Simba renyukireya muchadenga. Atomic acceleration impulses

Pfungwa yekushandisa simba renyukireya kufambisa spacecraft uye kurishandisa mune ramangwana mabhesi ekunze kana pekugara haisi itsva. Munguva ichangopfuura, vauya mune imwe fungu, uye sezvavanova munda wekukwikwidza kukuru kwesimba, kushandiswa kwavo kunowedzera.

NASA neUS Dhipatimendi reMagetsi vakatanga kutsvaga pakati pemakambani evatengesi zvirongwa zvemagetsi enyukireya paMwedzi neMars. Izvi zvinofanirwa kutsigira kutsvagisa kwenguva refu uye pamwe kunyangwe mapurojekiti ekugadzirisa. Chinangwa cheNASA ndechekuita kuti igadzirire kuvhurwa panosvika 2026. Chirimwa chinofanirwa kunge chakanyatsogadzirwa uye chakaunganidzwa paPasi uye chozoongororwa kuchengetedzwa.

Anthony Calomino, director weNASA wehunyanzvi hwenyukireya kuSpace Technology Administration, akadaro Hurongwa uhu ndehwekugadzira XNUMX-kilowatt nuclear fission system inozopedzisira yatangwa nekuiswa pamwedzi. (1). Inofanira kusanganiswa ne lunar lander uye iyo booster ichaitora kuenda nayo mwedzi orbit. Loader wobva waunza system yacho kumusoro.

Kunokarirwa kuti pakusvika panzvimbo ichakurumidza kugadzirira kushanda, pasina kudikanwa kwokuwedzera gungano kana kuti kuvaka. Iko kuvhiyiwa chiratidzo chemikana uye ichave nzvimbo yekutanga yekushandisa mhinduro uye zvinobva mukati.

"Kana tekinoroji ichinge yasimbiswa panguva yekuratidzira, masisitimu emangwana anogona kukwidziridzwa kana akawanda maturusi anogona kushandiswa pamwechete kumishoni dzenguva refu kuMwedzi uye pamwe Mars," Calomino akatsanangura paCNBC. “Maunitsi mana, imwe neimwe inogadzira magetsi anokwana 10 kilowatts, anopa magetsi anokwana kumisikidza nzvimbo yekunze paMwedzi kana Mars.

Kugona kugadzira magetsi akawanda pamusoro pemapuraneti uchishandisa pasi-based fission system inogonesa tsvakiridzo yakakura, nzvimbo dzekunze dzevanhu, uye kushandisa zviwanikwa mu situ, uku ichibvumira mukana wekutengesa. "

Zvichashanda sei gwenya remagetsi enyukireya? Zvishoma zvakafumiswa fomu mafuta enyukireya kuda nyukireya musimboti... Diki nuclear reactor iyo ichaunza kupisa, iyo ichaendeswa kune simba rekushandura system. Iyo simba rekushandura system ichange iine injini dzakagadzirirwa kushanda pakupisa kwereactor kwete mafuta anobvira. Idzi injini dzinoshandisa kupisa, kuishandura kuita magetsi, ayo anogadziriswa uye akagoverwa kune zvishandiso zvevashandisi pamusoro peMwedzi neMars. Nzira yekupisa kupisa yakakosha kuchengetedza kudziya kwakakodzera kwekushanda kwemidziyo.

Simba renyukireya yava kuonekwa seyo chete nzira inonzwisisika apo simba rezuva, mhepo uye simba remvura hazviwanikwe nyore. PaMars, semuenzaniso, simba rezuva rinosiyana zvakanyanya nemwaka, uye nguva nenguva madutu eguruva anogona kugara kwemwedzi.

Pamwedzi cold lunar husiku hunotora mazuva gumi nemana, nechiedza chezuva chinosiyana zvakanyanya pedyo nematanda uye chisipo kubva mumakoronga ane mumvuri zvachose. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kudaro, kuwana simba kubva kuchiedza chezuva kwakaoma, uye mafuta emafuta ane mashoma. Surface fission simba inopa nyore, yakavimbika uye inoshanda mhinduro.

Kusiyana pasi reactorshapana chinangwa chekubvisa kana kutsiva mafuta. Pakupera kwebasa remakore gumi, pane zvakare chirongwa chekuchengetedzwa kwakachengeteka kwenzvimbo. "Pakupera kwehupenyu hwayo hwesevhisi, sisitimu inodzimwa, uye mwero wemwaranzi uchadzikira zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika padanho rakachengeteka kuti munhu awane uye kushanda," Calomino akatsanangura. "Sitimu dzemarara dzinogona kutamirwa kunzvimbo yekuchengetera iri kure uko dzisingaise pangozi vashandi kana nharaunda."

