Mafuta viscosity

Oiri viscosity ndeimwe yeanonyanya kukosha paramita yemota injini oiri. Vazhinji varidzi vemotokari vakanzwa nezve parameter iyi, vakaona zita re viscosity pane mavara emafuta, asi vanhu vashoma vanoziva zvinorehwa nemavara aya nenhamba uye zvavanobata. Muchinyorwa chino, tichataura nezve mafuta viscosity, viscosity mazita masisitimu, uye maitiro ekusarudza mafuta viscosity yeinjini yako yemotokari.

Mafuta anoshandiswa chii?

Oiri yemotokari inovimbisa kushanda kwakaringana kweakasiyana masisitimu. Inoshandiswa kuderedza kukwesha, kutonhora, mafuta, kuendesa kumanikidza kune zvikamu uye zvikamu zvemota, kubvisa zvigadzirwa zvinopisa. Mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma zvikuru ekushanda kwemafuta emotokari. Ivo havafanirwe kurasikirwa nemidziyo yavo nekuchinjika nekukurumidza mukupisa uye mechanical mitoro, pasi pesimba remuchadenga okisijeni uye zvine hukasha zvinhu zvinoumbwa panguva yekupisa isina kukwana yehuni.

Oiri inogadzira firimu remafuta pamusoro pekukwesha zvikamu uye inoderedza kupera, inodzivirira kubva ngura, uye inoderedza kukanganiswa kwemakemikari anoshanda anoumbwa panguva yekushanda kweinjini. Kutenderera mu crankcase, oiri inobvisa kupisa, inobvisa zvipfeko zvekupfeka (simbi machipisi) kubva kunzvimbo yekubatanidza yekukwesha zvikamu, inovhara mapeji pakati pemadziro ecylinder uye zvikamu zveboka repiston.

Chii chinonzi mafuta viscosity

Viscosity ndiyo inonyanya kukosha hunhu hwemafuta einjini, zvinoenderana nekupisa. Oiri haifanirwe kuve yakanyanya kupenya mumamiriro ekunze anotonhora kuitira kuti mutangi atendeuke crankshaft uye pombi yemafuta inogona kupomba mafuta murubrication system. Pakupisa kwepamusoro, mafuta haafaniri kunge ane viscosity yakaderedzwa kugadzira firimu remafuta pakati pekukwesha zvikamu uye kupa kumanikidzwa kunodikanwa muhurongwa.

Kusarudzwa kwemafuta einjini maererano neSAE classification

Iyo SAE (American Society of Automotive Engineers) classification inoratidza viscosity uye inosarudza mumwaka upi mafuta anogona kushandiswa. Mupasipoti yemotokari, mugadziri anogadzirisa zviratidzo zvakakodzera.

Mafuta maererano neSAE classification akakamurwa kuva:

• Chando: pane tsamba pachitambi: W (chando) 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 25W;
• Zhizha - 20, 30, 40, 50, 60;
• Mwaka wese: 0W-30, 5W-40, nezvimwe.

Nhamba iri pamberi pebhii W mune ejini yemafuta ekududzwa inoratidza kuderera-kupisa viscosity, i.e. tembiricha pachikumbaridzo apo injini yemotokari izere nemafuta aya inogona kutanga "inotonhora", uye pombi yemafuta inopomba oiri pasina kutyisidzira kwekupokana kwakaoma. kubva kune injini zvikamu. Semuenzaniso, pamafuta e10W40, tembiricha shoma ndeye -10 madhigirii (bvisa 40 kubva kunhamba isati yasvika W), uye tembiricha yakaoma iyo mutangi anogona kutanga injini ndeye -25 madhigirii (bvisa 35 kubva kunhamba iri pamberi pe. iye W). Nokudaro, iyo yakaderera nhamba isati yasvika W mukududzwa kwemafuta, inoderedza tembiricha yemhepo yayakagadzirirwa.

Nhamba iri mushure metsamba W mune injini yemafuta inotaridza iyo yakakwira-kupisa viscosity, ndiko kuti, iyo shoma uye yakanyanya viscosity yemafuta pakudziya kwayo kwekushanda (kubva pa100 kusvika 150 madhigirii). Kukwira kwenhamba mushure meW, kunowedzera viscosity yeinjini iyo mafuta pakudziya kwekushanda.

Iko-kupisa kwepamusoro-kupisa kunofanirwa kuve nemafuta einjini yemotokari yako inozivikanwa chete kumugadziri wayo, saka zvinokurudzirwa kuti unyatso kutevedzera zvinodiwa nemugadziri wemotokari yemafuta einjini, ayo anoratidzwa mumirayiridzo yemotokari yako.

