Kutya kwepanyika - AvtoTachki

Kutya kwepasi uye chadenga chiri pedyo, ndiko kuti, chimwe chinhu chegore negore

Makore makumi mashanu ekupedzisira ne50s yaive nguva dzinopisa kwazvo dzeHondo Yemashoko, kutya kukuru kwekuparadza kwenyukireya, mazuva eCuban Crisis (Gumiguru 60) uye kukurumidza kukuru kwetekinoroji kwakakonzerwa nekutya ikoko. Soviet?Shamwari mufambi? yakapinda munzira muna Gumiguru 1962, mwedzi gare gare Laika akaenda asina kudzoka, uye panguva imwecheteyo, kuCape Canaveral, vatori venhau veAmerica vakaona kuputika kweAvangard TV1957 rocket uye vakatouya nemazita akakosha ayo, semuenzaniso, Stayputnik (kubva , kureva ) kana Kaputnik.

Last plywood Sputnik neyeGerman yakavambwa nekuti baba vechirongwa cheAmerican missile vaive Wernher von Braun. Pazuva rekupedzisira raNdira 1958, maAmerican akazokwanisa kutumira satellite yavo yekutanga mu orbit; makore maviri gare gare, Yuri Gagarin akaenda muchadenga uye akadzoka mushure memwedzi? iye, kunyangwe ari mundege yepasi, Alan Shepard. Kuseri kwekuedza kwese kwemujaho wemuchadenga kwakanga kusiri kudada kwenyika kwenyika dziri kutora chikamu kana (majee) chishuwo chekuongorora zvisingazivikanwe, asi pfungwa yengozi, nekuti yekutanga bvunzo yeICBMs yakaitika muna Nyamavhuvhu 1957. Yaive iyo R-7 Semiorka inokwanisa kutakura 5 Mt warhead. Sputnik, Laika, Yuri Gagarin, vese veSoviet, Russian nedzimwe cosmonauts uye vazivi venyeredzi vanobhururuka kubva kuRussia cosmodromes vakatangwa pane inotevera, yakagadziridzwa uye yakawedzerwa nematanho matsva emaroketi emhando iyi. Nice basic design!

Makemikari maroketi anga ari uye anoramba ari iwo ega nzira yekuendesa mitoro uye vanhu mu orbit nekupfuura, asi izvi zviri kure nekunaka. Izvo hazviputike kakawanda, asi chiyero chemubhadharo kune yakaderera Earth orbit (LEO) kune huwandu hweroketi pachayo, iyo yakaoma kuvaka uye panguva imwechete inoraswa, inoramba iine nyeredzi (izwi rakanaka!) 1 kusvika ku400-500 (Soviet Vostok, i.e. yakagadziridzwa R-7 pamwe nechikamu chechipiri, 5900 kg pa300 kg, itsva Soyuz 000-7100 kg pa 7800 kg rocket).

Maroketi akareruka anotakurwa nendege, semuAmerican WhiteKnightTwo suborbital tourism system, anogona kubatsira zvishoma? SpaceShipTwo (2012?). Nekudaro, izvi hazvichinje zvakanyanya, nekuti iwe uchiri kuda kupisa chimwe chinhu uye kuchiputira kumusoro kune imwe nzira kuti ubhururuke kune imwe. Hazvishamisi kuti dzimwe nzira dziri kutariswa, idzo mbiri dzingangodaro dziri padyo: kanoni hombe inobatidza projectile ine zviri mukati zvinokwanisa kumirisana nekutangwa kweg-force, uye elevator yemuchadenga. Mhinduro yekutanga yakanga yatove padanho repamusoro rebudiriro, asi muvaki wekuCanada akazowana mari yepurojekiti kubva kuSaddam X., uye akaurayiwa muna Kurume 1990 nevapambi vasingazivikanwe? pamberi peimba yake yeBrussels. Iyo yekupedzisira, inoratidzika kunge isingaite zvachose, ichangobva kuve yakanyanya kuitika nekugadzirwa kwe Ultra-lightweight kabhoni nanotube fibers.

Hafu yezana ramakore rapfuura, ndiko kuti, pachikumbaridzo chezera idzva remuchadenga, kuderera kwehunyanzvi uye mwero wekutadza kwehunyanzvi hwepamusoro-soro hweroketi hwakamanikidza masayendisiti kufunga nezve mukana wekushandisa tsime resimba rinonyatsoshanda. Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi enyukireya zvave kushanda kubva pakati pemakore makumi mashanu, uye yekutanga nyukireya yepasi pemvura, USS Nautilus, yakatumirwa. yakapinda mubasa muna 50, asi mareactors akanga uye akaramba achirema zvokuti mushure mekuedza kunoverengeka, kuedza kuashandisa kune injini dzendege kwakaregwa, uye zvirongwa zveutopian zvekusikwa kwavo muchitundumuseremusere hazvina kugadzirwa.

