Nyanzvi yakaoma ine hunyanzvi hwakapfava

Muzana ramakore rekutanga, izwi rekuti "injiniya" raishandiswa mune dzimwe nyika kureva muvaki wemidziyo yehondo. Zvinorehwa neshoko zvachinja nemazana emakore. Nhasi, muzana ramakore rechi1, zvinonzwisiswa zvisati zvamboitika munhoroondo (XNUMX).

Nekubudirira kweinjiniya, tinowanzo kunzwisisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvisikwa zvevanhu, kubva kumapiramidhi eEgypt yekare kusvika pakugadzirwa kweinjini yemhepo, kusvika kune rwendo rwemunhu kuenda kumwedzi.

uye nzanga yaizorega kushanda kana nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero yakanga isingachashandiswi. Kunyanya, aya ndiwo matsanangurire atinoita mashandisirwo eruzivo rwesainzi, kunyanya ruzivo rwemuviri, makemikari, uye masvomhu, kugadzirisa matambudziko.

2. Bhuku raFreeman Dyson "Breaking the Universe".

Sechinyakare, iwo mana makuru einjiniya einjiniya ndeye mechanical engineering, civil engineering, magetsi engineering, uye chemical engineering. Kare, mainjiniya ainyanya kuraira kumwe chete. Akabva achinja uye anogara achichinja. Nhasi, kunyangwe injinjini yechinyakare (kureva kwete "software injiniya" kana "bioengineer") inowanzodikanwa kuve neruzivo rwemakanika, magetsi, uye emagetsi masisitimu, pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwesoftware nekuchengetedza engineering.

Mainjiniya anoshanda muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvinosanganisira mota, dziviriro, aerospace, simba rinosanganisira nyukireya, oiri negasi, uye simba rinogoneka semhepo nesolar, pamwe nekurapa, kurongedza, makemikari, nzvimbo, chikafu, maindasitiri emagetsi nesimbi. zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvesimbi.

Mubhuku rake rinonzi Disrupting the Universe (2), rakabudiswa muna 1981, nyanzvi yefizikisi Freeman Dyson akanyora kuti: “Musayendisiti akanaka munhu ane pfungwa dzapakuvamba. Injiniya akanaka munhu anogadzira dhizaini inoshanda nemazano mashoma ekutanga sezvinobvira. " Mainjiniya hadzisi nyeredzi. Ivo vanogadzira, vanoongorora, vanogadzira, vanoyedza, vanogadzirisa, vanoisa, vanosimbisa uye vanochengetedza huwandu hwakasiyana hwezvigadzirwa uye masisitimu. Ivo zvakare vanokurudzira uye vanotsanangura zvinhu uye maitiro, tarisa kugadzirwa nekuvaka, kuita ongororo yekutadza, kubvunza uye gwara.

Kubva kumakanika kusvika pakuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza

Munda weinjiniya parizvino wakaputswa kuita huwandu hwakawanda hwehunyanzvi. Heano akanyanya kukosha:

Mechanical engineering - izvi ndizvo, semuenzaniso, dhizaini, kugadzirwa, kutonga uye kuchengetedza michina, zvishandiso nemagungano, pamwe nekudzora masisitimu nemidziyo yekutarisa mamiriro avo uye kushanda. Inobata, kusanganisira mota, michina, inosanganisira kuvaka uye zvekurima, kuisirwa maindasitiri uye akasiyana maturusi uye zvigadziriso.

Electrical Engineering - inovhara dhizaini, kuyedza, kugadzira, kuvaka, kuyedza, kutonga uye kusimbiswa kwemagetsi nemagetsi zvishandiso, michina uye masisitimu. Aya masisitimu anosiyana muchiyero, kubva ku microscopic maseketi kuenda kune nyika yese kugadzirwa kwemagetsi uye kutapurirana masisitimu.

- dhizaini, kuvaka, kuchengetedza uye kutarisisa kwezvivakwa zvikuru zvirongwa zvakaita semigwagwa mikuru, njanji, mabhiriji, tunzira, madhamu uye nhandare dzendege.