Diki, isingaremi, asi inoshanda reactor, mukudiwa kukuru

Sezvo kuongorora muchadenga kunokura, tiri kutoita zvakanaka nazvo magadzirirwo emagetsi enyukireya pamwero muduku. Zvirongwa zvakadaro zvakagara zvichishandisa zvitundumuseremusere zvisina munhu zvinofamba kuenda kunzvimbo dziri kure dzesangano rinotenderera zuva.

Muna 2019, chitundumuseremusere chine simba renyukireya cheNew Horizons chakabhururuka nepakati pechinhu chiri kure kwazvo chakamboonekwa padhuze, Ultima Thule, kure kure nePluto munharaunda inozivikanwa seKuiper belt. Angadai asina kuzviita pasina simba renyukireya. Simba reSolar hariwanikwi nesimba rakakwana kunze kwekutenderera kweMars. Mishonga yemakemikari haigare kwenguva refu nekuti kuwanda kwesimba rawo kwakadzikira uye huwandu hwawo hwakakura.

Inoshandiswa pamabasa akareba radiothermal jenareta (RTG) inoshandisa iyo plutonium isotope 238Pu, iyo yakanakira kugadzira kupisa kusingaperi kubva kune yakasikwa radioactive kuora nekuburitsa alpha particles, ayo anozoshandurwa kuita magetsi. Yayo 88 gore hafu yeupenyu zvinoreva kuti ichashanda kwenguva refu mishoni. Nekudaro, maRTGs haagone kupa iyo yakakwirira chaiyo simba inodiwa kune refu mishoni, ngarava hombe, tisingataure mabhesi ekunze.

Mhinduro, semuenzaniso, yekuvepo kwekuongorora uye pamwe kugadzirisa paMars kana Mwedzi inogona kunge iri diki reactor dhizaini iyo NASA yave ichiyedza kwemakore akati wandei. Midziyo iyi inozivikanwa se Kilopower fission energy project (2), dzakagadzirirwa kupa simba remagetsi kubva pa1 kusvika ku10 kW uye inogona kugadzirwa seyakarongeka mamodules kune simba propulsion masisitimu kana kutsigira tsvakiridzo, migodhi kana makoroni pane yedzimwe nzvimbo mitumbi.

Sezvaunoziva, huwandu hunokosha muchadenga. reactor simba haifanirwe kudarika huremu hweavhareji yemotokari. Sezvatinoziva, semuenzaniso, kubva kune ichangoburwa show SpaceX Falcon Heavy maroketikupinza mota muchadenga parizvino harisi dambudziko rehunyanzvi. Saka, mareactor emwenje anogona kuiswa nyore mu orbit yakatenderedza Pasi nekupfuura.

2. XNUMX kilowati KIlopower reactor prototype.

Roketi ine reactor inosimudza tariro uye kutya

Aimbove NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine akasimbisa kakawanda zvakanakira zvenyukireya thermal injini, achiwedzera kuti simba rakawanda mu orbit rinogona kubvumira crafting inotenderera kuti ibudirire kunzvenga kana chiitiko che anti-satellite kurwisa chombo.

Reactor mu orbit vaigonawo masimba masimba emauto lasers, izvo zvakare zvinofadza zvikuru kune zviremera zveUS. Zvisinei, injini yechitundumuseremusere isati yaita kubhururuka kwayo kwekutanga, NASA inofanira kuchinja mitemo yayo pamusoro pekupinza zvinhu zvenyukireya muchadenga. Kana ichi chiri chokwadi, saka, maererano nehurongwa hweNASA, kubhururuka kwekutanga kweinjini yenyukireya kunofanira kuitika muna 2024.

Nekudaro, iyo US inoratidzika kunge iri kusvetuka-svetuka mapurojekiti ayo enyukireya, kunyanya mushure mekunge Russia yazivisa chirongwa chemakore gumi chekuvaka chitundumuseremusere chine simba renyukireya. Vaimbova mutungamiriri asingarambiki mune zvemichina yomuchadenga.

Mumakore ekuma60, United States yakanga ine chirongwa cheOrion pulse-pulse nuclear missile, iyo yaifanirwa kuva nesimba zvokuti yaigona kubvumira. kufambisa maguta ose muchadengauye kunyange kubhururuka nemunhu kuenda kuAlpha Centauri. Ese aya ekare ekufungidzira eAmerica akateedzana anga ari pasherufu kubva kuma70s.

