Iron Age - Chikamu 3

Nyaya yazvino pamusoro pesimbi yekutanga yebudiriro yedu uye hukama hwayo. Ongororo yakaitwa kusvika parizvino yakaratidza kuti ichi chinhu chinonakidza chekutsvaga murabhoritari yemumba. Kuedza kwemazuva ano kuchave kusina kunakidza uye kuchakubvumira kuti utarise zvakasiyana pane zvimwe zvemakemikari.

Imwe yezviyedzo muchikamu chekutanga chechinyorwa yaive oxidation yekunaya kwegirinhi kwesimbi (II) hydroxide kuenda kune brown iron (III) hydroxide ine mhinduro yeH.₂O₂. Hydrogen peroxide inoora pasi pesimba rezvinhu zvakawanda, kusanganisira masimbi esimbi (okisijeni mabhubhu akawanikwa mukuyedza). Iwe uchashandisa chiitiko ichi kuratidza ...

… Mashandiro anoita chinokonzeresa

hongu inokurumidza kuita, asi - zvakakosha kuyeuka - imwe chete inogona kuitika pasi pemamiriro akapiwa (kunyange dzimwe nguva zvishoma nezvishoma, kunyange zvisingaoneki). Ichokwadi, pane chirevo chokuti catalyst inokurumidzira kuita, asi haitore chikamu mairi pachayo. Hmm... sei yakawedzerwa zvachose? Chemistry haisi yemashiripiti (dzimwe nguva inoita seyakadaro kwandiri, uye "dema" kubhutsu), uye nekuedza kuri nyore, iwe uchaona iyo catalyst ichiita.

Tanga wagadzirira nzvimbo yako. Iwe unozoda tireyi kuchengetedza tafura kubva mafashama, ekudzivirira magirovhosi, uye magirazi kana visor. Uri kubata necaustic reagent: perhydrol (30% hydrogen peroxide solution H₂O₂) uye iron (III) chloride solution FeCl₃. Ita nekuchenjera, kunyanya kutarisira maziso ako: ganda remaoko rinopisa ne pehydrol regenerates, asi maziso haaiti. (1).

2. Iyo evaporator kuruboshwe ine mvura chete, kurudyi - mvura ine kuwedzera kweperhydrol. Unodira mushonga wesimbi (III) chloride mune zvose

3. Nzira yekuita, mushure mekupedzwa kwayo, iyo catalyst inovandudzwa

Dururira mu porcelain evaporator uye wedzera zvakapetwa kaviri mvura yakawanda (mhinduro yacho inoitikawo nehydrogen peroxide, asi kana iri 3% mhinduro, mhedzisiro yacho hainyatso kuoneka). Iwe wakagamuchira inenge 10% mhinduro yeH₂O₂ (commercial perhydrol diluted 1: 2 nemvura). Dururira mvura yakakwana muvhavha yechipiri kuitira kuti mudziyo wega wega uve nehuwandu hwemvura (ichi chichava chimiro chako chereferensi). Zvino wedzera 1-2 cm kune ese ari maviri steamers.³ 10% FeCl mhinduro₃ uye kunyatsocherechedza kufambira mberi kwemuedzo (2).

Mukudzora evaporator, mvura ine yero ruvara nekuda kwe hydrated Fe ions.³⁺. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoitika mumudziyo une hydrogen peroxide: zviri mukati zvinoshanduka zvitsvuku, gasi rinobudiswa zvakanyanya, uye mvura iri muevaporator inopisa zvikuru kana kunyange mamota. Kuguma kwekuita kunoratidzwa nekumira kwekushanduka kwegasi uye shanduko yemuvara wezviri mukati kusvika kune yero, senge mune yekutonga system (3). Waingove chapupu catalytic converter kushanda, asi unoziva here kuti chii chachinja mungarava?

Ruvara rwebrown runobva kune ferrous makomisheni anoumba semugumisiro wekuita:

Iyo gasi inobudiswa zvakanyanya kubva kune evaporator, hongu, okisijeni (unogona kutarisa kana murazvo unopenya unotanga kupisa pamusoro pemvura). Muchinhanho chinotevera, iyo okisijeni inoburitswa mukuita kwepamusoro inookisisa maFe cations.²⁺:

Regenerated Fe ions³⁺ ivo zvakare vanotora rutivi mukuita kwokutanga. Iyo nzira inopera kana hydrogen peroxide yese yashandiswa kumusoro, iyo yauchaona sezvo iyo yero ruvara inodzokera kune zviri mukati meevaporator. Paunowanza mativi ese equation yekutanga nembiri woiwedzera kudivi kune yechipiri, wobva wadzima mazwi mamwe chete kumativi akapesana (sezviri mune yakajairwa math equation), unowana yekugovera reaction equation H.₂O₂. Ndokumbira utarise kuti hapana maion iron mairi, asi kuratidza basa rawo mukushandurwa, nyora pamusoro pemuseve:

Hydrogen peroxide zvakare inoparara zvinoenderana neiyo equation iri pamusoro (pachena isina iron ion), asi maitiro aya anononoka. Kuwedzerwa kwekatani kunoshandura maitiro ekuita kune imwe iri nyore kuita uye saka inomhanyisa kutendeuka kwese. Saka nei pfungwa yekuti catalyst haina kubatanidzwa mukuita? Pamwe nekuti inogadzirwa patsva mukuita uye inoramba isina kuchinjika musanganiswa wezvigadzirwa (mukuyedza, iyo yero ruvara rweFe (III) ion inoitika zvese zvisati zvaitika uye mushure mekuita). Saka rangarira izvozvo iyo catalyst inobatanidzwa mukuita uye ndiyo chikamu chinoshanda.