Aerospace Engineering - dhizaini, kugadzira uye kuyedzwa kwendege uye spacecraft, pamwe nezvikamu uye zvikamu zvakaita seairframes, zvidyarwa zvemagetsi, kutonga uye kutungamira masisitimu, magetsi uye emagetsi masisitimu, kutaurirana uye masisitimu ekufambisa.

Nuclear engineering - dhizaini, kugadzira, kuvaka, kushanda uye kuyedzwa kwemidziyo, masisitimu uye maitiro ekugadzira, kutonga uye kuona kwemwaranzi yenyukireya. Aya masisitimu anosanganisira particle accelerators uye nuclear reactors zvezvidyarwa zvemagetsi nengarava, uye kugadzirwa nekutsvagisa radioisotopes.

michina yekuvaka dhizaini, kuvaka nekutariswa kwezvivakwa zvinotakura zvinhu zvakaita sezvivakwa, mabhiriji uye maindasitiri.

 - tsika yekugadzira masisitimu, zvishandiso uye zvigadziriso zvekushandisa mukurapa maitiro.

kemikari engineering ndiyo tsika yekugadzira michina, masisitimu uye maitiro ekuchenesa mbishi uye kusanganisa, kusanganisa uye kugadzira makemikari kugadzira zvakakosha zvigadzirwa.

Computer engineering - tsika yekugadzira zvikamu zvehardware yekombuta, masisitimu emakombuta, network uye software yekombuta.

engineering engineering - tsika yekugadzira nekugadzirisa zvishandiso, zvishandiso, masisitimu uye maitiro ekugadzira, kubata zvinhu uye chero imwe nzvimbo yebasa.

engineering yezvakatipoteredza - tsika yekudzivirira, kuderedza uye kubvisa zvitubu zvekusvibisa zvinokanganisa mhepo, mvura uye ivhu. Inoonawo uye kuyera mazinga ekusvibiswa, inonongedza kwainobva kusvibiswa, inochenesa nekugadzirisa nzvimbo dzakasvibiswa, uye inosimbisa mitemo yemuno neyenyika.

Zvinowanzoitika kuti hunyanzvi hwega hwega hunopindirana zvakanyanya. Nechikonzero ichi, mainjiniya anofanirwa kuve neruzivo rwese rwe akati wandei minda yeinjiniya mukuwedzera kune yavo hunyanzvi. Semuyenzaniso, injinjiniya yevagari vemo anofanirwa kunzwisisa dhizaini yedhizaini, injiniya wemuchadenga anofanira kushandisa misimboti yeinjiniya, uye injiniya yenyukireya inofanirwa kuve neruzivo rwekushanda rweinjiniya yemagetsi.

Vese mainjiniya, zvisinei nehunyanzvi, vanoda ruzivo rwakadzama rwemasvomhu, fizikisi uye tekinoroji yekombuta, senge komputa modhi uye dhizaini. Naizvozvo, nhasi mapurogiramu mazhinji einjiniya ekutsvagisa ane zvinhu zvakasimba zveruzivo mukugadzira uye kushandiswa kwezvose zviri zviviri komputa software uye Hardware.

Injiniya haashande ega

Pamusoro pedzidzo yakakodzera, ruzivo uye, sekutonga, hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi, mainjiniya emazuva ano anofanirwa kuve nemhando yehunonzi "nyoro" hunyanzvi. Kazhinji kutaura, unyanzvi uhwu ndehwekugadzirisa kumamiriro ekushanda uye kubata nemapoka evanhu, mukutarisana nezvinetso zvitsva uye mamiriro ezvinhu ari kubuda "asiri-technical".

Semuenzaniso, hunhu hwehutungamiriri uye kugona kuumba hukama hwakakodzera zvinouya zvakanaka kana mainjiniya achitarisira mapoka evashandi. Nzira dzakagadziriswa dzekusvika pachibvumirano nevanhu vane ruzivo rwehunyanzvi hadzina kukwana. Kazhinji, iwe unofanirwa zvakare kutaurirana nevanhu vari kunze kweindasitiri, sevatengi, uye dzimwe nguva neruzhinji, nevanhu vasina ruzivo rwehunyanzvi. Zvakakosha kuti iwe unogona kushandura ruzivo rwako mumashoko ayo vanhu vari mukati nekunze kwedhipatimendi rako vanogona kunzwisisa.

Nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwepamusoro zvinodiwa, kutaurirana kunowanzo kutsvakwa-kutevera hunyanzvi hunyanzvi. Mainjiniya anenge asingashande ega. Ivo vanoshanda neakasiyana evashandi, vese mainjiniya pamwe nevanhu vari kunze kwedhipatimendi ravo, kuti vapedze mapurojekiti avo. Uye hunyanzvi uhu "hunyoro" hunosanganisirawo hunhu hwakadai sehunonzi "Emotional Intelligence", mharidzo uye hunyanzvi hwekudzidzisa, kugona kutsanangura matambudziko akaomarara, kugona kukurudzira, kugona kutaurirana, kushivirira kushushikana, manejimendi enjodzi, kuronga kwehurongwa. uye ruzivo rwemaitiro ekugadzirisa mapurojekiti. .

Iyi seti ye "zvakapfava" hunyanzvi hunoenda kupfuura dzimwe dzakawanda "dzakanyanya kuomarara" nzvimbo dzeruzivo, asi zvakare dzinopfuura zvakanyanya kunzwisiswa nyanzvi yeinjiniya. Iyo yekupedzisira inosanganisira huwandu hwakasiyana, kubva pamitauro yekuronga, ruzivo rwenhamba, kugadzirisa data, kugona kugadzira mamodheru, zvimiro, masisitimu, uye maitiro ekugadzirisa.

Kufanana nedzimwe nyanzvi dzinoda hunyanzvi hwekutungamira purojekiti, mamwe mainjiniya anonyorera chitupa chekutungamira purojekiti, semuenzaniso, zvinoenderana neino zivikanwa nzira yePMI.

Mazuva ano, engineering inonyanya kugadzirisa matambudziko uye kuita zvakawanda.uye izvo zvinoreva kuwana nzira itsva dzekushandisa ruzivo rwuripo-maitiro ekugadzira zvechokwadi. Injiniya inogona kusanganisira chinhu chekugadzira.

Mazuva ehunyanzvi akamanikana akapera kare.

Daniel Cooley (3), mutevedzeri wemutungamiri uye mukuru wezano weSilicon Labs, anonongedza mukuburitswa kwenhau kuti mainjiniya ari kupinda mumakumi emakore echitatu ezana ramakore rechiXNUMX anofanirwa "kungwarira" zvimwe zvinhu zvishoma zvakakura nekukurumidza mumakore achangopfuura.

Yekutanga kudzidza muchina uye zvazvinoreva kune akasiyana siyana tekinoroji (4). Pfungwa yechipiri iyo Cooley anonongedza ndeye ruzivo rwekuchengetedza maitiro, ayo mainjiniya emazuva ano asingakwanisi kutora zvishoma. Dzimwe nyaya dzekuchengeta mupfungwa ndeye mamiriro uye zvinongedzo kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzetekinoroji. Injiniya inofanirwa kukanganwa nezvekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye kufunga nezvehunyanzvi hwayo seyakaparadzana kubva kune zvimwe zvese.

Chirevo cheAmerican National Academy of Engineering (NAE), chakanzi "Engineer of the Year 2020" chinotsanangura nyika yeinjiniya yemuchina munzvimbo inokurumidza kuchinja uko kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kuri kukurumidza uye nguva dzose. Tinoverenga mairi, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, fungidziro yekuti nzvimbo dzakadai sananotechnology, biotechnology uye high performance computing ichabatsira mukukura kwehupfumi mune ramangwana, izvo zvinoreva kuti basa remainjiniya vane ruzivo munzvimbo idzi richawedzera. Sezvo nyika inowedzera uye yakabatana uye yakabatikana yezvisingaverengeki zvinotsamira, mainjiniya anozofanira kutora nzira iri kuwedzera yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Mamwe mabasa einjiniya anozoitawo mamwe mabasa. Semuyenzaniso, mainjiniya ehurumende anozove nebasa rekugadzira nharaunda yakagadzikana uku uchivandudza hupenyu. Mazuva ehunyanzvi akamanikana apera, uye maitiro aya anongodzika - izvi zvinoonekwa kubva mushumo.