Ko kana… tikarwisa zvirwere uye tokunda rufu? Uye vakararama hupenyu hurefu, hurefu, husingagumi ...

Maererano neakakurumbira futurist Ray Kurzweil, kusafa kwevanhu kwatova pedyo. Muchiono chake chenguva yemberi, tingafa mutsaona yemotokari kana kuti kudonha padombo, asi kwete nokukwegura. Vatsigiri vepfungwa iyi vanodavira kuti kusafa, kunonzwisiswa neiyi nzira, kunogona kuva chinhu chaichoicho mumakore makumi mana anotevera.

Kana zvakadaro, inofanira kunge yakabatana nayo shanduko huru yemagariro, shrimp i bhizinesi munyika. Semuenzaniso, hapana chirongwa chemudyandigere pasi pano chingadyisa munhu kana akarega kushanda aine makore 65 orarama kusvika makore 500. Zvakanaka, zvine musoro, kukunda kutenderera kupfupi kwehupenyu hwemunhu hakugone kureva kurega kusingaperi. Unozofanirawo kushanda nekusingaperi.

Pakarepo pane dambudziko rezvizvarwa zvinotevera. Nezviwanikwa zvisingaperi, simba, uye kufambira mberi kunoratidzwa kumwewo mumagazini ino, kuwandisa kwevanhu kungasava dambudziko. Zvinoita sezvine musoro kusiya Panyika uye koloni nzvimbo kwete chete mukusiyana kwe "kusafa", asiwo munyaya yekukunda zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvatinonyora nezvazvo. Dai hupenyu paPasi hwaive husingagumi, zvakaoma kufungidzira kuenderera mberi kwekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevanhu. Nyika yaizoshanduka kuita gehena nekukurumidza kupfuura zvatinofunga.

Hupenyu husingaperi ndehwevakapfuma chete here?

Pane kutya kuti mutsa wakadaro ndewechokwadi, se "kusafa»Inowanikwa chete kuboka diki, rakapfuma uye rine rombo rakanaka. Homo Deus naYuval Noah Harari anopa nyika umo vanhu, asi vasiri vese asi vadiki vepamusoro, vanogona kupedzisira vawana kusafa kuburikidza nebiotechnology uye genetic engineering. Kufanotaura kusina kujeka kweiyi "nguva isingagumi yevashoma vakasarudzwa" inogona kuonekwa mukuedza uko mabhirioni akawanda nemakambani ebiotech ari kupa mari nekutsvakurudza nzira nemishonga yekudzosera kuchembera, kurebesa hupenyu hune hutano nekusingaperi. Vatsigiri veongororo iyi vanoti kana isu takatobudirira kuwedzera hupenyu hwenhunzi, makonye nemakonzo kuburikidza nekugadzirisa genetics uye kuderedza kudya kwekoriori, sei izvi zvisingashande kuvanhu?

1. Kavha yemagazini yeTime nezvekurwisa rufu kweGoogle

Yakavambwa muna 2017, AgeX Therapeutics, kambani yeCalifornia-based biotechnology, ine chinangwa chekudzora kuchembera kuburikidza nekushandisa matekinoroji ane chekuita nekusafa kwemasero. Saizvozvo, CohBar iri kuyedza kubatanidza kugona kwekurapa kwemitochondrial DNA kudzora mabasa ebhayoloji uye kudzora kufa kwesero. Vavambi veGoogle Sergey Brin naLarry Page vakaisa mari yakawanda muCalico, kambani yakatarisana nekunzwisisa uye kukunda kuchembera. Magazini yeTime yakavhara izvi muna 2013 nenyaya yekuvhara yaiti, "Google inogona kugadzirisa Rufu here?" (Poshi).

Asi, zviri pachena kuti kunyange dai taigona kuwana kusafa, kwaisazova kwakachipa. Ndosaka vanhu vachida Peter Thiel, muvambi wePayPal uye vatangi veGoogle, makambani anotsigira anoda kurwisa kukwegura. Tsvagiridzo munzvimbo iyi inoda mari hombe. Silicon Valley yakazara nepfungwa yehupenyu husingaperi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kusafa, kana kukamboitwa, kungangove kwevashoma, sezvo paine mukana wekuti mabhirioni, kunyangwe vakasazvichengetera ivo chete, vachada kudzosera mari yaiswa.