Mafuta ane akasiyana viscosity mamakisi anokurudzirwa kuti ashandiswe mumamiriro ekushisa akasiyana:

SAE 0W-30 - kubva -30 ° kusvika +20 ° C;

SAE 0W-40 - kubva -30 ° kusvika +35 ° C;

SAE 5W-30 - kubva -25 ° kusvika +20 ° C;

SAE 5W-40 - kubva -25 ° kusvika +35 ° C;

SAE 10W-30 - kubva -20 ° kusvika +30 ° C;

SAE 10W-40 - kubva -20 ° kusvika +35 ° C;

SAE 15W-40 - kubva -15 ° kusvika +45 ° C;

SAE 20W-40 - kubva -10° kusvika +45°C.

Dhizaini yemafuta einjini zvinoenderana neiyo API standard

Iyo API (American Petroleum Institute) chiyero inotsanangura panofanira kushandiswa oiri. Iyo ine mavara maviri echiLatin. Vara rekutanga S rinomirira peturu, C richireva dhiziri. Tsamba yechipiri ndiro zuva rakagadzirwa motokari.

Injini dze peturu:

• SC - motokari dzakagadzirwa pamberi pe1964;
• SD: mota dzakagadzirwa pakati pe1964 ne1968;
• SE - makopi akabudiswa muna 1969-1972;
• SF - motokari dzakagadzirwa munguva ye1973-1988;
• SG - motokari dzakagadzirwa muna 1989-1994 kuti dzishande mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma;
• Sh - motokari dzakagadzirwa muna 1995-1996 nokuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma ekushanda;
• SJ - makopi, ane zuva rekubudiswa kwe1997-2000, ine simba rakanakisisa rekuchengetedza;
• SL - motokari, nekutanga kwekugadzirwa muna 2001-2003, uye nehupenyu hurefu hwebasa;
• SM - motokari dzakabudiswa kubva muna 2004;
• SL+ yakavandudza oxidation kuramba.

Kune injini dizeli:

• SV - mota dzakagadzirwa pamberi pe1961, yakakwira sarufa zviri mumafuta;
• SS - motokari dzakabudiswa pamberi pe1983, kushanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma;
• CD - motokari dzakagadzirwa pamberi pe1990, dzaifanira kushanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma uye nehuwandu hwesarufa mumafuta;
• CE - mota dzakagadzirwa pamberi pe1990 uye ine turbine injini;
• CF - motokari dzakagadzirwa kubva muna 1990, dzine turbine;
• CG-4 - makopi akabudiswa kubva muna 1994, ane turbine;
• CH-4 - motokari kubva muna 1998, maererano nemitemo yehupfu yakagamuchirwa muUnited States;
• KI-4 - turbocharged motokari ine EGR valve;
• CI-4 plus - yakafanana neyakapfuura, pasi peyakakwira US toxicity zviyero.

Kinematic uye ine simba mafuta viscosity

Kuti uone kunaka kwemafuta, kinematic yayo uye ine simba viscosity inotemwa.

Kinematic viscosity chiratidzo chekuyerera kwemvura panguva yakajairika (+40 ° C) uye yakakwirira (+100 ° C) tembiricha. Kusarudza kushandisa capillary viscometer. Kuti uzvizive, nguva iyo mafuta anoyerera pakudziya kwakapihwa inotariswa. Yakayerwa mu mm2/sec.

Dynamic viscosity chiratidzo chinotarisa maitiro emafuta mune chaiyo mutoro simulator - inotenderera viscometer. Chishandiso chinotevedzera mitoro chaiyo painjini, tichifunga nezvekumanikidzwa mumitsara uye tembiricha ye +150 ° C, uye inodzora maitiro emvura yekuzora, kuti viscosity yayo inochinja sei panguva yekuremerwa.

Hunhu hwemafuta emotokari

• Flash point;
• pour point;
• viscosity index;
• alkaline number;
• acid nhamba.

Iyo flash point kukosha kunoratidza kuvepo kwezvikamu zvechiedza mumafuta, izvo zvinoputika uye zvinopisa nekukurumidza, zvichikanganisa kunaka kwemafuta. Iyo yediki flash point haifanirwe kunge iri pasi pe220°C.

Iyo yekudira poindi ndiyo kukosha uko mafuta anorasikirwa nekuyerera kwayo. Tembiricha inoratidza nguva yeparafini crystallization uye kusimba kwakazara kwemafuta.

viscosity index - inoratidza kutsamira kwemafuta viscosity pakuchinja kwekushisa. Iyo yakakwirira iyi nhamba, iyo yakakura tembiricha yekushanda yemafuta. Zvigadzirwa zvine low viscosity index zvinongobvumira injini kuti ishande mukati mehutete hwekudziya. Kubva pakupisa, vanova mvura yakawandisa uye vanorega kuzora, uye kana vatonhodzwa, vanokurumidza kukora.

