America silicon kutonga
Matauriro ekutaura pachiziviso cheIntel chaChikunguru chekuti kambani yaifunga nezvekugadzira kunze kwenyika yaive yekuti inoratidza kupera kwenguva iyo kambani neUnited States dzaitonga indasitiri yesemiconductor. Iyi nhanho inogona kudzoka kure kupfuura Silicon Valley, inokanganisa kutengeserana kwepasirese uye geopolitics.
Kambani yeCalifornia kubva kuSanta Clara yanga iri mugadziri mukuru wemasekete akabatanidzwa kwemakumi emakore akati wandei. Iyi mhando inosanganisa yakanakisa budiriro uye yazvino processor zvidyarwa. Zvikuru, Intel yakanga ichine zvivakwa zvekugadzira muUS, nepo mamwe makambani ekugadzira eUS chips yakavharwa kana kutengeswa mafekitori emumba makore mazhinji apfuura uye kugadzirwa kwechikamu kune mamwe makambani, kunyanya muAsia. Intel akapokana kuti kuchengetwa kwekugadzira muUS kwakaratidza hukuru hwezvigadzirwa zvayo pamusoro pezvimwe. Kwemakore, kambani yakashandisa makumi emabhiriyoni emadhora kusimudzira mafekitori ayo, uye izvi zvakaonekwa seyakakosha mukana wakachengeta kambani pamberi pevamwe muindasitiri.
Nekudaro, makore achangopfuura anga ari akateedzana ezviitiko zvisingafadzi zveIntel. Kambani yakakundikana hurongwa hwekugadzirira silicon wafers ane 7 nm lithography. Hazvizivikanwe kuti zvichatora nguva yakareba sei kuwana hurema, asi ichafanirwa kugadzirwa. Yekutanga 7nm zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa mumafekitori edu pachiyero chikuru zvinotarisirwa muna 2022.
Maererano nemishumo yenhau, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co (TSMC), parizvino inotungamira semiconductor mugadziri wepasi rose, achagadzira iyo Intel chips (1). Nyaya neshanduko kuenda ku7nm, pamwe nekugadzira zvakanaka mune mamwe maitiro, zvakatungamira Intel kuita chibvumirano neTSMC kugadzira mamwe machipisi mu6nm maitiro. Chii chimwe, mishumo inoti TSMC ichave yakanaka kune Intel zvakare. processors, ino nguva mu5 uye 3 nm kugadzira maitiro. Aya maTaiwanese nanometers anoonekwa akasiyana zvishoma, semuenzaniso TSMC's 6nm inoonekwa seyakafanana kurongedza density seIntel's 10nm. Chero zvazvingava, TSMC haina matambudziko ekugadzira, uye Intel iri pasi pekugara kwemakwikwi kumanikidzwa kubva ku AMD neNVidia.
Mushure mekunge CEO Bob Swan Intel yakati iri kufunga nezvekubuda kunze, mutengo wekambani wakadonha negumi nematanhatu muzana. Swan akati nzvimbo inogadzirwa semiconductor haisi hombe yedhiri, iri 16 madhigirii akasiyana nezvakanga zvambotaurwa naIntel. Mamiriro ezvinhu ane mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, sezvo vazhinji vezvematongerwo enyika vekuAmerica nenyanzvi dzezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika vanotenda kuti kutumwa kwehunyanzvi hwepamusoro kunze kwenyika (zvisina kunanga kuChina, asiwo kunyika dzinofurirwa neChina) chikanganiso chikuru. Semuyenzaniso chipovanny xeon Intel SA ndiyo moyo wemakomputa uye data data inotsigira dhizaini yemagetsi enyukireya.onawo: ), spacecraft nendege zvinoshanda mukucherekedza uye masystem ekuongorora data. Parizvino, ivo vakanyanya kugadzirwa mumafekitori muOregon, Arizona, neNew Mexico.
Kuvandudzwa kwemafoni uye mamwe nharembozha kwachinja semiconductor musika. Intel akatora mapurojekiti musangano we mobile chipsetsasi haana kumbobvira aita chinhu chekutanga, achigara achiisa pamberi pakombuta uye server processors. Zvakatanga rinhi smartphone yakakura, vagadziri venhare vakashandisa ma processors kubva kumakambani akaita seQualcomm kana kugadzira avo, seApple. Gore negore, mafekitari makuru eTaiwan TSMC akazara kunze zvimwe zvinhu. Nepo Intel, TSMC inogadzira anopfuura bhiriyoni pagore. Nekuda kwehukuru, kambani yeTaiwanese yave pamberi peIntel mukugadzira tekinoroji.
Nekupa kupa kunze kugadzirwa kwesilicon zvikamu kune veruzhinji, TSMC yakashandura zvisingaite kushandura bhizinesi reindasitiri. Makambani haachadi kuisa mari mumitsara yekugadzira, vanogona kutarisa pakugadzira machipisi matsva kuita mabasa matsva nemabasa. Ichi chaimbova chipingamupinyi chakakosha kumakambani mazhinji. Systems engineering kudyara kwemamiriyoni, uye kudyara mukugadzira wega mabhiriyoni. Kana iwe usingafaniri kutora chekupedzisira, iwe unogona kunge uine purojekiti itsva yakabudirira.
Kuti zvive pachena, Taiwan haisi muvengi weUnited States, asi kuswedera uye kushayikwa kwechipingamupinyi chemutauro nePRC kunomutsa kunetseka pamusoro pekugona kwekudonha kwemidziyo yakavanzika. Mukuwedzera, kurasikirwa kwakanyanya kweU. AMD, kambani yekuAmerica, mukwikwidzi mukuru kuIntel mumusika welaptop uye mune akati wandei mamwe zvikamu, yanga ichigadzira zvigadzirwa kumafekitori eTSMC kwenguva yakareba, iyo American Qualcomm inobatira pamwe pasina matambudziko nevagadziri vanobva kuChina, saka Intel inofananidzira. yakamiririra tsika yeAmerica yekugadzira chip munyika.
