Alan Turing. Oracle anofanotaura kubva mumhirizhonga

Alan Turing akarota kugadzira "chirevo" chinogona kupindura chero mubvunzo. Hapana kana mumwe munhu akavaka muchina wakadaro. Nekudaro, iyo komputa modhi iyo yakangwara yemasvomhu yakauya nayo muna 1936 inogona kunzi ndiyo matrix yezera rekombuta - kubva kune akareruka macalculator kusvika kune ane simba macomputer.

Muchina wakavakwa naTuring iri nyore algorithmic mudziyo, kunyangwe wekare kana uchienzaniswa nemakomputa anhasi nemitauro yekuronga. Uye zvakadaro yakasimba zvakakwana kubvumira kunyange iyo yakanyanya kuoma algorithms kuti iitwe.

Alan Turing

Mutsanangudzo yechinyakare, muchina weTuring unotsanangurwa seabstract modhi yekombuta inoshandiswa kuita algorithms, ine tepi refu isingaperi yakakamurwa muminda inonyorwa data. Iyo tepi inogona kuva isingagumi kune rumwe rutivi kana kumativi ose maviri. Munda wega wega unogona kunge uri mune imwe yeN nyika. Muchina uyu unogara uri pamusoro peimwe yeminda uye uri mune imwe yeM-states. Zvichienderana nekubatanidzwa kwemuchina mamiriro uye munda, muchina unonyora kukosha kutsva kumunda, unoshandura mamiriro, uyezve unogona kufambisa munda mumwe kurudyi kana kuruboshwe. Kuvhiya uku kunonzi kurongeka. Muchina weTuring unodzorwa nerondedzero ine chero nhamba yemirairo yakadaro. Nhamba N uye M dzinogona kuve chero chinhu, chero dziine magumo. Rondedzero yemirairo yemuchina weTuring inogona kufungidzirwa sechirongwa chayo.

Iyo yekutanga modhi ine tepi yekupinza yakakamurwa kuita maseru (makwere) uye tepi musoro unogona kungoona sero rimwe chete chero nguva. Sero rega rega rinogona kuve nehunhu mumwechete kubva paarufabheti inogumira yemavara. Kubvumirana, inofungidzirwa kuti kutevedzana kwezviratidzo zvekupinza kunoiswa patepi, kutanga kubva kuruboshwe, masero akasara (kurudyi kwezviratidzo zvekupinza) akazadzwa nechiratidzo chakakosha che tepi.

Saka, muchina weTuring une zvinhu zvinotevera:

• musoro unofambiswa wekuverenga/kunyora unogona kufamba uchiyambuka tepi, uchifambisa sikweya imwe panguva;
• a finite set of states;
• alfabheti yekupedzisira;
• tambo isingaperi ine masikweya akaiswa, imwe neimwe inogona kuva nechiratidzo chimwe;
• dhiyagiramu yeshanduko yenyika ine mirairo inokonzera shanduko pane imwe neimwe inomira.

Hypercomputers

Iyo Turing Machine inoratidza kuti chero komputa yatinovaka ichave ine zvisingadzivisike zvisingakwanisi. Semuenzaniso, zvine chekuita neyakakurumbira Gödel incompleteness theorem. Nyanzvi yemasvomhu yechiRungu yakaratidza kuti pane matambudziko asingakwanisi kugadziriswa nekombuta, kunyangwe tikashandisa ese computational petaflops yenyika kuita izvi. Semuyenzaniso, haungambo taurira kana chirongwa chichapinda mune risingaperi chinodzokorodza zvine musoro loop, kana kana ichizokwanisa kugumisa - pasina kutanga kuedza chirongwa chinoisa njodzi kupinda muchiuno, nezvimwewo (inonzi dambudziko rekumisa). Mhedzisiro yezvisingagoneke mumidziyo yakavakwa mushure mekugadzirwa kweTuring muchina, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, inozivikanwa "blue skrini yerufu" kune vashandisi vekombuta.