Nhamba yepasi (TBN) inoratidza huwandu hwezvinhu zvealkaline (potassium hydroxide) mune imwe gramu yemafuta ejini. Chikamu chechiyero mgKOH/g. Inowanikwa mumvura yemota muchimiro che detergent dispersant additives. Kuvapo kwayo kunobatsira kuderedza maasidhi anokuvadza uye kurwisa madhipoziti anoonekwa panguva yekushanda kweinjini. Nokufamba kwenguva, TBN inodonha. Kudonha kukuru kwenhamba yehwaro kunokonzera ngura uye tsvina mukrankcase. Chinhu chikuru chinobatsira mukuderedza BN kuvepo kwesarufa mumafuta. Nokudaro, dizeli injini yemafuta, apo sulfuri iripo muhuwandu hwakawanda, inofanira kuva neTBN yakakwirira.

Nhamba yeasidhi (ACN) inoratidza kuvapo kwezvigadzirwa zve oxidation semugumisiro wekushanda kwenguva refu uye kupisa kwemajini ejini. Kuwedzera kwayo kunoratidza kuderera kwehupenyu hwebasa remafuta.

Oil base uye additives

Mafuta emotokari anogadzirwa nemafuta ekutanga uye ekuwedzera. Additives zvinhu zvakakosha izvo zvinowedzerwa kumafuta kuvandudza maitiro ayo.

Mafuta ekutanga:

• mineral;
• hydrocracking;
• semi-synthetics (musanganiswa wemvura yemaminerari uye synthetics);
• synthetic (targeted synthesis).

Mumafuta emazuva ano, mugove wezvinowedzera ndeye 15-20%.

Maererano nechinangwa chezvinowedzera zvakakamurwa kuva:

• detergents and dispersants: haabvumiri masara maduku (resin, bitumen, etc.) kuti abatane pamwe chete uye, ane alkali mukugadzirwa kwawo, anoderedza asidhi uye anodzivirira sludge deposits kubva pakugadzirisa;
• anti-kupfeka - inogadzira chidziviriro chekudzivirira pazvikamu zvesimbi uye inoderedza kupera kwekukwesha nzvimbo nekuderedza kukwesha;
• index - inowedzera viscosity yemafuta pakupisa kwakanyanya, uye pakudzika kwakadzika kunowedzera fluidity yayo;
• defoamers - kuderedza kuumbwa kwefuro (musanganiswa wemhepo nemafuta), iyo inokanganisa kupisa kwekupisa uye kunaka kwemafuta;
• friction modifiers: kuderedza coefficient of friction pakati pezvikamu zvesimbi.

Mineral, synthetic uye semi-synthetic injini oiri

Oiri musanganiswa wemahydrocarbons ane kabhoni chimiro chakati. Vanogona kubatanidzwa mumaketani marefu kana kuti mashizha. Iyo yakareba uye yakatwasuka macheni ekabhoni, zviri nani mafuta.

Mineral mafuta anowanikwa kubva petroleum nenzira dzinoverengeka:

• nzira yakareruka ndeyekunyungudutswa kwemafuta nekubviswa kwezvinonyungudutsa kubva kune zvigadzirwa zvemafuta;
• imwe nzira yakaoma - hydrocracking;
• zvakatonyanya kuoma ndeye catalytic hydrocracking.

Synthetic oiri inowanikwa kubva kugasi rechisikigo nekuwedzera kureba kwemaketani ehydrocarbon. Nenzira iyi zviri nyore kuwana tambo refu. "Synthetics" - zviri nani kudarika mineral oils, katatu kusvika kashanu. Dambudziko rayo chete ndiro mutengo wayo wakanyanya.

"Semi-synthetics" - musanganiswa wemaminerari nemafuta ekugadzira.

Ndeipi mafuta viscosity yakanakira mota yako injini

Iyo chete viscosity inoratidzwa mubhuku rebasa ndiyo yakakodzera mota yako. Yese injini paramita inoedzwa nemugadziri, mafuta ejini anosarudzwa achifunga nezvese ma parameter uye anoshanda modes.

Injini yekudziya-up uye injini mafuta viscosity

Kana mota yatanga, oiri yeinjini inotonhora uye inopenya. Nokudaro, kuwanda kwefirimu yemafuta mumapupu yakakura uye coefficient of friction panguva ino yakakwirira. Kana injini ichidziya, mafuta anopisa nekukurumidza uye anotanga kushanda. Ndokusaka vagadziri vasingakurudzire kurodha mota nekukurumidza (kutanga nekufamba pasina kudziya-kwemhando yepamusoro) muchando chakanyanya.