Kwakange kwasara kwechipiri, kunoedza zvakanyanya, mukana wekushandisa mabhomba enyukireya kuti aenderere mberi, ndiko kuti, kukanda mabhomba enyukireya pazvikepe zvemuchadenga kuti zviende muchadenga. Pfungwa yeinjini yenyukireya pulse injini ndeyeakakurumbira wePolish nyanzvi yemasvomhu uye theoretical fizikisi Stanislaw Ulam, akatora chikamu mukugadzirwa kweAmerican atomic bhomba (Manhattan Project), uye akazova munyori-munyori weAmerican thermonuclear bomb (Teller- Ulam). Kugadzirwa kwe nuclear propulsion (1947) inonzi yaifarirwa nesaenzi wekuPoland uye yakagadziridzwa neboka rakakosha raishanda pachirongwa cheOrion kubva muna 1957-61.

Iro bhuku randinoda kukurudzira kuvaverengi vangu vanodiwa rine zita, munyori waro ndiKenneth Brower, uye vatambi vakuru ndiFreeman Dyson nemwanakomana wake George. Yekutanga inyanzvi yefizikisi yedzidziso uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu, incl. nyanzvi yenyukireya engineering uye Templeton Prize anohwina. Akatungamirira boka remasayendisiti achangobva kutaurwa, uye mubhuku anomiririra simba resayenzi nesayenzi kusvika kune nyeredzi, apo mwanakomana wake akasarudza kugara muimba yemiti muBritish Columbia uye kufamba kumadokero kwegungwa reCanada neAlaska ne kayak. . ari kuvaka. Izvi hazvirevi, zvisinei, kuti mwanakomana ane makore gumi nematanhatu okukura akaramba nyika kuti aregerere zvivi zveatomu zvababa vake. Hapana cherudzi urwu, nekuti kunyangwe chiratidzo chekurambwa kwemayunivhesiti eAmerica anosarudzika achifarira miti yemipaini nemahombekombe ane matombo chaive chinhu chekumukira, George Dyson akavaka kayak dzake nemagwa kubva kune ichangoburwa (ipapo) magirazi egirazi pamafuremu ealuminium, uye gare gare, i.e., isina kuvharwa nechirongwa chebhuku., Akadzokera kunyika yeyunivhesiti semunyori wezvakaitika kare wesayenzi uye akanyora, kunyanya, bhuku pamusoro pebasa reOrion project ().

Kosmolot uye bhomba

Iyo nheyo yakagadzirwa naUlam iri nyore kwazvo, asi timu yaDyson yakapedza makore mana pane basa reHerculean rekugadzira hwaro hwedzidziso uye fungidziro yekugadzirwa kwechadenga chitsva. Mabhomba eatomu haana kuputika, asi kuedza kwakabudirira kwakaitwa umo kuputika kwemheremhere kwemhosva duku kwakaisa mienzaniso mukufamba. Semuenzaniso, muna Mbudzi 4, modhi ine dhayamita ye 1959 m yakasimuka mundege inodzorwa kusvika kureba kwemamita 1. Zviyero zvakati wandei zvechitundumuseremusere zvakafungidzirwa, nhamba dzakapihwa mufungidziro dziri kudonhedza pasi, imwe yembiri huru. zvikanganiso zvekugadzira zvinogadziriswa neelevator yataurwa pamusoro, saka ndiani anoziva, pamwe isu tichabhururuka kune imwe nzvimbo kure?!

Ruzivo rwekutanga rwaUlam rwakanga rwuri rwekuti kuputika kweatomu kwaisagona kuvharirwa pane imwe nzvimbo yakavharirwa mukamuri rinopisa, semagadzirirwo akaitwa naFreeman Dyson edzidziso. Ko chitundumuseremusere chakagadzirwa neboka reOrion chaifanira kuva negirazi rinorema resimbi here? ndiro inounganidza simba rekuputika kubva kune zviduku zvakadzingwa zvakatevedzana kuburikidza nepakati pegomba.

Meganewton shock wave ichirova ndiro nekumhanya kwe30 m/s pane imwe sekondi imwe nguva yaizoipa yakawandisa kunyange nehukuru hukuru, uye kunyangwe chimiro chakagadzirwa nemazvo uye michina yaigona kumirisana nekuremerwa kusvika ku000 G,? vaida kuti ngarava yavo ikwanise kubhururutsa vanhu, uye nokudaro dhizaini ine nhanho mbiri yakagadziridzwa kuti “inopfavisa”. yakatsiga kusunda kubva ku100 kusvika ku2 G yevashandi.

