Iyo isinganzwisisike periphery yesolar system

Kunze kwegadziriro yedu yokutenderera zuva kunogona kufananidzwa nemakungwa epasi. Sezvakangoita ivo (pamwero wecosmic) vanenge vari pamunwe wedu, asi zvakaoma kuti isu tinyatsovaongorora. Tinoziva mamwe matunhu ari kure echadenga zviri nani kupfuura nzvimbo dzeKuiper belt dziri mhiri kweNeptune's orbit uye gore reOort mhiri (1).

Probe New Horizons yatove pakati pakati pePluto uye chinotevera chekuongorora chinangwa, chinhu 2014 gore₆₉ w Kuiper belt. Iyi inharaunda iri mhiri kwekutenderera kweNeptune, kutanga pa30 AU. e. (kana a. e., inova nhambwe yeavhareji yePasi kubva kuZuva) uye ichipera panosvika zana a. e) kubva kuZuva.

1. Kuiper belt uye Oort gore

Iyo New Horizons isina munhu ndege yemuchadenga, iyo yakatora nhoroondo mafoto ePluto muna 2015, yatopfuura 782 miriyoni makiromita kubva pairi. Kana yasvika MU₆₉ (2) ichaisa sezvakatsanangurwa Alan Stern, mukuru wesainzi wemishoni, rekodhi rekuongorora rugare rwekure munhoroondo yebudiriro yemunhu.

Planetoid MU₆₉ chinhu chakajairika cheKuiper belt, zvichireva kuti kutenderera kwayo kunenge denderedzwa uye hairambe iri mu orbital resonance ne orbital Neptune yayo. Chinhu chakawanikwa neHubble Space Telescope muna Chikumi 2014 uye chakasarudzwa sechimwe chezvinangwa zvinotevera zveNew Horizons mishoni. Nyanzvi dzinotenda kuti MU₆₉ isingasviki 45 km muhupamhi. Zvisinei, basa rakakosha zvikuru remuchadenga nderokuongorora kwakadzama kweKuiper belt. Vatsvagiri veNASA vanoda kuongorora zvinhu zvinopfuura makumi maviri munzvimbo iyi.

2. Nzira yekubhururuka yeNew Horizons probe

15 makore ekukurumidza kuchinja

Nechekare muna 1951 Gerard Kuiper, ane zita riri pedyo nemuganhu wesolar system (inozonzi panozonzi Oort cloud), akafanotaura kuti ma<em>asteroids anotendererawo kunze kwekutenderera kwepasi rekunze kwegadziriro yedu, kureva Neptune, uye Pluto kuseri kwayo. Wokutanga, anonzi 1992 KV1Zvisinei, yakawanikwa chete muna 1992. Saizi yakajairika yemapuraneti madiki uye Kuiper belt asteroids haipfuure mazana mashoma emakiromita. Inofungidzirwa kuti nhamba yeKuiper belt zvinhu zvine dhayamita inopfuura 100 km inosvika mazana ezviuru zvemazana.

Gore reOort, rinoenda mhiri kweKuiper Belt, rakagadzira mabhiriyoni emakore apfuura apo gore rinodonha regasi neguruva rakagadzira Zuva nemapuraneti arikuritenderera. Zvisaririra zvezvinhu zvisina kushandiswa zvakabva zvakakandwa kure kure nemikoto yemapuraneti ari kure zvikuru. Gore rinogona kuumbwa nemabhiriyoni emitumbi maduku akapararira zuva. Radhiyasi yaro inosvika kunyange mazana ezviuru zvemayuniti enyeredzi, uye huwandu hwayo hwese hunogona kunge hwakapetwa ka10-40 pahukuru hwePasi. Kuvapo kwegore rakadaro rezvinhu kwakafanotaurwa muna 1950 neDutch nyanzvi yenyeredzi Jan H. Oort. Pane fungidziro yekuti simba rinokwevera renyeredzi dziri pedyo nguva nenguva rinosundira zvinhu zvega zvegore reOort munharaunda yedu, zvichigadzira macomets anogara kwenguva refu kubva kwavari.

Makore gumi namashanu apfuura, munaGunyana 2002, iyo mutumbi mukuru pane wezuva kubva pakuwanikwa kwePluto muna 1930 yakawanikwa, ichiunza imwe nguva yekuwanikwa uye nekukurumidza shanduko mumufananidzo wesolar solar periphery. Zvakazoitika kuti chinhu chisingazivikanwe chinotenderera Zuva makore ese mazana maviri nemakumi masere nemasere ari chinhambwe chemabhiriyoni matanhatu emakiromita, chinova chinhambwe chinopeta makumi mana pakati pePasi neZuva (Pluto neNeptune dziri 288 bhiriyoni km kubva). Vakaiwana, vazivi venyeredzi paCalifornia Institute of Technology, vakaitumidza Kuaoara. Maererano nekuverenga kwekutanga, yaifanira kunge iine dhayamita ye1250 km, iyo inodarika hafu yedhayamita yePluto (2300 km). Mabhengi matsva akachinja saizi iyi kuita 844,4 km.