Injini yemafuta viscosity pakushanda tembiricha

Pasi pemamiriro emutoro wepamusoro, coefficient of friction inowedzera uye kutonhora kunokwira. Nekuda kwekushisa kwakanyanya, mafuta anoonda uye ukobvu hwefirimu hunoderera. Iyo coefficient ye friction inoderera uye mafuta anotonhora. Kureva, tembiricha uye firimu ukobvu zvinosiyana mukati memiganhu yakanyatsotsanangurwa nemugadziri. Iyi ndiyo nzira inobvumira mafuta kuti ashandise chinangwa chayo zvakanaka.

Chii chinoitika kana viscosity yemafuta iri pamusoro pezvakajairika

Kana iyo viscosity yakakwira kupfuura yakajairika, kunyangwe mushure mekunge injini yadziya, iyo viscosity yemafuta haizodonhe kune kukosha kwakaverengerwa neinjiniya. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, tembiricha yejinjini inokwira kusvika viscosity yadzokera kune yakajairika. Saka mhedziso inotevera: tembiricha yekushandisa panguva yekushanda kweinjini isina kusarudzwa mafuta inoramba ichiwedzera, izvo zvinowedzera kupera kwezvikamu zvejini nemagungano.

Pasi pemutoro unorema: Munguva yekukurumidzira kwekukurumidzira kana pachikomo chakareba, tembiricha yeinjini inokwira zvakanyanya uye inogona kudarika tembiricha iyo oiri inochengetedza maitiro ayo ekushanda. Ichaita oxidize uye varnish, soot uye acids zvichaumba.

Imwe yakashata yeoiri iyo yakanyanyisa viscous ndeyekuti imwe yeinjini simba inorasika nekuda kwehukuru hwekupomba masimba muhurongwa.

Chii chinoitika kana viscosity yemafuta iri pasi peyakajairika

Iyo viscosity yemafuta iri pasi peyakajairwa haizounzi chero chinhu chakanaka kune injini, iyo firimu yemafuta mumapupu ichave iri pasi peyakajairwa, uye haizove nenguva yekubvisa kupisa kubva munzvimbo yekukakavadzana. Nokudaro, panzvimbo idzi dziri pasi pemutoro, mafuta achapisa. Madota uye mashefu esimbi pakati pepiston necylinder anogona kuita kuti injini ibate.

Oiri yakanyanyotetepa muinjini itsva, kana maburi asina kunyanyofara, achashanda, asi kana injini isisiri itsva uye mapundu anowedzera ega, muitiro wokupisa oiri uchawedzera.

Firimu yakaonda yemafuta mumagapu haizokwanisi kupa yakajairika compression, uye chikamu chinopisa zvigadzirwa zvepeturu zvichapinda mumafuta. Simba rinodonha, tembiricha yekushanda inokwira, maitiro ebrasion uye kupisa kwemafuta kunowedzera.

Mafuta akadaro anoshandiswa mumidziyo yakakosha, iyo modes yakagadzirirwa kushanda nemafuta aya.

Migumisiro

Mafuta egiredhi rimwechete viscosity giredhi, ane maitiro akafanana, anogadzirwa nekambani inosanganisirwa mu "Big Five", uye ine imwechete mafuta base, sekutonga, usapinda mukubatana kwehasha. Asi kana iwe usingadi matambudziko makuru, zviri nani kuwedzera kwete kupfuura 10-15% yehuwandu hwehuwandu. Munguva yemberi iri pedyo, mushure mokuzadza mafuta, zviri nani kuchinja mafuta zvachose.

Usati wasarudza mafuta, unofanira kuziva:

• zuva rekugadzirwa kwemotokari;
• kuvapo kana kusavapo kwekumanikidza;
• kuvapo kweturbine;
• injini yekushanda mamiriro (guta, kunze kwemugwagwa, makwikwi emitambo, kutakura zvinhu);
• zvishoma ambient tembiricha;
• dhigirii yekupfeka injini;
• dhigirii rekuenderana kweinjini nemafuta mumotokari yako.

Kuti unzwisise nguva yekuchinja mafuta, unofanirwa kutarisa pane zvinyorwa zvemotokari. Kune dzimwe mota, nguva dzakareba (30-000 km). KuRussia, tichifunga nezvemhando yemafuta, mamiriro ekushanda uye mamiriro ekunze akaomarara, kutsiva kunofanira kuitwa mushure me50 - 000 km.

Zvinotarisirwa kuti nguva nenguva kudzora kunaka uye uwandu mafuta. Ngwarira chitarisiko chavo. Motokari mamaira uye maawa einjini (nguva yekumhanya) inogona kusaenderana. Paunenge uri mumotokari, injini inomhanya mune yakatakurwa yekupisa modhi, asi odometer haina kutenderera (mota haityairi). Somugumisiro, motokari yacho yakafamba zvishoma, uye injini yakashanda zvakanaka zvikuru. Muchiitiko ichi, zviri nani kuchinja mafuta kare, pasina kumirira mileage inodiwa pane odometer.