Sarudzo uye Masvomhu, kana Divide and Kunda
Dambudziko rekusarudza ragara riri pamberi pedu. Murume wekare akatarisanawo nedambudziko: muchiedza chipi chekurarama? Kune rumwe rutivi, kusarudzwa kwevatungamiri vemarudzi kwakanga kwakapfava: uyo akauraya mukwikwidzi aitonga. Nhasi zvakaoma. Zvakanakawo.
Mutsara wechiLatin wakashandiswa mumusoro wechinyorwa unoreva "kupatsanura nekukunda". Yagara ichishandiswa. Ipai bopoto murudzi uye zvichakuitirai nyore kukunda. Vapambi veSpain vomuzana remakore rechi1990 nerechiXNUMX nounyanzvi vakachinja mamwe madzinza echiIndia kune mamwe. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, mumiriri weRussia Repnin akawana zvakawanda: akakwanisa kuumba kusagadzikana mumakore ekupedzisira ePoland yakasununguka. Ndizvo zvakaitawo maBritish muumambo hwavo hwaichimbova, uye hondo yeYugoslavia yaXNUMX yakatanga navaSerb vachirwisana navaCroat uye neimwe nzira.
Tinoziva mienzaniso yekukurudzira nemaune kurwisana munyika imwe. Neraki, izvi hazvisizvo muPoland yanhasi. Bato riri kutonga muenzaniso wekupfava, kuzvidzora uye kunzwisisa, kuzere neruremekedzo kune vanopikisa, vachiremekedza mutemo, Bumbiro reMitemo uye zvido zvemunhuwo zvake. Pamusangano wepasi rose tinokunda, kazhinji ne zero (kukunda kusingakanganwike 27:0). Mumitambo, tiri kuita zvakanaka: tinorangarira mutambo wehockey unoshamisa neCameroon. Iko hakuna zvinonyadzisa, vezvematongerwo enyika vakajeka. Varipi vane homwe dzavo mumusoro! Bato ndiro riri kutungamira. Tichabatsira!
Mira, mira. Isu hatisi magazini yenhau. Ngationei kuti ungapeta sei maitiro ekuita sarudzo muhukuru hwemasvomhu uye ... logic. Tsanangudzo yakazara ingava basa rakakura, rakawanda renhau pane resainzi.
Izvi zvinotevera zvingasarudzwa.
Kutanga, kushandisa kupatsanurwa kwenyika kuva matunhu.
Chechipiri, sarudzo yenzira yekushandura mavhoti kuita zvigaro zveparamende kana (semuenzaniso, kana iri sarudzo yemutungamiri wenyika) kuita zvigaro zvesarudzo.
Chechitatu: kududzira kana izwi rakakosha uye risiri.
Handisi kutaura kushungurudzwa kuri pachena pano, sekunyengedza kusaziva kwevavhoti (kuPolish People's Republic, kuvhota kusina chinhu kwaireva kuvhotera vamiriri vakanyorwa pamusoro pechinyorwa), hutsotsi mukuverengwa kwemavhoti uye kutumira data iri pamusoro.
ndichatanga . Izwi iri rinoshamisa nderei? Ndinotsanangura nenzira inotenderera zvishoma.
Vaverengi vako vanogona kunge vachiziva mamakisi mutenisi. Tinowana mapoinzi, mitambo nemaseti. Kuti ukunde mutambo, unofanirwa kuhwina anokwana mabhora mana (mapoinzi), asi anokwana maviri kupfuura mudzvanyiriri wako. Chinosarudzika ndiwo mutambo we-tie-break - unotambwa unosvika mapoinzi manomwe ekuhwina (mabhora), zvakare uine mutemo wemabhora maviri. Mabhora akahwina akaverengerwa zvinoshamisa: 15, 30, 40, saka isu tinoshandisa chete mazwi ekuti "advantage - balance".
1. Left classic gerrymandering. Chiyero chepasi rose chinoshanduka kuita kukunda kwebhuruu. Ndizvozvo: munharaunda imwe neimwe yedunhu rekuchamhembe, mablues ane 25% chete yerutsigiro, mune mamwe ese achiri - asi haana hanya.
Gems inounganidzwa mumaseti. Kuti uhwine seti, unofanirwa kuve nemitambo inokwana mitanhatu uye inokwana miviri kupfuura mudzvanyiriri wako. Kana zvibodzwa zviri 6:6, tie-break inowanzoridzwa. Matches anotambwa nemaseti maviri kana matatu akahwina. “Kusvika kuhwina kaviri” zvinoreva kuti anohwina maseti maviri ndiye anohwina. Saka, mhedzisiro inogona kuva 2:0 kana 2:1 (uye symmetrically 0:2, 1:2). Mitemo iyi inoreva kuti haufanire kuhwina mamwe mabhora (mapoinzi) kuhwina mutambo. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, iwe unofanirwa kuhwina zvakanyanya kukosha. Muenzaniso wakanyanyisa ndewekuti mutambi A anokunda seti yekutanga 6-0 uye mamwe maviri anorasikirwa 4-6. Anorasikirwa nemutambo kunyangwe akahwina mitambo gumi nemina uye mukwikwidzi wake gumi nemiviri.