Alan Turing kavha yebhuku

Dambudziko rekubatanidza, sezvakaratidzwa nebasa raJava Siegelman, rakaburitswa muna 1993, rinogona kugadziriswa nekombuta yakavakirwa pane neural network, iyo ine ma processor akabatana kune mumwe nemumwe nenzira inotevedzera chimiro chehuropi, ine computational mhedzisiro kubva kune imwe kuenda ku "input" kune imwe. Pfungwa ye "hypercomputers" yabuda, iyo inoshandisa nzira dzakakosha dzechadenga kuita masvomhu. Izvi zvingave - zvisinei zvisinganzwisisike zvinganzwika - michina inoita nhamba isingaperi yekushanda munguva inopera. Mike Stannett weBritish University yeSheffield akaronga, somuenzaniso, kushandiswa kweerekitironi muatomu yehydrogen, iyo murondedzero inogona kuvapo munhamba isingagumi yehurumende. Kunyangwe quantum makomputa akacheneruka pamberi pehushingi hwepfungwa idzi.

Mumakore achangopfuura, masayendisiti anga achidzokera kuhope dze "chirevo" icho Turing pachake asina kumbovaka kana kumboedza. Emmett Redd naSteven Mudiki veYunivhesiti yeMissouri vanotenda kuti zvinogoneka kugadzira "Turing supermachine". Ivo vanotevera nzira imwe chete iyo yambotaurwa nezvaChava Siegelman, kuvaka neural network umo painoburitsa-inobuda, panzvimbo yezero-imwe tsika, kune huwandu hwese hwematunhu - kubva pachiratidzo "zvakazara" kusvika "kudzima zvizere" . Sezvinotsanangurwa naRedd muChikunguru 2015 chinyorwa cheNewScientist, "pakati pe0 ne1 pane kusingaperi."

Mai Siegelman vakabatana nevatsvakurudzi vaviri veMissouri, uye pamwe chete vakatanga kuongorora zvingangoitika zvemhirizhonga. Maererano netsanangudzo yakakurumbira, dzidziso yechaos inoratidza kuti kubhururuka kwemapapiro eshavishavi mune imwe hemisphere kunokonzera dutu kune imwe. Iwo masayendisiti anovaka Turing's supermachine ane zvakawanda zvakafanana mupfungwa - hurongwa umo shanduko diki dzine mhedzisiro mikuru.

Pakupera kwa2015, nekuda kwebasa raSiegelman, Redd, uye Mudiki, maviri prototype chaos-based makomputa anofanirwa kuvakwa. Imwe yacho ndeye neural network ine matatu akajairwa zvinhu zvemagetsi zvakabatanidzwa negumi nerimwe synaptic yekubatanidza. Yechipiri ifotonic mudziyo unoshandisa chiedza, magirazi, uye lenzi kugadzirazve gumi nerimwe neuroni uye 3600 synapses.

Masayendisiti mazhinji anokahadzika kuti kuvaka "super-Turing" ndeyechokwadi. Kune vamwe, muchina wakadaro ungave nhandaro yemuviri yekusagadzikana kwechisikigo. Kuziva kwese kwechisikigo, chokwadi chekuti inoziva mhinduro dzese, inobva pachokwadi chekuti hunhu. Iyo sisitimu inobereka zvisikwa, Nyika, inoziva zvese, ishoko, nekuti zvakafanana nevamwe vese. Zvichida iyi ndiyo nzira inoenda kuhuchenjeri hwekugadzira, kune chimwe chinhu chinonyatso gadzirisa kuoma uye kuvhiringidzika kwehuropi hwemunhu. Turing pachake akambokurudzira kuisa radioactive radium mukombuta yaakange agadzira kuti aite mhedzisiro yekuverenga kwake kuvhiringika uye zvisina tsarukano.

Nekudaro, kunyangwe maprototypes echaos-based supermachines akashanda, dambudziko rinoramba riri nzira yekuratidza kuti zvechokwadi ndiwo ma supermachines aya. Masayendisiti haasati ave nepfungwa yebvunzo yakakodzera yekuongorora. Kubva pakuona kwekombuta yakajairwa inogona kushandiswa kutarisa izvi, supermachines inogona kunzi inonzi yakakanganisa, ndiko kuti, zvikanganiso zvehurongwa. Kubva pakuona kwevanhu, zvinhu zvose zvinogona kusanzwisisika zvachose uye ... chaotic.