Nekudaro, inguva yekubvisa pfungwa yekare. injini yenyukireya muchadengakunyanya nokuti vakwikwidzi, munyaya iyi kunyanya Russia, vachangobva kuratidza kufarira kukuru mune iyi teknolojia. Chitundumuseremusere chenyukireya chinopisa chinogona kucheka nguva yekubhururuka kuenda kuMars nepakati, pamwe kusvika kumazuva zana, zvinoreva kuti vazivi vemuchadenga vanodya zviwanikwa zvishoma uye kushomeka kwemwaranzi kune vashandi. Mukuwedzera, sezvazvinoratidzika, hapazovi nekutsamira kwakadaro pa "mahwindo", ndiko kuti, nzira inodzokororwa yeMars kuNyika makore mashomanana ose.

Nekudaro, kune njodzi, iyo inosanganisira iyo iyo onboard reactor ingave imwe sosi yemwaranzi mumamiriro ezvinhu apo nzvimbo inototakura kutyisidzira kukuru kwechimiro ichi. Handizvo zvoga. Nuclear thermal injini haikwanise kutangwa mumhepo yePasi nekuda kwekutya kuputika nekusvibiswa. Naizvozvo, maroketi akajairwa anopihwa kuti atange. Naizvozvo, isu hatisvetuki nhanho inodhura zvakanyanya ine chekuita nekutangwa kwemisa mu orbit kubva kuPasi.

NASA research project inonzi MITI (Nuclear Thermal Rocket Environmental Simulator) mumwe muenzaniso wekuedza kweNASA kudzokera kukusimudzira nyukireya. Muna 2017, kusati kwave nekutaura kwekudzokera kune tekinoroji, NASA yakapa BWX Technologies chibvumirano chemakore matatu, madhora miriyoni gumi nemapfumbamwe yekugadzira zvikamu zvemafuta uye mareactor anodiwa pakuvaka. injini yenyukireya. Imwe yeNASA nyowani nyowani nzvimbo yenyukireya propulsion concepts ndeye Swarm-Probe ATEG Reactor, SPEAR(3), inotarisirwa kushandisa nyowani lightweight reactor moderator uye advanced thermoelectric jenareta (ATEGs) kudzikisa zvakanyanya hukuru hwepakati.

Izvi zvinoda kudzikisa tembiricha yekushanda uye kudzikisa huwandu hwesimba hwepakati. Zvisinei, huremu hwakaderedzwa huchada simba rekufambisa shoma, zvichiita kuti pave nechitundumuseremusere chemagetsi, chisingadhure, chine simba renyukireya.

3. Kuonekwa kwekuferefeta kwakagadzirwa mukati megadziriro yeSwarm-Probe Enabling ATEG Reactor project.

Anatoly PerminovIzvi zvakaziviswa nemukuru weFederal Space Agency yeRussia. ichagadzira chitundumuseremusere chine simba renyukireya chekufamba kwakadzika muchadenga, ichipa yayo, nzira yepakutanga. Iyo yekutanga dhizaini yakapedzwa ne2013, uye anotevera 9 makore akarongwa kusimudzira. Iyi sisitimu inofanirwa kuve musanganiswa wekugadzira simba renyukireya ine ion propulsion system. Gasi rinopisa pa1500 ° C kubva pareactor rinofanira kushandura turbine inoshandura jenareta rinogadzira magetsi einjini yeion.

Maererano naPerminov, dhiraivha ichakwanisa kutsigira mishoni ine vanhu kuMarsuye vazivi vemuchadenga vanogona kugara paRed Planet kwemazuva makumi matatu nekuda kwesimba renyukireya. Pamwe chete, kubhururuka kuenda kuMars neinjini yenyukireya uye kuramba kuchimhanya kwaizotora vhiki nhanhatu panzvimbo pemwedzi misere, zvichiita kuti simba risvike neka30 kupfuura reinjini yemakemikari.

Nekudaro, hazvisi zvese zvakatsetseka muchirongwa cheRussia. Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2019, reactor yakaputika muSarov, Russia pamhenderekedzo yeWhite Sea, yaive chikamu cheinjini yeroketi muGungwa reBaltic. mafuta emvura. Hazvizivikanwe kana njodzi iyi ine chekuita neRussia nuclear propulsion research program yakatsanangurwa pamusoro.

Pasina mubvunzo, zvisinei, chinhu chekukwikwidzana pakati peUnited States neRussia, uye pamwe China pasi. kushandiswa kwesimba renyukireya muchadenga inopa tsvakiridzo simba rekusimudzira.