Nekuda kwedambudziko neH.₂O₂

4. Catalase inoora hydrogen peroxide (chubhu iri kuruboshwe), kuwedzera EDTA mhinduro inoparadza enzyme (chubhu iri kurudyi)

MaEnzymes anokonzeresa, asi anoshanda mumasero ezvipenyu. Zvisikwa zvakashandisa iron ions munzvimbo dzinoshanda dzema enzymes anomhanyisa oxidation uye kuderedza maitiro. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuchinja kudiki kwatotaurwa muvalency yesimbi (kubva paII kusvika kuIII uye zvinopesana). Imwe yeaya enzymes ndeye catalase, inodzivirira masero kubva kune yakanyanya muchetura chigadzirwa cheserura okisijeni shanduko - hydrogen peroxide. Iwe unogona nyore kuwana catalase: mash mbatatisi uye udire mvura pamusoro pembatatisi yakakanyiwa. Rega kusungirirwa kunyura pasi uye kurasa simba guru.

Dururira masendimita mashanu muchubhu yebvunzo.³ mbatatisi inobvisa uye wedzera 1 cm³ hydrogen peroxide. Zviri mukati zvine furo, zvinogona "kubuda" mutest tube, saka edza patireyi. Catalase i enzyme inoshanda kwazvo, molekuru imwe yecatalase inogona kuputsa kusvika kumamiriyoni akati wandei H mamorekuru muminiti.₂O₂.

Mushure mekudururira chidimbu muchubhu chechipiri chekuedza, wedzera 1-2 ml³ EDTA mhinduro (sodium edetic acid) uye zviri mukati zvakasanganiswa. Kana iwe zvino ukawedzera pfuti yehydrogen peroxide, hauzooni chero kuora kwehydrogen peroxide. Chikonzero kuumbwa kwesimbi yakasimba kwazvo ine EDTA (iyi reagent inopindirana neayoni akawanda esimbi, ayo anoshandiswa kuona nekuabvisa kubva kunharaunda). Kusanganiswa kweFe ions³⁺ neEDTA yakavhara nzvimbo inoshanda ye enzyme uye nekudaro inactivated catalase (4).

Simbi yemuchato mhete

Mukuongorora kemesitiri, kuzivikanwa kwemaion akawanda kunobva pakuumbwa kwemvura inonyungudika zvishoma. Nekudaro, kutarisisa patafura yekunyungudika kunoratidza kuti nitrate (V) uye nitrate (III) anions (munyu wekutanga unonzi kungoti nitrate, uye yechipiri - nitrites) haigadziri mvura inonaya.

Iron (II) sulfate FeSO inouya kuzonunura mukuona maion aya.₄. Gadzirira reagents. Pamusoro pemunyu uyu, iwe unozoda yakagadziriswa mhinduro ye sulfuric acid (VI) H₂SO₄ uye yakanyungudutswa 10-15% mhinduro yeasidhi iyi (chenjerera paunenge uchidzikisa, uchidurura, zvechokwadi, "asidhi mumvura"). Mukuwedzera, munyu une anions akaonekwa, akadai seKNO₃, NANO₃, NANO₂. Gadzirira mhinduro yakanyanyisa yeFeSO.₄ uye zvigadziriso zvemunyu zveese anion (bvisa chikamu chechina chetipuni yemunyu munenge masendimita makumi mashanu.³ mvura).

5. Positive mhedzisiro yering bvunzo.

Iyo reagents yakagadzirira, inguva yekuyedza. Dururira 2-3 cm mumachubhu maviri³ FeSO mhinduro₄. Wobva wawedzera madonhwe mashoma eiyo concentrated N solution.₂SO₄. Uchishandisa pipette, unganidza aliquot yemhinduro ye nitrite (semuenzaniso NaNO₂) uye uidururire mukati kuitira kuti iyerere pasi pamadziro e test tube (izvi zvakakosha!). Nenzira imwecheteyo, dururira muchikamu chesaltpeter solution (somuenzaniso, KNO₃) Kana zvese zvinogadziriswa zvikanyatsodirwa, madenderedzwa ebrown anooneka pamusoro (saka zita rinowanzozivikanwa rebvunzo iyi, ring reaction) (5). Mhedzisiro yacho inofadza, asi iwe une kodzero yekuodzwa mwoyo, zvichida kunyange kutsamwa (Iyi ndiyo bvunzo yekuongorora, shure kwezvose? Migumisiro yakafanana mune zvose zviri zviviri!).

