Chirahwe chenguva

Nguva yagara iri dambudziko. Kutanga, zvakanga zvakaomera kunyange pfungwa dzakangwara zvikuru kunzwisisa kuti inguvai chaizvoizvo. Nhasi, kana zvichiita kwatiri kuti tinonzwisisa izvi kusvika pamwero wakati, vazhinji vanotenda kuti pasina iyo, kunyanya mupfungwa yetsika, ichave yakasununguka.

"" Yakanyorwa naIsaac Newton. Aidavira kuti nguva yaigona kunzwisiswa zvechokwadi nemasvomhu. Kwaari, imwe-dimensional absolute nguva uye matatu-dimensional geometry yeUniverse zvaive zvakasununguka uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvechinangwa chaicho, uye panguva imwe neimwe yenguva yakakwana, zviitiko zvose muUniverse zvakaitika panguva imwe chete.

Nedzidziso yake yakakosha yehukama, Einstein akabvisa pfungwa yenguva imwe chete. Maererano nepfungwa yake, panguva imwe chete haisi hukama hwakakwana pakati pezviitiko: izvo zviri panguva imwe chete mune imwe chimiro chekutaura hazvizove zvakafanira panguva imwe chete mune imwe.

Muenzaniso wekunzwisisa kwaEinstein nguva ndiyo muon kubva mumwaranzi yepasi. Iyo isingagadzike subatomic particle ine avhareji yehupenyu hwe2,2 microseconds. Iyo inoumba mumhepo yekumusoro, uye kunyangwe isu tichitarisira kuti ifambe chete 660 metres (pakumhanya kwechiedza 300 km/s) isati yaparara, nguva yekuwedzera mhedzisiro inobvumira cosmic muons kufamba makiromita zana kuenda pamusoro pePasi. uye mberi. . Mune referensi furemu nePasi, muon anorarama kwenguva yakareba nekuda kwekumhanya kwazvo.

Muna 1907, aimbova mudzidzisi waEinstein Hermann Minkowski akaunza nzvimbo uye nguva se. Spacetime inoita sechiitiko umo zvimedu zvinofamba muchadenga zvine hukama kune chimwe nechimwe. Nekudaro, iyi vhezheni yespacetime yaive isina kukwana (onawo: ) Yakanga isingabatanidzi simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi kusvikira Einstein aunza hukama hwakazara muna 1916. Iyo jira yenguva-yenguva inoenderera, yakatsetseka, yakamonyoroka uye yakakanganiswa nekuvapo kwezvinhu nesimba (2). Simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi (giravity) ndiko kukombama kwechadenga, kunokonzerwa nemitumbi mikuru uye mamwe marudzi esimba, kunotara nzira iyo zvinhu zvinotora. Kugondeka uku kune simba, kunofamba kana zvinhu zvichifamba. Sezvakataurwa nenyanzvi yefizikisi John Wheeler, "Nguva yepakati inotora huwandu nekuitaurira mafambiro, uye uwandu hunotora nguva yepasi nekuitaurira nzira yekukona."

2. Einstein's space-time

Nguva uye quantum nyika

Dzidziso huru yerelativity inofunga kufamba kwenguva kuve kunoenderera uye kune hukama, uye inofunga mafambiro enguva kuve yepasi rose uye yakakwana muchidimbu chakasarudzwa. Mumakore ekuma60, kuedza kwakabudirira kubatanidza pfungwa dzaimbosapindirana, quantum mechanics uye general relativity yakatungamira kune inozivikanwa seWheeler-DeWitt equation, nhanho yakananga kudzidziso. quantum gravity. Iyi equation yakagadzirisa imwe dambudziko asi yakagadzira imwe. Nguva haina chikamu mune iyi equation. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekukakavadzana kukuru pakati penyanzvi dzefizikisi, dzavanodaidza kuti dambudziko renguva.

Carlo Rovelli (3), nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuItaly yemazuva ano ine maonero chaiwo panyaya iyi. ", akanyora mubhuku "Chakavanzika Chenguva".