MaChina asara nemakore gumi
Semiconductor tekinoroji iri pamwoyo wekukwikwidza kweUS-China kwehupfumi. Kusiyana nechitarisiko, akange asiri Donald Trump akatanga kuisa zvirambidzo pakutumira kunze kwezvinhu zvemagetsi kuChina. Kurambidza kwakatanga kuunzwa naBarack Obama, vachiunza kurambidzwa kutengesa, kusanganisira zvigadzirwa zveIntel. Makambani akaita seZTM, Huawei neAlibaba ari kuwana mari yakawanda kubva kuvakuru veChina kuti vashande pamachipisi avo. China iri kubatanidza zviwanikwa zvehurumende nemakambani kune izvi. Kune zvirongwa zvekukurudzira zvine chinangwa chekukwezva nyanzvi uye mainjiniya ane tarenda kubva kune dzimwe nyika, kunyanya, izvo zvakakosha muchiedza cheruzivo rwuri pamusoro, kubva kuTaiwan.
Dhipatimendi reCommerce reUS nguva pfupi yadarika rakazivisa izvozvo mushure semiconductor chips inogadzirwa uchishandisa michina inogadzirwa nemakambani ekuUS haigone kutengeswa kuChinese Huawei isina kupihwa mvumo nerezinesi kubva kuUS Department of Commerce. Akabatwa nezvirango izvi aive Taiwanese TSMC, iyo yakamanikidzwa kusiya kugadzirwa kweHuawei, iyo ichakurukurwa gare gare.
Kunyangwe hondo dzekutengesa America yakaramba iri mutungamiri wepasi rose uye mutengesi mukuru wemasemiconductors, ukuwo China yaive mutengi mukuru weAmerica. Denda ra2018 risati rasvika, United States yakatengesa mabhiriyoni makumi manomwe nemashanu emadhora semiconductor machipisi kuChina, angangoita makumi matatu nematanhatu muzana. Kugadzirwa kweAmerica. Mari yeindasitiri muUS inotsamira zvakanyanya pamusika weChinese. Zvinoshamisa kuti, zvirango zvehurumende yeUS zvinogona kupedzisira zvaparadza musika weChina sezvo maChinese vachikwanisa kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvavo zvakafanana, uye munguva pfupi, vatengesi vechip kubva kuJapan neKorea vanozobatsirwa nekuzadza nechido chisipo chakasiiwa neU.S.
Sezvatareva MaChinese ari kuisa mari yakawanda mukutsvagisa nekusimudzira muindasitiri iyi.. Nzvimbo dzakawanda dziri kugadzirwa, dzakadai sepayunivhesiti iri kunze kweHong Kong, uko chikwata chemainjiniya chinotungamirirwa naPatrick Yue akadzidza kuStanford chiri kugadzira machipisi emakombuta okushandisa muchizvarwa chitsva chemafoni emafoni akagadzirwa neChina. Iyo purojekiti inotsigirwa zvishoma neHuawei, hofori yekuChina yekutaurirana uye kufonera.
China haivanzi chishuwo chayo chekuva nekuzvimiririra kwetekinoroji. Nyika ndiyo inonyanya kuunza kunze kwenyika uye mutengi wemasemiconductors. Parizvino, maererano neindasitiri sangano SIA, chete 5 muzana. kutora chikamu mukati musika wepasi rose semiconductor (2) asi vanoronga kugadzira 70 muzana. ese masemiconductors aanoshandisa na2025, chirongwa chekuda chinzvimbo chakasimudzirwa nehondo yekutengeserana yeUS. Vakawanda havana chokwadi nezvezvirongwa izvi, zvakadai saPiero Scaruffi, munyori wezvakaitika kare weSilicon Valley uye muongorori wenjere, anotenda kuti maChinese ikozvino anenge makore gumi kumashure kwevagadziri vepamusoro kana zvasvika kune teknolojia yesilicon, uye zvizvarwa zvitatu kusvika zvina shure kwavo. makambani akaita seTSMC. mumunda wekugadzira matekinoroji. China haina ruzivo kugadzirwa kwemhando yepamusoro machipisi.
2. Migove mumusika wepasi rose semiconductor zvinoenderana neshumo yeSIA yakaburitswa muna Chikumi 2020 ()
Kunyange hazvo vari kuita zvirinani pakugadzira machipisi, zvirango zveUS zvaita kuti makambani ekuChina aomerwe kupinda mumusika. Uye pano tinodzokera kumubatanidzwa pakati peTSMC neHuawei, iyo yakamiswa, izvo zvinoita kuti ramangwana reChinese machipisi rigadziriswe kushanda mu5G Kirin (3) network. Kana Qualcomm ikasawana mvumo yehurumende yeUS yekugovera snapdragons, maChinese anongodaro mipiro . Nekudaro, iyo kambani yeChinese haingokwanise kupa mafoni ane chipsets eiyo nhanho yakakodzera. Uku kukundikana kukuru.
Saka parizvino, zvinoita sekunge maAmerican vari kutadza, sekuda kuendesa kugadzirwa neiyo mureza processor inogadzira Intel kuenda kuTaiwan, asi maChinese ari kurwiswa, uye tarisiro yekugadzira kwavo mumusika wesilicon iri kure. uye fuzzy. Saka pamwe uku ndiko kupera kwehutongi hweAmerica hwakakwana, asi hazvireve kuti chero imwe hegemon ichabuda.
