Iron Age - Chikamu 1

Vezvenhau vanogara vachitaura kuti zera repurasitiki rasvika, uye budiriro yesilicon iri kubudirira kumativi ose. Nekudaro, chokwadi chakasiyana: tanga tichirarama muIron Age kweanopfuura zviuru zvitatu zvemakore. Iwe unogonawo kuwedzera kuti muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, i.e. zera remhepo uye magetsi (sezvo magetsi achiri kunyanya kugadzirwa nesimba rekuyerera kwemhute yemvura), inoenderera mberi maererano nesimba.

Mudetembi weRoma Ovid, mu<em>Transformations yake, akarondedzera nhambo dzengano dzavanhu, zvikurukuru mukuwirirana ne budiriro yebudiriro. Saka, mushure memakore anofadza egoridhe nesirivha (pano munyori aive nefungidziro, nokuti yaiva nguva yematombo), nguva yendarira, imwe yealloys yemhangura netini, yakatonga. Panguva iyoyo, Hercules, Theseus uye Argonauts vaigara, uye magamba Homer, vakapfeka nhumbi dzokurwa dzendarira, vakarwa pasi pamadziro Troy neminondo yendarira. Vanochera matongo vanodana nguva iyi kuti Bronze Age. Mushure make (mushure meOvid) ...

... nguva yesimbi yakaoma yasvika

Zvakatanga rini? Zvakaoma kupindura mubvunzo uyu. vanobva ku 1st millennium BC, uye pamwe kunyange kare. Uye yanga isiri "chero" simbi, asi yekudenga, yakanyatsobva meteoric (XNUMX). Hazvishamisi kuti vaibatwa sechipo chaicho kubva kuna vamwari uye vairemekedzwa maererano.

1. Chimedu chesimbi huru yePolish meteorite inowanikwa mumasabhubhu ePoznań (Morasco). Muenzaniso uri muAMU Earth Museum (munyori: Wikimedia/MOs810)

Nekuchena nesimbi yenyika murume akasangana paakatanga kugamuchira simbi kubva ores, uye kwete kubva nuggets. .

Z dare zvakanga zvisiri nyore. Kutanga, inonyunguduka pakupisa kunopfuura 1500 ° C, uye chechipiri, kana kuchitonhora, yakaoma uye haigoni kuumbwa nenzira dzemireniyumu yekare. Pakutanga, yakanga iri dambudziko ne-chigadzirwa (mhangura nesimbi ores kazhinji ari pedyo mumwe nomumwe) - chidimbu chesponji, yakaoma mass yakaramba iri pasi pechoto. Yaiva iron yakagadzirwa kubva kuokisidhi yakaderedzwa kubva mumatombo. Sezvineiwo, mupfuri wesimbi wekare akatanga kugadzira slate yakaguma (kubva muchiLatin, zvinoreva mhumhi) kunyange isati yatonhodzwa (2). Nguva ino simbi iri nyore kushanda nayo. Kunyange zvazvo nemaitiro anhasi yakanga iri simbi yakaderera zvikuru, yakazova yakaoma kudarika simbi dzose dzaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo.

2. Blacksmithing rave basa rakakosha kwezviuru zvemakore (Munyori: Wikimedia/Jorgeroyan)

Kuoma kwesimbi kunoenderana nehuwandu hwekabhoni yakanyungudika mairi. (yakabva pamazimbe anoshandiswa kunyunguduka), uye izvi, zvakare, kubva pakupisa kwekunyungudika - kunowedzera nayo. Yakaderera-kabhoni iron yakawanikwa mumavira ekare (kabhoni yemukati haina kupfuura 0,5%).