3. Carlo Rovelli nebhuku rake

Avo vanobvumirana neCopenhagen dudziro ye quantum mechanics vanotenda kuti quantum process inoteerera Schrödinger equation, inofananidzwa nenguva uye inomuka kubva mukudonha kwemafungu kwechiitiko. Mune iyo quantum mechanical version ye entropy, kana entropy ichichinja, haisi kupisa kunoyerera, asi ruzivo. Vamwe vequantum physics vanoti vakawana kwakabva museve wenguva. Vanotaura kuti simba rinoparara uye zvinhu zvinopindirana nokuti zvimedu zvepakutanga zvinosunga pamwe chete sezvazvinopindirana nenzira ye "quantum entanglement." Einstein, pamwe chete nevamwe vake Podolsky naRosen, vakaona kuti maitiro aya haabviri nokuti aipesana nemaonero emunhu epachokwadi epanzvimbo. Zvikamu zviri kure kubva kune mumwe zvinogona sei kudyidzana pamwe chete kamwechete, vakabvunza.

Muna 1964, akagadzira bvunzo yekuyedza iyo yairamba zvaitaurwa naEinstein nezve izvo zvinonzi zvakavanzwa zvakasiyana. Saka, zvinotendwa nevakawanda kuti mashoko anofamba pakati pezvimedu zvakakochekera, zvingangokurumidza kupfuura zvinogona kufamba nechiedza. Sekuziva kwedu, nguva haipo zvimedu zvakapinzwa (4).

Boka renyanzvi dzefizikisi repaHebrew University rinotungamirirwa naEri Megidish kuJerusarema rakashuma muna 2013 kuti rakanga rabudirira kubatanidza maphoton ayo asina kuvapo nenguva. Chekutanga, mudanho rekutanga, vakagadzira peya yakabatikana yemafotoni, 1-2. Nguva pfupi pashure pacho, vakayera polarization ye photon 1 (chivako chinotsanangura nzira iyo chiedza oscillates) - nokudaro "kuuraya" iyo (danho II). Photon 2 yakatumirwa parwendo, uye imwe nyowani yakasungwa 3-4 yakaumbwa (danho III). Photon 3 yakabva yayerwa pamwe chete nekufambisa photon 2 nenzira yekuti entanglement coefficient "yakachinja" kubva kune yekare mbiri (1-2 uye 3-4) kune itsva yakasanganiswa 2-3 (danho IV). Imwe nguva gare gare (nhanho V) iyo polarity yephoton chete yakasara 4 inoyerwa uye mhedzisiro inofananidzwa nepolarization yenguva refu-yakafa photon 1 (kumashure muchikamu chechipiri). Mhedzisiro? Iyo data yakaratidza kuvepo kwehuwandu hwehukama pakati pemafotoni 1 ne4, "nguva isiri yenzvimbo". Izvi zvinoreva kuti kusungirirwa kunogona kuitika mune maviri quantum masisitimu asina kumbobvira agara munguva.

Megiddish nevamwe vake havagone kubatsira asi kufungidzira pamusoro pekugona kududzirwa kwemhedzisiro yavo. Zvichida kuyerwa kwepolarization ye photon 1 muchikamu chechipiri nenzira imwe neimwe inotungamirira ramangwana polarization ye 4, kana kuyerwa kwepolarization ye photon 4 mudanho V neimwe nzira inodarika iyo yapfuura polarization mamiriro e photon 1. Mune zvose zviri mberi uye kumashure mazano, quantum kuwirirana kunopararira kune chisakiso chinokonzera pakati pekufa kweimwe photon uye kuberekwa kweimwe.

Izvi zvinorevei pachiyero chikuru? Masayendisiti, achikurukura zvinogona kuitika, taura nezve mukana wekuti kutarisa kwedu kwenyeredzi neimwe nzira kwakaraira polarization ye9 bhiriyoni makore apfuura.