Iyo yakakosha dhizaini yeOrion interplanetary (interplanetary) spacecraft inofungidzirwa huremu hwe4000 matani, girazi dhayamita 40 m, kureba kwemamita makumi matanhatu uye simba remachaji anoshandiswa 60 kt. Iyo data inonyanya kunakidza, hongu, inoenzanisa kugona kweiyo propulsion system nemaroketi ekare: Orion yaifanira kushandisa mabhomba mazana masere kuti azvivhure pachayo uye matani zana nemakumi matanhatu emubhadharo mupasi pasi orbit (LEO), inorema 0,14 matani? Saturn V kubva purogiramu yemwedzi yeApollo yakatakura matani zana nemakumi matatu.

Kumwaya pasi redu neplutonium ndiko kwaive kudzosa kwakakosha kwechirongwa ichi uye chimwe chezvikonzero zvekusiiwa kweOrion mushure mekusainwa kwePartial Nuclear Test Restriction Treaty muna 1963, iyo yairambidza kuputika kwemaatomu mumhepo yepasi, kunze. uye pasi pemvura. Iyo yambotaurwa pamusoro penguva yemberi yemuchadenga inosimudza inokwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko iri reradiation, uye chitundumuseremusere chinogona kutakura matani mazana masere emubhadharo kuti chitenderere kuMars nekumashure chinhu chinoedza. Kuverenga uku kunoshorwa, nekuti kusimuka kubva pasi uye dhizaini uchifunga nezve kubhururuka kwemunhu nemhedzisiro iri pachena muhuremu hwezvitsigiro zvekuvhundutsa zvakaiswa pasi, saka kana muchina wakadaro uine modular dhizaini ine kugona kuparadzanisa zvinobata zvekuvhunduka uye chikamu chevashandi ndege otomatiki...

Elevator inoendesa Nyika kure nechitundumuseremusere chenyukireya yaizogadzirisawo mamwe matambudziko, semhedzisiro yemagetsi emagetsi (EMP) pamidziyo yemagetsi. Zvinofanira kuyeukwa kuti musha wepasi unotidzivirira nemabhandi eVan Allen kubva mumwaranzi yecosmic uye mazhenje ezuva, asi vashandi uye midziyo yechikepe chimwe nechimwe chiri muchadenga chinofanira kuchengetedzwa nekuwedzera nhovo. Orion ichava nenhoo inoshanda zvakanyanya pakurwisa mwaranzi kubva pakuputika kweinjini muchimiro chegirazi resimbi gobvu uye inochengeterwa nhovo yekuwedzera yakasimba.

Mavhezheni anotevera eOrions aitove nani ekutakura taro, nekuti... nehukuru hwematani gumi, simba remitoro rakawedzera kusvika ku10 kt, asi mutoro unobva kuPasi (tfu, tfu, apazh, kungofanana nekuenzanisa) mu LEO yakanga yatova 000% yehukuru hwechikepe (0,35 matani. ), uye mukutenderera kweMars kwaizova matani 61. Kunyanyisa zvikurusa kwamapurojekiti kwaibatanidza kuvakwa kwe“areka yeintergalactic?” ine huremu hwe6100 5300 matani, inogona kunge yatova guta chairo muchadenga, uye kuverenga kwakaratidza kuti Orions inofambiswa ne thermonuclear charges inogona kukurumidza kusvika 8c (000% yekumhanya kwechiedza) uye kubhururuka kuenda kune nyeredzi iri pedyo nesu, Proxima. Centauri, kuburikidza nemakore gumi

Chikwata chaDyson chakagadzirisa nyaya dzese dzakakura dzekugadzira, dzakawanda dzadzo dzakanatswa mumakore akatevera nemamwe masayendisiti, mazhinji acho akadzingwa nekuona kunoshanda kwakaitwa panguva yekuedzwa kwenyukireya kwepamusoro. Zvakaratidzwa, semuenzaniso, kuti kupfeka kwesimbi kana aluminium girazi-inotora ndiro panguva yekubvisa (evaporation) ishoma, sezvo payakaverengerwa tembiricha yekuvhundutsa ye67 ° C, ultraviolet mwaranzi inoburitswa, isingapindire. zvinhu zvakawanda. , kunyanya pakumanikidzwa kwekurongeka kwe000 MPa kunoitika pamusoro peplate, ablation inogonawo kubviswa nyore nyore nekupfira ndiro nemafuta pakati pekuputika. Orionists? yakanga yakarongwa kuti ibudise yakakosha uye pane yakaoma cylindrical?inofambisa cartridges? uremu 340 makirogiramu, asi zvino zvinogoneka kukonzeresa kuputika kweiyo yega-giramu "atomic mapiritsi"? Laser beam, uye kuputika kumwe chete kwakadaro kune simba rinosvika 140-10 matani eTNT.

Ona mafirimu

Kushanya kwekutanga cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin kuPoland.

Kushanya kwekutanga cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin kuPoland

Project Orion? KuMars A. Bomb 1993, 7 zvikamu, muChirungu

Project Orion - KuMars neBhomba A. 1993

Project Orion - KuMars nebhomba A. 1993 chikamu chechipiri