dzinogona kutyisidzira Pakistan nekushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya), kutyisidzira kwemagandanga - zvinoitika kuti dambudziko muPakistan kurwisana pakati pemapoka eIslam, Shia neSunni, uye zvinofanirwa kuyeukwa kuti yakavakidzana neIran inyika yeShia, uye Pakistan inonyanya kuve maSunni.
Hugandanga hwemapato hwakawedzera muna 2009, asi nerubatsiro rweUnited States, kutyisidzira kwakaderedzwa kusvika pakugoneka. Zvisingareve kuti hugandanga haurambe huri dambudziko munyika ino. Kutyisidzirwa kuviri kunotevera kwakaonekwa kurwiswa kwecyber uye kutyisidzira kwehupfumi. Vese vashanu vakaonekwa senjodzi dzinofanirwa kukosheswa uye matanho akakodzera akatorwa.