Vaviri veAmerica neCanada nyanzvi dzefizikisi, Matthew S. Leifer paChapman University muCalifornia uye Matthew F. Pusey paPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics muOntario, vakaona makore mashoma apfuura kuti kana tikasaomerera kune chokwadi chekuti Einstein. Zviyero zvakaitwa pachidimbu zvinogona kuratidzwa munguva yakapfuura uye mune ramangwana, izvo zvinova zvisina basa mumamiriro ezvinhu aya. Mushure mekugadzirisa mamwe mafungiro ekutanga, masayendisiti akagadzira modhi yakavakirwa padzidziso yeBell umo nzvimbo inoshandurwa kuita nguva. Kuverenga kwavo kunoratidza kuti sei, tichifunga kuti nguva iri mberi, isu tinogumburwa pamusoro pekupokana.

Maererano naCarl Rovelli, maonero edu evanhu enguva akabatana zvisingaite nemabatiro anoita simba rekupisa. Sei tichingoziva zvakapfuura chete kwete ramangwana? Chinokosha, maererano nesainzi, unidirectional kuyerera kwekupisa kubva pazvinhu zvinodziya kuenda kune zvinotonhora. A ice cube yakakandirwa mukapu inopisa yekofi inotonhodza kofi. Asi maitiro acho haadzokere shure. Munhu, semhando ye "thermodynamic machine", anotevera museve uyu wenguva uye haakwanisi kunzwisisa imwe nzira. "Asi kana ndikacherechedza chimiro chisingaoneki," anonyora Rovelli, "mutsauko pakati pekare neramangwana unonyangarika ... mugirama rekutanga rezvinhu hapana musiyano pakati pechikonzero nemhedzisiro."

Nguva yakayerwa muzvikamu zve quantum

Kana kuti pamwe nguva inogona kuverengerwa? Imwe dzidziso itsva ichangobva kubuda inoratidza kuti nhambo dukusa inofungidzirwa yenguva haigoni kupfuura chikamu chimwe chemirioni chimwe chebhirioni chesekondi. Dzidziso iyi inotevera pfungwa inova chinhu chakakosha chewachi. Maererano neve theorists, mhedzisiro yekufunga uku inogona kubatsira kugadzira "dzidziso yezvose".

Pfungwa yenguva ye quantum haisi itsva. Muenzaniso we quantum gravity inokurudzira kuti nguva iverengerwe uye kuve nemwero wetiki. Iyi kutenderera kutenderera ndiyo yepasirese yakaderera yuniti, uye hapana chiyero chenguva chinogona kuve chakaderera pane ichi. Kwaizova sokunge kwakanga kune nzvimbo panheyo yechisiko chapose pose inogadza sipidhi shomanene yokufamba kwechinhu chiri chose chiri machiri, ichipa uremu kumamwe mativi. Muchinoitika cheiyi wachi yapasi rose, “panzvimbo pokupa uremu, ichapa nguva,” inotsanangura kudaro imwe nyanzvi yefizikisi inokarakadza kuganhura nguva, Martin Bojowald.

Nokuenzanisira wachi yakadaro yepasi pose, iye nevamwe vake vepaPennsylvania State College muUnited States vakaratidza kuti zvaizobatsira pawachi dzeatomu dzokugadzirwa, dzinoshandisa kutenheka kwemaatomu kuti ibudise miuyo yakarurama zvikuru inozivikanwa. zviyero zvenguva. Maererano nemuenzaniso uyu, wachi yeatomu (5) dzimwe nguva yaisaenderana newachi yepasirese. Izvi zvingaganhurira huchokwadi hwekuyera nguva kune wachi imwe chete yeatomu, zvichireva kuti wachi mbiri dzakasiyana dzeatomu dzinogona kupedzisira dzisisaenderane nehurefu hwenguva yapfuura. Tichifunga kuti wachi dzedu dzeatomu dzakanakisa dzinoenderana uye dzinogona kuyera zvikwekwe kusvika kumasekonzi gumi-10, kana chikamu chimwe kubva mugumi chebhirioni chebhiriyoni chesekondi, chikamu chekutanga chenguva hachigoni kudarika masekonzi gumi-19. Idzi ndidzo mhedziso dzechinyorwa pane iyi dzidziso yakaonekwa muna Chikumi 10 mujenari rePhysical Ongororo Tsamba.