Ndichatarisa pane zvandakanyora nguva yadarika. Kune nguva dzakawanda uye dzisinganyanyi kukosha mutenisi. Mutambi wetennis akanaka anotarisa pane zvinonyanya kukosha.
Mamiriro emamiriyoni ari mumakumbo esalamander
Ngatienderere mberi nesarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika. Zvizhinji, kusarudzo dzinosarudzwa nezviuru kana mamirioni.
Unofanira kutanga wawana nyika yematunhu. Nokuti? Hazvina basa kuti sei? haiwa! Wekutanga kufunga kuti angaita sei izvi kuti awedzere mikana yebato rake aive Elbridge Jerry, wezvematongerwo enyika wekuAmerica wemakore mazana maviri apfuura. Imwe yemadenderedzwa aakakurudzira yaive muchimiro che ... salamander, uye kusanganiswa kwezita rake neiyi muswe amphibian kwakatungamira kune iyo temu. Inoshanda zvakanaka nenhengo dzenhengo imwe chete, saka haishande zvakananga kuPoland. Nehofisi ine nhengo dzakawanda, mamiriro acho akasiyana. Unogona kusvirwa nguva nenguva. Uye chinhu chinonakidza.
2. Tenzi wekubiridzira. Kuruboshwe: 40% yerutsigiro rwepasi rose yakashandurwa kuita 4-2 kuhwina. Kurudyi: Geometry inoita basa rakakura kushandura 32% rutsigiro kuita 4: 3 kuhwina kwepasirese.
Saka, ngatifungei nyika, ine vanhu vakawanda uye ine miganhu yakajairika: mativi akakwana ane mataundi madiki emunda mukati mayo. Guta nesarudzo yemeya ndiyo yakanakisa kuenzanisa, asi nemasvomhu hazvina basa. Bato riri kutonga neruvara rweblue rine rutsigiro muzvikamu zvakaiswa neblue on fig. 1. Greens inotungamira munzvimbo dzakasvibira. Sezvo tiri kutaura nezvematunhu ane nhengo imwe chete, hazvina basa kuti zvakanakira chii. Isu takabatana nenyika, akawanda ebhuruu masikweya sekune egirinhi. Asi blues inotonga uye inopatsanura nyika kuita matunhu. Kune matunhu masere (1) Ndezvipi zvinobuda pakuvhota? Zvisingatarisirwi! Vatambi veBlue vanohwina muA, C, E, F, G, kureva, mumadenderedzwa mashanu kubva pamasere. Panyaya yenhengo dzenhengo imwe chete, vane mukana we5: 3 munyika yose (pamwe maguta kana iri sarudzo yameya).
geography yesarudzo izvi zvine mukana wakakosha kune bato uko zvinonyadzisa zvakajairika. Ngatifungei kuti paita manyemwe mudunhu B - meya akabira mari yebhajeti achiti zvinhu zvese zviri mugwara. Vazhinji vakavhota vakamufuratira. Kana kare mavhoti akagovaniswa zvakaenzana (51:49 achifarira rimwe kana rimwe bato), zvino mudunhu B mudunhu diki rega rega, girini yakagamuchira 75%, uye bhuruu chete 25. Zvisinei, pamwero wenyika, izvi hazvina. kurwadziwa zvachose (Tafura 1) Kuti ushandise fananidziro yetenisi, ivo vakangorasikirwa nechinhu chisina chinhu.
| constituency | Bhuruu | Zeloni | Ndiani ari kukunda |
| A | 251 | 249 | Bhuruu |
| B | 100 | 300 | Zeloni |
| C | 251 | 249 | Bhuruu |
| D | 198 | 202 | Zeloni |
| E | 251 | 249 | Bhuruu |
| F | 251 | 249 | Bhuruu |
| G | 251 | 249 | Bhuruu |
| H | 149 | 151 | Zeloni |
| Mavhoti ese | 1702 | 1898 | 5 ku3 zve bhuruu |
Tafura 1. Nhamba yevhoti 1898: 1702 mukufarira magirini, asi 5: 3 zvigaro muparamende yebhuruu! Musarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika yeAmerica, zvinoitika kuti anenge akunda awana mavhoti mashoma.