Zvisinei, ita chimwe chiedzo. Panguva ino wedzera dilute H.₂SO₄. Mushure mekubaya majekiseni e nitrate uye nitrite (sekare), uchaona mhedzisiro yakanaka mune imwechete test tube - iyo ine mhinduro yeNaNO.₂. Panguva ino, iwe ungangove hauna chekutaura pamusoro pekubatsira kweyedzo yemhete: maitiro mune zvishoma acidic medium inokubvumira kuti unyatso kusiyanisa pakati pemaion maviri.

Maitiro ekuita anobva pakuparara kwemhando mbiri dze nitrate ions nekusunungurwa kwenitric oxide (II) NO (munyaya iyi, iyo ion yesimbi inosanganiswa kubva pamadijiti maviri kusvika matatu). Iko kusanganiswa kweFe (II) ion ine NO ine ruvara rwebrown uye inopa mhete ruvara (inoitwa kana bvunzo yaitwa nemazvo, nekungosanganisa mhinduro unongowana ruvara rwakasviba rwetest tube, asi. - iwe unobvuma - hapazove nekunakidza kwakadai). Nekudaro, kuparara kweiyo nitrate ions kunoda yakasimba acidic reaction medium, nepo nitrite ichingoda zvishoma acidification, saka iyo yakaonekwa misiyano panguva yekuyedzwa.

Simbi Mubasa Rakavanzika

Vanhu vagara vaine chimwe chinhu chokuvanza. Kugadzirwa kwejenari kunosanganisirawo kuvandudzwa kwenzira dzekuchengetedza ruzivo rwakadai - encryption kana kuvanza zvinyorwa. Ingi dzakasiyana-siyana dzinonzwira tsitsi dzakagadzirirwa nzira yekupedzisira. Izvi ndizvo zvinhu zvawakazvigadzirira chinyorwa hachionekizvisinei, zvinoratidzwa pasi pesimba re, semuenzaniso, kupisa kana kurapwa nechimwe chinhu (mugadziri). Kugadzirira inki yakanaka uye mugadziri wayo hakuna kuoma. Zvakakwana kuti uwane mhinduro umo chigadzirwa chemavara chinogadzirwa. Zvakanakisisa kuti inki pachayo ive isina ruvara, ipapo zvinyorwa zvakagadzirwa navo zvichave zvisingaoneki pane substrate yemhando ipi zvayo.

Mishonga yesimbi inoitawo ingi dzinoyevedza. Mushure mekuita bvunzo dzakambotsanangurwa, zvigadziriso zvesimbi (III) uye FeCl chloride zvinogona kutaurwa seinki dzinonzwira tsitsi.₃, potassium thiocyanide KNCS uye potassium ferrocyanide K₄[Fe(CN)₆]. Mukuita kweFeCl₃ necyanide ichatsvuka, uye neferrocyanide inoshanduka kuva bhuruu. Ivo vanokodzera zviri nani seinki. mhinduro dze thiocyanate uye ferrocyanidesezvo vasina ruvara (mune yekupedzisira kesi, mhinduro inofanira kuderedzwa). Chinyorwa chacho chakaitwa nemhinduro yeyero yeFeCl.₃ inogona kuonekwa pabepa jena (kunze kwekunge kadhi iriwo yero).

6. Two-tone mascara yakanaka

7. Tsitsi salicylic acid inki

Gadzirira mishonga yakasvibiswa yemunyu wose uye shandisa bhurashi kana mechi kunyora pamakadhi ane mhinduro ye cyanide uye ferrocyanide. Shandisa bhurashi rakasiyana kune yega yega kudzivirira kusvibisa reagents. Kana yakaoma, pfeka magirovhosi ekudzivirira uye unyorovedze donje nemhinduro yeFeCl.₃. Iron (III) chloride solution corrosive uye inosiya makwapa eyero anoshanduka kuita shava nekufamba kwenguva. Nechikonzero ichi, dzivisa kusvibisa ganda uye nharaunda nayo (ita kuyedza patireyi). Shandisa donje swab kubata bepa kuti unyorovese pamusoro payo. Pasi pesimba remugadziri, mavara matsvuku nebhuruu achaonekwa. Zvinogoneka zvakare kunyora neingi mbiri pabepa rimwe chete, ipapo chinyorwa chakaburitswa chinenge chine mavara maviri (6). Salicylic doro (2% salicylic acid mudoro) yakakodzerawo seingi yebhuruu (7).

Izvi zvinopedzisa chinyorwa chine zvikamu zvitatu pamusoro pesimbi nemisanganiswa yayo. Iwe wakaona kuti ichi chinhu chakakosha, uye nekuwedzera, inobvumidza iwe kuitisa akawanda anonakidza miedzo. Nekudaro, isu tichiri kutarisa nezve "simbi" musoro, nekuti mumwedzi iwe uchasangana nemuvengi wake akaipisisa - ngura.

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