MunaNovember 2003, chinhu chacho chakawanikwa 2003 WB 12, yakatumidzwa gare gare Dot, pachinzvimbo chamwarikadzi wechiEskimo ane mutoro wokusika mhuka dzomugungwa. Izvo zvakakosha hazvisi zvebhandi reKuiper, asi ETNO kirasi - ndiko kuti, chimwe chinhu pakati peKuiper belt neOort Cloud. Kubva ipapo, ruzivo rwedu rwenzvimbo iyi rwakatanga kuwedzera pamwe chete nekuwanikwa kwezvimwe zvinhu, izvo zvatinogona kutumidza, semuenzaniso, Makemake, Haume kana Eris. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mibvunzo mitsva yakatanga kumuka. Kunyangwe chinzvimbo chePluto. Pakupedzisira, sezvamunoziva, akadzingwa kubva kuboka repamusoro remapuraneti.

Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzinoramba dzichiwana zvinhu zvitsva zvemuganhu (3) Imwe yezvitsva ndeye pasi penyika Dee Dee. Inowanikwa 137 bhiriyoni km kubva kuPasi. Inotenderera kuZuva mumakore 1100. Kupisa kwepamusoro payo kunosvika -243 ° C. Yakawanikwa nekutenda kune ALMA telescope. Zita rayo ipfupi kuti "Dwarf Distant".

3. Trans-Neptunian zvinhu

Iyo Phantom Menace

Mukutanga kwe2016, takaudza MT kuti takanga tagamuchira humbowo hwechokwadi hwekuvapo kwepasi repfumbamwe asi risingazivikanwe munharaunda yezuva (4) Gare gare, masayendisiti kuSweden University yeLund akati haina kuumbwa muzuva, asi yaive exoplanet yakatorwa neZuva. Computer modelling Alexandra Mustilla uye vaaishanda navo vanoratidza kuti zuva rechidiki "rakaiba" kubva kune imwe nyeredzi. Izvi zvingadai zvakaitika apo nyeredzi mbiri dzakaswederana. Ipapo nyika yepfumbamwe yakakandwa kunze kwekutenderera kwayo nemamwe mapuraneti ikawana nzira itsva, kure kwazvo nenyeredzi yemubereki. Gare gare, nyeredzi mbiri dzakanga dzakaparadzana zvakare, asi chinhu chacho chakaramba chiri mukutenderera kweZuva.

Masayendisiti kubva kuLund Observatory vanotenda kuti fungidziro yavo ndiyo inogoneka kupfuura zvese, nekuti hapana tsananguro iri nani yezviri kuitika, kusanganisira anomalies mukutenderera kwezvinhu zvinotenderedza Kuiper belt. Pane imwe nzvimbo kunze uko, imwe nyika isinganzwisisike yekufungidzira yakanga yakavanda kubva kumaziso edu.

kutaura kukuru Konstantin Batygina i Mike Brown kubva kuCalifornia Institute of Technology, iyo yakazivisa muna Ndira 2016 kuti vakanga vawana imwe nyika iri kure kupfuura kutenderera kwePluto, yakaita kuti masayendisiti ataure nezvazvo sokunge aitoziva kare kuti chimwe chitunha chikuru chomudenga chakanga chiri kutenderera kune imwe nzvimbo kunze kwezuva. . . Ichave idiki zvishoma pane Neptune uye ichatenderera Zuva mune elliptical orbit kweinenge 15 20-4,5. makore. Batygin naBrown vanoti pasi rino rakadzingirwa kunze kwesolar system, pamwe panguva yekutanga kwekuvandudzwa kwayo, makore angangoita bhiriyoni zviuru zvishanu apfuura.

Chikwata chaBrown chakasimudza nyaya yekunetsa mukutsanangura kuvepo kwevanodanwa Kuiper Cliff, ndiko kuti, rudzi rwegapu mubhandi re trans-Neptunian asteroid. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa zviri nyore nehukuru hwechinhu chikuru chisingazivikanwi. Masayendisiti akanongedzerawo kune yakajairika nhamba yekuti kune zviuru zvematombo ematombo muOort Cloud uye Kuiper Belt, panofanirwa kuve nemazana emaasteroids makiromita akati wandei kureba uye pamwe imwe kana anopfuura mapuraneti makuru.