Iyo imwechete sisitimu ine zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira. Zvakabva kutsika dzeparamende dzechiRungu. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemasvomhu mafomula akakurudzirwa kudzikisa zvishoma musimboti we "mukundi anotora zvese". Mutemo wainyanyozivikanwa waive "chikamu chikuru chechikamu". Ngatitorei mapato mana A, B, C naD anokwikwidza mudunhu reGrodzisko Nadmorsky.Pane nzvimbo nomwe dzekuhwina. Musarudzo, mapato aya akawana mavhoti anoti 9934 5765, 4031 1999, 21 729 neXNUMX XNUMX; yakazara XNUMX XNUMX. Tinotarisira:
7∙9934/21729= 3,20
7∙5765/21729= 1,86
7∙4031/21729= 1,30
7∙1999/21729= 0,64
Clear; dai Commonwealth yaive, sekutaura kwaPrince Radziwiłł muMafashamo, jira dzvuku, mapato aizobvarura muchikamu che320:186:130:64. Asi pane nzvimbo nomwe chete dzekugovana. Mijenya A inokodzera nzvimbo nhatu (nekuti quotient yakakura kupfuura 3), mijenya B, C inokodzera nzvimbo imwe neimwe. Ndingasarudza sei mamwe maviri? Mhinduro inotevera inorongwa: kuipa kune avo mapato "asina vhoti yakazara", kureva, avo vane chikamu chikuru chechikamu. Naizvozvo, vanowira muzvikamu B, D. Ngatimirirei mugumisiro mugirafu rakajeka pa fig. 3.
fig.3 Nzira ye "chikamu chikuru chechikamu". Coalition B + C + D inokunda Bato A
Ko kunonzi kudii. d'Hondt mutemo? Ndinokurukura izvi zvishoma mberi. Ndinoikurudzira sechiitwa. Result on fig. 4.
fig.4 Migumisiro yenzira yed'Hondt. Bato A rinotonga roga.
Pachiitwa chinotevera chiri nyore, ndinokurudzira kuti vaverengi vaite chimwe chinhu chakadai: fungidzira mapato B, C, naD anobvumirana uye oenda kuvhoti muboka rimwe chete-ridaidze E. Zvadaro, sezvinoratidzwa nemutemo wa d'Hondt, vanobvisa imwe. bato A rine mvumo, i.e. mhedzisiro yeA:E i3:4. Mhedziso yave ichizivikanwa kwemakore akawanda setsumo: Kubvumirana kunoumba, kusawirirana kunoparadza.
Neraki, mienzaniso yandinopa pano ndeyekunyepedzera uye chero kufanana nenyika dzinozivikanwa zvakangoitika.
D'Ond
Iyo yakataurwa d'Hondt nzira inoshanda sei? Muenzaniso unonyatsokodzera izvi. Ngatitii imwe dunhu rakavhota musarudzo dzemaepiscopal, sezvaratidzwa. Tafura 2.
| Zita repati | Mazwi, N. | H/2 | H/3 | H/4 | H/5 |
| Full Prosperity Party | 10 000 | 5000 | 3333 | 2500 | 2000 |
| bato rezvakawanda | 6600 | 3300 | 2200 | 1650 | 1320 |
| Iyo locomotive yekufambira mberi | 4800 | 2400 | 1600 | 1200 | 960 |
| Matsotsi nematsotsi | 3600 | 1800 | 1200 | 900 | 720 |
Tafura 2. Mhedzisiro yekuvhota muKlapucko Male constituency musarudzo muKlapadocsy.
Zvakazoitika kuti bato revanyengeri uye gochstaplers rakabudirira zvakanaka chete muKlaputsky Maly. Pasi rose, havana kuwana 5%, saka mhedzisiro yavo haina kuverengerwa. Isu tinoisa zvimwe zvese, tisingakanganwe kuti vanobva kupi bato:
10 (PTD), 000 (SO), 6600 (PTD), 5000 (LP), 4800 (PTD), 3333 (SO), 3300 (PTD), 2500 (LP), 2400 (SO), nezvimwewo. Tinopa matikiti muhurongwa hwakatarwa. Mhedzisiro yacho inonyanya kuenderana nehuwandu hwematikiti aripo.
| 3 nzvimbo | PTD 2, SO 1, LP 0 |
| 4 nzvimbo | PTD 2, SO 1, LP 1 |
| 5 zvigaro | PTD 3, SO 1, LP 1 |
| 6 zvigaro | PTD 3, SO 2, LP 1 |
| 7 zvigaro | PTD 4, SO 2, LP 1 |
| 8 zvigaro | PTD 4, SO 2, LP 2 |
| 9 zvigaro | PTD 4, SO 3, LP 2 |
Tafura 3. Kugoverwa kwezvigaro zvichienderana nehuwandu hwavo.