Zvisinei, teknolojia yakaramba ichikura. Mavira ari nani akagadzirwa kuti awane tembiricha yepamusoro kuitira kuti kabhoni yakawanda inyungudiswe musimbi. Kana zvirimo zvasvika pa1%, munhu akatanga kusangana naye. akava. Mashizha akagadzirwa kubva pairi haana kupera nekukurumidza, uye kunze kweizvozvo, anogona kuomeswa, izvo zvakawedzera kuoma kwayo. Kubva ipapo, simbi itsva yave kukurumidza kutsiva tsvuku. Kubudirira uku kwaiva rini? Pakati pechipiri chemireniyamu BC munharaunda yeSyria yemazuva ano neAnatolia (Turkey). Kubva ipapo, simbi yakapararira munyika yose panguva iyoyo, kunyange munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana ichi chigadzirwa chakaitwa zvakasununguka kune mumwe nemumwe (somuenzaniso, muIndia neChina).

Asi nei darepasinei nezvinetso nekugadzirwa kwayo, yakatsiviwa nebhuronzi? Panguva ino tichakurukura Bolesław Prus, uyo muna Farao akarondedzera zvakanakira mashoko matsva sezvinotevera: “Mumwe wevakuru vakuru veIjipiti akavhomora bakatwa rake rendarira akaribata sokunge akanga ava kuda kurwisa. Ipapo Sargoni akasimudza bakatwa resimbi, akatema ndokucheka chidimbu chechombo kumuvengi.

Simbi yehondo

Rinonyorwa rakaiswa muzana ramakore rechitatu BC, asi zvisati zvaitika, zvombo zviri nani zvaireva mukana munhandare yehondo. Zvichida hazvina kuitika kuti kugadzirwa kwesimbi yakagadzirwa nevaHiti, vanhu vevarwi. Pashure pavo, yakagamuchirwa navaAsiria vane ushingi, vane nhumwa Sargoni yakaratidza zvakajeka zvikuru mugari wenhaka wechiduku wechigaro choumambo cheEgipita zvakanakira chombo chitsva. Kubva ipapo, simbi yave yakabatana zvachose nehondo, yakatsaurirwa kuna vamwari vanotarisa nzvimbo ino yehupenyu, uye (3).

3. Nzvimbo yeMars yakafukidzwa nesimbi oxides (kubva kuNASA resources). Chiratidzo chenyeredzi chepasi Mars uye chiratidzo chealchemical chesimbi chinoratidza nhovo uye pfumo - hunhu hwamwari wehondo.

Mazana emakore akapfuura, tekinoroji yekunyungudutsa uye kugadzirisa yakagadziridzwa (muPoland yatove muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX BC. metallurgy) Zvakavanzika zvavo zvainyatsochengetedzwa, uye zvigadzirwa zvavo zvinobudirira zvaizivikanwa zvakafara, zvakadai sokukwana bulat. Kuwedzera kune madiki ekare eutsi, mavira makuru aiwedzera kuvakwa kuti anyungudise. MuEurope medieval, zvaive zvichibvira kwekutanga kusvika pakunyunguduka kwesimbi uye - panzvimbo yespongy mass yakarara pasi pechoto, simbi yemvura yakayerera ichibuda muchoto, i.e. lettuce. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kukonzera kuyemurwa: alloy ine high carbon content (cast iron) yaiva brittle uye haigone kugadzirwa, yakakodzera chete kukanda (ichiri kushandiswa kune chinangwa ichi nhasi).

Kubudirira mukugadzirwa kwesimbi kwakaitika muna XNUMX uye kunyanya mumazana emakore echiXNUMX. Pakutanga raishandiswa kunyungudutsa coke (degassed hard coal) pachinzvimbo che makala. Izvi zvakaitika muEngland, uko indasitiri yesimbi yakakonzera kuparadzwa kukuru kwemasango munyika (kudiwa kwecoke kwaive kurudziro yekukurumidza kukura kweindasitiri yemigodhi). marasha) Kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekugadzira simbi kubva musimbi yakanyungudutswa nekubvisa yakawandisa kabhoni uye zvimwe zvinowedzera (phosphorus, sarufa, silicon) yakaita simbi yakachipa uye inowanikwa muhuwandu hukuru, iyo yakatanga kushandiswa kwayo kwakapararira sechinhu chechimiro.