4. Imwe yefungidziro yekuona nezvePlaneti X.

Mukutanga kwa2015, NASA yakaburitsa zvakaonekwa kubva kuWide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer - WISE. Vakaratidza kuti muchadenga chiri chinhambwe chinosvika 10 zviuru zvakapetwa kubva kuZuva kuenda kuNyika, zvakanga zvisingabviri kuwana Planet X. WISE, zvisinei, inokwanisa kuona zvinhu zvakakura seSaturn, uye naizvozvo yekudenga. muviri wakaenzana neNeptune unogona kunzvenga kutarisisa kwayo. Naizvozvo, masayendisiti anoenderera mberi nekutsvaga kwavo neXNUMX-mita Keck Telescope muHawaii. Kusvika pari zvino hapana zvazvinobatsira.

Izvo hazvigoneke kuti tirege kutaura nezve pfungwa yekutarisa isinganzwisisike "inosuruvarisa" nyeredzi, iyo brown dwarf. - izvo zvaizoita kuti solar system ive binary system. Inenge hafu yenyeredzi dzinoonekwa mudenga maitiro ane zvikamu zviviri kana kupfuura. Yedu mabhinari sisitimu inogona kuumba yero diki (Zuva) pamwe chete nediki uye yakanyanya kutonhorera yebrown dwarf. Zvisinei, iyi hypothesis inoita seisingabviri panguva ino. Kunyange kana tembiricha yepasi pebrown dwarf yaingova mazana mashoma madhigirii, midziyo yedu ichiri kugona kuiona. Iyo Gemini Observatory, Spitzer Telescope neWISE zvakatoratidza kuvepo kwezvinhu zvinodarika gumi zvakadaro pamadaro anosvika zana emakore echiedza. Saka kana setiraiti yezuva iri kunze uko kune imwe nzvimbo, tinofanira kunge takazviona kare kare.

Kana kuti pamwe pasi rakanga riripo, asi harichisipo? Nyanzvi yenyeredzi yeAmerica kuSouthwestern Research Institute muBoulder, Colorado (SwRI), David Nesvorny, mune imwe nyaya yakabudiswa mumagazini Science, inoratidza kuti kuvapo kweinonzi testis muKuiper belt. tsoka yechishanu gasi hoforiiyo yakanga iripo pakutanga kwekuumbwa kwezuva. Kuvapo kwezvidimbu zveaizi zhinji munzvimbo iyi kungaratidza kuvepo kwepasi rakakura seNeptune.

Masayendisiti anoreva musimboti weKuiper belt seti yezviuru zvezvinhu zvetrans-Neptunian zvine maobhiti akafanana. Nesvorny akashandisa kuenzanisa kwekombuta kutevedzera mafambiro eiyi "musimboti" mumakore 4 bhiriyoni apfuura. Mubasa rake, akashandisa iyo inonzi Nice Model, iyo inotsanangura nheyo dzekufamba kwepasi panguva yekuumbwa kwezuva.

Munguva yekutama, Neptune, iri kure ne4,2 bhiriyoni km kubva kuZuva, yakangoerekana yachinja 7,5 miriyoni km. Vazivi venyeredzi havazivi kuti sei izvi zvakaitika. Simba rinokwevera redzimwe hofori dzegasi, kunyanya Uranus kana Saturn, rave richitaurwa, asi hapana chinozivikanwa nezvekudyidzana kwegiravhiti pakati pemapuraneti aya. Sekureva kwaNesvorny, Neptune inofanira kunge yakaramba iri muukama hwesimba rinokwevera pasi neimwe yakawedzera ine chando, iyo yakamanikidzwa kubuda munzira yayo yakananga Kuiper Belt panguva yekutama kwayo. Munguva iyi, pasi rakatsemuka ndokupa zviuru zvezvinhu zvakakura zvechando zvino zvinozivikanwa sepakati payo kana trans-Neptunians.

Iyo probes yeVoyager uye Pioneer yakatevedzana, makore mashoma mushure mekutangwa, yakava mota dzekutanga dzepasi kuyambuka orbit yeNeptune. Mishoni dzakaratidza hupfumi hweKuiper Belt iri kure, ichimutsiridza hurukuro dzakawanda pamusoro pekwakabva uye chimiro chesolar system inozove kure kupfuura fungidziro yemunhu wese. Hapana chimwe chezviongorori chakarova pasi idzva, asi Pioneer 10 ne11 akapukunyuka akatora nzira yekubhururuka isingatarisirwi yakaonekwa kumashure muma 80s. Uye zvakare mibvunzo yakamuka pamusoro pemanyuko egiravhiti ekutsauka kwakacherechedzwa, izvo zvimwe zvakavanzwa munharaunda. ye solar system ...