Mabhesi ekutanga emafuta emota. Mhando nevagadziri
Zviri mukati
Base mafuta mapoka
Zvinoenderana neiyo API kupatsanura, kune mapoka mashanu emafuta epasi panogadzirwa mafuta emota:
- 1 - mineral;
- 2 - semi-synthetic;
- 3 - synthetic;
- 4- mafuta anobva pa polyalphaolefins;
- 5- mafuta anobva pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakemikari emakemikari asina kuiswa mumapoka apfuura.
Boka rekutanga remafuta emota rinosanganisira mamineral oiri, ayo anogadzirwa kubva kumafuta akachena ne distillation. Kutaura zvazviri, ndechimwe chezvikamu zvemafuta, se petroli, parafini, dizeli mafuta, nezvimwewo. Mushonga wemakemikari emafuta akadaro akasiyana zvakanyanya uye anosiyana kubva kumugadziri kusvika kumugadziri. Mafuta akadaro ane huwandu hukuru hwemahydrocarbons emhando dzakasiyana dzesaturation, nitrogen, uye sarufa. Kunyangwe kunhuhwirira kwemafuta eboka rekutanga kwakasiyana kubva kune vamwe - kunhuhwirira kwemafuta epetroleum kunonzwa zvakanyanya. Chimiro chikuru ndeyepamusoro sulfur content uye yakaderera viscosity index, ndicho chikonzero mafuta muboka iri haana kukodzera kumotokari dzose.
Mafuta emamwe mapoka maviri akagadzirwa gare gare. Kusikwa kwavo kwakakonzerwa nehunyanzvi hutsva hwemainjini emotokari emazuva ano, ayo mafuta eboka rekutanga haana kukodzera. Mafuta eboka rechipiri, ayo anonziwo semi-synthetic, anogadzirwa achishandisa teknolojia ye hydrocracking. Zvinoreva kurapwa kweboka 1 mineral oiri nehydrogen pasi pesimba rekupisa kwakanyanya. Nekuda kwekuita kwakadaro, hydrogen inonamira kumamorekuru ehydrocarbon, ichiapfumisa. Uye hydrogen inobvisa sarufa, nitrogen nezvimwe zvinhu zvisingakoshi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mafuta ekuzora anowanikwa ane nzvimbo yakaderera yechando uye yakaderera yeparafini. Zvisinei, mafuta akadaro ane zvishoma zvishoma viscosity index, iyo inoderedza zvikuru nzvimbo yavo.
Boka rechitatu ndiro rakanyanya kunaka - zvizere zvekugadzira mafuta. Kusiyana neaya maviri apfuura, iwo ane yakafara tembiricha siyana uye yakakwirira mwero viscosity. Mafuta akadaro anogadzirwa uchishandisa tekinoroji yehydroisomerization, zvakare uchishandisa hydrogen. Dzimwe nguva chigadziko chemafuta akadaro chinowanikwa kubva kune gasi rechisikigo. Pamwe chete nehuwandu hwekuwedzera, mafuta aya akakodzera kushandiswa mumajini emotokari emazuva ano emhando ipi zvayo.
Mafuta emota emapoka 4 ne5 haana kunyanya kuwanda kupfuura mamwe nekuda kwekudhura kwawo. Polyalphaolefin base oiri ndiyo hwaro hwechokwadi synthetics, sezvo inogadzirwa zvachose. Kusiyana nemafuta eboka rechitatu, aya anongowanikwa muzvitoro zvine hunyanzvi, nekuti anoshandiswa chete kumotokari dzemitambo. Boka rechishanu rinosanganisira mafuta ekuzora, ayo, nekuda kwekuumbwa kwawo, haagone kuverengerwa pakati pezvakapfuura. Kunyanya, izvi zvinosanganisira lubricant uye mafuta ekutanga ayo esters akawedzerwa. Ivo vanonatsiridza zvakanyanya kuchenesa zvivakwa zveoiri uye kuwedzera lubrication kumhanya pakati pekugadzirisa. Mafuta anokosha anogadzirwa muhuwandu hushoma, sezvo achidhura zvakanyanya.
Vagadziri ve base mota oiri
Zvinoenderana nenhamba dzepasirese, mutungamiri mukugadzira uye kutengeswa kwemafuta emota dzekutanga nerechipiri mapoka ndeye ExonMobil. Mukuwedzera kwairi, Chevron, Motiva, Petronas inotora nzvimbo muchikamu ichi. Mafuta eboka rechitatu anogadzirwa kupfuura mamwe nekambani yeSouth Korea SK Ludricants, iyo imwechete inogadzira ZIC lubricant. Mafuta ekutanga eboka iri anotengwa kubva kumugadziri uyu nemhando dzinozivikanwa seShell, BP, Elf nevamwe. Mukuwedzera kune "base", mugadziri anobudisawo marudzi ose ezvinowedzera, izvo zvinotengwawo nemhando dzakawanda dzepasi rose.
Zvicherwa zvigadziko zvinogadzirwa naLukoil, Total, Neste, nepo hofori yakadai seExonMobil, pane kudaro, haivabudisi zvachose. Asi zvinowedzera zvemafuta ese epasi zvinogadzirwa nemakambani echitatu-bato, anonyanya kuzivikanwa ayo ari Lubrizol, Ethyl, Infineum, Afton uye Chevron. Uye makambani ese anotengesa mafuta akagadzirwa anoatenga kubva kwavari. Mafuta ekutanga eboka rechishanu anogadzirwa zvachose nemakambani ane mazita mashoma anozivikanwa: Synester, Croda, Afton, Hatco, DOW. Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa Exxon Mobil inewo chikamu chidiki muboka iri. Iine rabhoritari yakakura iyo inokutendera iwe kuita tsvagiridzo pamafuta akakosha.