Tekinoroji maitiro ezana ramakore rechiXNUMX - Bessemer, Thomas, uye kunyanya Siemens-Martin - kusvikira nhasi iyo ndiyo nheyo yekugadzirwa kwesimbi (zvechokwadi, yakagadziridzwa nenzira dzakawanda). Kunyangwe kuyedzwa nekukanganisa kusati kwaitwa, uye maitiro ekunyungudutsa uye kugadzirwa kwesimbi anodzidzwa nenyanzvi mune dzakasiyana siyana, kuchine chimwe chinhu chakawedzerwa chehunyanzvi mumetallurgy. Nyanzvi munyaya iyi dzinogona kufananidzwa nevabiki avo, vachishandisa zvinonhuwira zvakakodzera, vanogona kuwana ndiro dzinonaka. Muchiitiko ichi, basa rezvinonhuwira rinoitwa ne alloy additives (ndiko kuti, zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana), uye ndiro dzakagadzirirwa dzakagadzirwa "alloys" kune dzimwe nguva.

Simbi #1

Iron uhwu ndihwo hwaro hwebudiriro yedu, nhamba ngadzitaure dzoga. Muna 2019, 1300 10 miriyoni matani enguruve iron yakanyungudutswa pasirese, iyo inenge 1900% yakaenda kunogadzirwa zvigadzirwa zvesimbi yakakandwa, yakasara yakagadziriswa kuita simbi. Inenge mamiriyoni 10 ematani esimbi akabudiswa (musiyano isimbi yakasvibiswa yakawedzerwa panguva yekugadzirisa simbi yenguruve). "Steel Plant of the World" iChina, inopa zvinopfuura hafu yezvigadzirwa (Poland ine mamiriyoni makumi masere emamiriyoni). Yegore yekugadzirwa kwesimbi nhamba 2, i.e. aluminium, isingasviki matani emamiriyoni e80, ayo, kana achienzaniswa nemabhiriyoni maviri ematani esimbi nesimbi, anoratidza zvizere kuti isu tichiri kurarama Zera resimbi (4).

4. Kugadzirwa kwesimbi pasi rose matani mabhiriyoni maviri pagore.

Tine simbi yakawanda paNyika, denga repamusoro rine 5,6%, inoisa simbi iyi panzvimbo yechina (mushure meokisijeni nevhu). Kana tikatora Pasi rose, simbi iri pamberi, inotora chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chehuremu hwepasi (pakati penyika pane iron-nickel core ine dhayamita ingangoita 4 km). Muchadenga, simbi ndiyo yechitanhatu yakanyanya kuwanda chinhu, pamwe chete nechinhu chinorema kwazvo chinogona kugadzirwa pakati penyeredzi (inorema inogadzirwa semhedzisiro ye cosmic caaclysms - supernova kuputika).

Simbi yemahara pasi pano inoitika nguva nenguva muchimiro chediki nuggets uye. Zvisinei, zvicherwa zvesimbi zvakawanda: hematite Fe₂O₃, siderite FeCO₃, magnetite Fe₃O₄ limonite (hydrated oxides, inonzi samp ore) ndiyo inonyanya kucherwa ores yesimbi iyi, uye pyrite, inotevedzera goridhe FeS.₂ inoshandiswa kugadzira sulfuric acid (5).