Zvinonzi hurongwa hwakadai hunonyorovesa mhedzisiro - inoderedza hutongi hunogona kuitika hwebato rimwe. Zvisinei, nyaya yacho yakaoma zvikuru. Izvo zvese zvinoenderana neiyo chaiyo data. Ini handina nzvimbo yekurukurirano refu, ndinongoona zvinhu zviviri zvinonakidza:
1. Kudai vanokorovhera nevanobiridzira vakanga vasvika pachikumbaridzo chesarudzo chenyika, migumisiro yaigona kunge yakasiyana. Havangashanduki kana paine zvigaro zvitatu kana zvina zvekuhwina, asi kana vanhu vashanu vemudunhu vakapinda mudare reparamende, mhedzisiro yaizove: PTD 2, SO 1, PL 1, JG 1. Bato rePTD raizorasikirwa nekodzero yaro. . vazhinji. Inoshanda neimwe nzira yakatenderedza: kana kapoka kadiki kakabuda mubato, munhu wese anorasikirwa, kusanganisira nevasingabvumirani.
2. Kana SO neLP vakawirirana uye vakaenda kuvhoti pamwe chete, saka havazove vakaipisisa mune chero mamiriro ezvinhu, asi kazhinji zviri nani.
Ngationeiwo kuti nzira yed'Hondt inobata sei mamiriro acho fig. 2kana pane zvigaro zviviri kana zvitatu zvisina munhu muwadhi. Rega ndikuyeuchidze kuti munyaya yematunhu ane nhengo imwe chete, izvi zvakapa kukunda kwakasimba kuBlues. Kana ari kaviri, pane kukundwa zvachose, asi kana ari katatu, anohwina zvakare.
| constituency | Bhuruu | Zeloni | Nzira Yokupedzisira |
| A | 251 | 249 | Gear ratios: 251/249; purogiramu 1-1 |
| B | 100 | 300 | 300/100? 0-2 |
| C | 251 | 249 | 251/249? 1-1 |
| D | 198 | 202 | 202/198? 1-1 |
| E | 251 | 249 | 251/249? 1-1 |
| F | 251 | 249 | 251/249? 1-1 |
| G | 251 | 249 | 251/249? 1-1 |
| H | 149 | 151 | 151/149? 1-1 |
| Mavhoti ese | 1702 | 1898 | Bhuruu 7 - Girini 9 |
Tafura 4. Mamiriro ane fig. 2, asi nenhengo mbiri-nhengo. Kukundikana kweblue 7:9.
| constituency | Bhuruu | Zeloni | Nzira Yokupedzisira |
| A | 251 | 249 | Gear ratios: 251/249/125,5; girafu 2-1 |
| B | 100 | 300 | 300/150/100; 0,5-2,5 |
| C | 251 | 249 | 251/249/125,5; 2-1 |
| D | 198 | 202 | 202/198/101; 1-2 |
| E | 251 | 249 | 251/249/125,5; 2-1 |
| F | 251 | 249 | 251/249/125,5; 2-1 |
| G | 251 | 249 | 251/249/125,5; 2-1 |
| H | 149 | 151 | 151/149/75,5; 1-2 |
| Mavhoti ese | 1702 | 1898 | Bhuruu 12,5 - Girini 11,5 |
Tafura 5. Mamiriro ane fig. 2, asi nematunhu ane nhengo nhatu.
Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, ini ndinosanganisira "geometry" mumavhoti anokodzera akakosha kana asina kukosha. Munyika dzakawanda, chiratidzo chemvumo ndeye "tiki", kureva, v, uye dzimwe nguva Y. Tine x, iyo inonyanya kubatanidzwa ne "strikethrough" (uye naizvozvo kurambwa). Mumiriri wemitemo aida kujekesa izvi uye akapa quasi-masvomhu tsananguro - "two intersecting mitsara", kududzira kuti mitsetse miviri yebhii v haipesani.
Kutanga, mumasvomhu, "kupindirana" kunoreva "kuva nechinhu chakafanana" - izvi zvinofanira kunyanya kubatanidzwa nevechidiki (pasi pemakumi mashanu), nokuti ndizvo zvakaita chikoro ikozvino. Zvisinei, kana mumwe munhu asingatendi masvomhu, anogona kuyeuka kuti U-turn mumugwagwa zvakarewo mharadzano.
Zviri nani kusiya tsananguro isina kururama: chero chiratidzo chinoratidza pachena kusarudzwa kwemumiriri kune chinzvimbo chaimbova chinokudzwa, asi iye zvino changova nesangano repejorative.