5. Lutetium-based atomic wachi paNational University yeSingapore.

Kuedza kana hwaro hwakadaro hwenguva iripo kunodarika kugona kwedu tekinoroji, asi zvichiri kutaridzika nyore kupfuura kuyera Planck nguva, inova 5,4 × 10-44 masekonzi.

Iyo butterfly effect haishande!

Kubvisa nguva kubva kunyika ye quantum kana kuigadzirisa kunogona kuva nemigumisiro inofadza, asi ngative vakatendeseka, kufungidzira kwakakurumbira kunotungamirirwa nechimwe chinhu, kureva nguva yekufamba.

Rinenge gore rapfuura, purofesa wefizikisi wepaUniversity yeConnecticut Ronald Mallett akaudza CNN kuti akange anyora equation yesainzi inogona kushandiswa sehwaro hwe real time machine. Akatogadzira mudziyo wokuenzanisira chinhu chinokosha chedzidziso yacho. Anotenda kuti zvinokwanisika kushandura nguva kuita loopizvo zvaizobvumira kufamba kwenguva kuenda kune yakapfuura. Akatovaka prototype inoratidza kuti lasers inogona kubatsira sei kuzadzisa chinangwa ichi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vamwe vaMallett havana chokwadi chekuti muchina wake wenguva uchazomboitika. Kunyangwe Mallett anobvuma kuti zano rake rine dzidziso zvachose panguva ino.

Mukupera kwa2019, New Scientist yakataura kuti nyanzvi yefizikisi Barak Shoshani naJacob Hauser vePerimeter Institute muCanada vakatsanangura mhinduro iyo munhu anogona kufungidzira kubva kune imwe. nhau feed kune wechipiri, kupfuura nepaburi nguva-nguva kana mugero, sezvavanotaura, "masvomhu zvinogoneka". Iyi modhi inofunga kuti kune akasiyana madhipatimendi emuchadenga atinogona kufamba matiri, uye ane chimhingamupinyi chakakomba - kufamba kwenguva hakukanganise nguva yevafambi. Nenzira iyi, unogona kupesvedzera mamwe mafambiro, asi iyo yatakatanga rwendo inoramba isina kuchinjika.

Uye sezvo tiri muchadenga-nguva continua, zvino nerubatsiro rwe quantum komputa Kutevedzera kufamba kwenguva, masayendisiti munguva pfupi yapfuura akaratidza kuti hakuna "butterfly effect" munharaunda yehuwandu, sezvinoonekwa mumafirimu akawanda ezvinyorwa zvesainzi nemabhuku. Mukuedza pachiyero che quantum, chakakuvadzwa, chinoita sechisina kushanduka, sekunge chokwadi chinozviporesa. Pepa pamusoro penyaya yakaonekwa zhizha rino muPsysical Ongororo Tsamba. "Pakombiyuta yehuwandu, hapana matambudziko kana nekufananidza shanduko yakapesana nenguva, kana nekuenzanisa maitiro ekufambisa maitiro kumashure," akatsanangura Mikolay Sinitsyn, nyanzvi yefizikisi paLos Alamos National Laboratory uye co- munyori wechidzidzo. Basa. "Tinogona kunyatsoona zvinoitika kune yakaoma quantum nyika kana tikadzokera kumashure nenguva, towedzera kukuvadza todzokera kumashure. Isu tinoona kuti nyika yedu yekare yakararama, izvo zvinoreva kuti hapana mhepo ine butterfly mu quantum mechanics. "

Uku kurova kukuru kwatiri, asiwo nhau dzakanaka kwatiri. Iyo nzvimbo-nguva inoenderera inochengetedza kuvimbika, isingabvumiri shanduko diki kuiparadza. Sei? Uyu mubvunzo unonakidza, asi musoro wakasiyana zvishoma pane nguva pachayo.