5. Ruvara rwakatsvuka pazasi perukova runoratidza kuvapo kwemakomboni esimbi ari kwose kwose.

Nyika inorarama yakatorawo zvakanakira simbi, iyo yakakosha kune zvese zvipenyu. iron ions dziri pakati pemapuroteni maviri anokosha: hemoglobin, inotakura okisijeni, uye myoglobin, inochengeta gasi rinopa upenyu mutsandanyama. Zvakare, mazhinji ema enzymes ane chekuita neiyo oxidation uye kuderedza maitiro anoshanda nekuda kwekuvapo kweayoni esimbi (nekuedza, iwe uchadzidza kuti nei izvi zvichiitika). Muviri wemunhu mukuru une magiramu mana esimbi, uye kushomeka kwayo kunokonzera anemia. Nzvimbo dzakapfuma dzesimbi inogayiwa zviri nyore ndeiyi: nyama, chiropa, mazai yolk, nzungu, mukaka uye nyemba.

Kuchinjana

Ferrous and ferric salts inowanikwa kubva murabhoritari yako. Muenzaniso wekare ndeye FeSO sulfate.₄uye imwe chloride FeCl₃ (zvose se hydrated salts). Munyaya yeFeCl₃ kunyanya kuchenjerera: mhinduro dzayo dzinokonzera uye dzinosiya mavara ebrown ayo akaoma kubvisa. Naizvozvo, magurovhosi ekudzivirira anodiwa uye bvunzo dzinoitwa patireyi. Gadzirira mishonga yemunyu miviri uye uidururire mumachubhu ekuedzwa. Solution ine Fe ions²⁺ ine ruvara rwegirini rwakareruka mune yeFe cations³⁺ ruvara rweyero (6). Wedzera zvishoma zveNaOH sodium hydroxide solution kune imwe neimwe chubhu. Muzviitiko zvese izvi, madhipoziti anotevera anoumbwa: Fe (OH)₂ grey-girini, uye Fe (OH)₃ - dzvuku-shava (7).

6. Mavara ezvigadziriso zvesimbi munyu.

7. Kunaya kwesimbi hydroxides

Yekuyedza machubhu ane Fe(OH) sediment₂ wedzera madonhwe mashoma e3% yehydrogen peroxide mhinduro N₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide inoshandiswa semushonga wekuuraya utachiona). Kunaya kwemvura kunokurumidza kuita kutsvukuruka (8):

2Fe(OH)₂ +H₂O₂ → 2Fe(OH)₃

8. Iron (II) hydroxide inokurumidza oxidized kune iron (III) hydroxide.

Dururirai madonhwe mashomanana eFeCl mhinduro muchubhu yekuedza nemvura.₃ saka ruvara rwuri rweyero chete. Wedzera zvishoma zve potassium iodide solution KI, ichabva yasviba zviri mukati. Zvino wedzera sodium thiosulfate mhinduro. _Na2S2O3. Zviri mukati mechikepe zvakanga zvoda kushanduka. Pakupedzisira wedzera madonhwe mashoma eNaOH mhinduro. Mvura inonaya yakaumbwa ine ruvara ... zvinoshamisa, yakasvibirira. Ndeapi maitiro akaitika mu test tube?

Kutanga, Fe ions³⁺ oxidized iodides kune iodine yemahara (kusviba kwemhinduro), sezvazviri, ivo pachavo vakadzorerwa. Kuwedzerwa kwetiosulfate zvakare kwakakonzera kuderedzwa kweiodine kune iodides isina ruvara, uye pasi pekuita kwechigadziko mvura yeFe (OH) yakaumbwa.₂.

Kuchinja kuri nyore uku, sekunge kwakabatana neOvid's Shanduko, yeFe(II) ions muFe(III) uye neimwe nzira inoenderana nekuita kwavo kwebhayoloji.

Simbi, simbi, simbi yakaumbwa

Kazhinji, kana tichitaura nezvesimbi, tinoreva simbi. Simbi yakachena haisati yamboshandiswa. Simbi ine hushoma hutsvina (ARMCO iron) inoshandiswa semagineti zvinhu. Simbi ndeye alloy ine kabhoni yemukati ye1,7-2,1%. Kana pane kabhoni yakawanda, inoparadzanisa nenzira yegraphite uye inoita simbi yakakandwa.