Ehe, ivo vane hanyawo nemufananidzo wavo, vachiita mapurojekiti pasi pe sirogani yekurwisa zvirwere kune vese. Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg nemudzimai wake, chiremba wevana Priscilla Chan, munguva pfupi yapfuura vakazivisa kuti kuburikidza neChan Zuckerberg Initiative, vanoronga kuisa $ XNUMX mabhiriyoni kwemakore gumi kugadzirisa zvose kubva kuAlzheimer's kusvika kuZika.

Zvechokwadi, kurwisana nechirwere kunowedzera hupenyu. Kufambira mberi mukurapa uye biotechnology inzira ye "matanho madiki" uye kuwedzera kufambira mberi kwenguva refu. Mukati memakore zana apfuura, mukati menhambo yebudiriro huru yeidzi sayenzi, tarisiro youpenyu hwomunhu munyika dzokuMadokero yakawedzera paavhareji kubva paanenge makore 50 kusvikira kuanenge makore 90. Ivo vasina moyo murefu, uye kwete chete mabhirioni eSilicon Valley, havasi kugutsikana nekumhanya uku. Nokudaro, tsvakurudzo iri kuenderera mberi pane imwe nzira yekuwana hupenyu husingaperi, inozivikanwa se "digital imrtality", iyo mune tsanangudzo dzakasiyana-siyana inoshandawo se "singularity" uye yakaratidzwa nezvakataurwa (2). Vatsigiri veiyi pfungwa vanotenda kuti mune ramangwana zvichave zvichigoneka kugadzira iyo chaiyo vhezheni yedu, iyo inozokwanisa kurarama miviri yedu inofa uye, semuenzaniso, kubata vadikani vedu, zvizvarwa kuburikidza nekombuta.

Muna 2011, Dmitry Ikov, muzvinabhizimusi weRussia uye bhirionea, akatanga 2045 Initiative, ine chinangwa che "kugadzira matekinoroji anobvumira kutamiswa kwehunhu hwemunhu kune imwe nzvimbo yakakwana isiri yebhaibheri uye kurebesa hupenyu, kusanganisira kusvika pakusafa. .”

Kubhowekana kwekusafa

Muchinyorwa chake cha1973 chine musoro unoti “The Makropoulos Affair: Reflections on the Boredom of Immortality” (1973), muzivi wechiRungu Bernard Williams akanyora kuti upenyu husingaperi hwaizova hunofinha zvisingatauriki uye hunotyisa pashure penguva yakati. Sezvaakataura, tinoda ruzivo rutsva kuti tive nechikonzero chokuenderera mberi.

Unlimited time ichaita kuti tiwane chero chatinoda. Saka chii chinotevera? Tingasiya izvo Williams anodana "zvishuvo" zve "categorical", ndiko kuti, zvishuvo zvinotipa chikonzero chekuramba tichirarama, uye panzvimbo pacho, paizova nezvido "zvine mamiriro", zvinhu zvatingada kuita kana tiri vapenyu. asi hazvina kukosha. zvoga zvakakwana kutikurudzira kuti tirambe tiri vapenyu.

Semuenzaniso, kana ndichienderera mberi nehupenyu hwangu, ndinoda kuve negomba rakazara muzino rangu, asi ini handidi kuramba ndichirarama kuti ndive negomba rakazara. Nekudaro, ini ndingade kurarama kuti ndione kupera kweiyo novel huru yandanga ndichinyora kwemakore makumi maviri neshanu apfuura.

Yokutanga ishuviro yezvimiro, yechipiri ndeye categorical.

Chinonyanya kukosha i "categoricalness", mumutauro waWilliams, tinoona zvishuwo zvedu, tave tagamuchira chero hupenyu hwakareba. Hupenyu husina zvishuwo zvakasarudzika, Williams akapokana, hwaizotishandura kuva zvisikwa zvemuriwo pasina chinangwa chakakomba kana chikonzero chekuramba tichirarama. Williams anodudza Elina Makropoulos, gamba remumhanzi nemunyori weCzech Leoš Janáček, semuenzaniso. Akazvarwa muna 1585, Elina anonwa mushonga unomuchengeta ari mupenyu nekusingaperi. Zvisinei, pazera remakore mazana matatu, Elina akasangana nezvose zvaaida, uye upenyu hwake hunotonhora, husina chinhu uye hunofinha. Hapasisina chekuraramira. Anorega kunwa mushonga wacho, achizvisunungura kubva mukufinhwa kusingafi (3).

3. Mufananidzo wenyaya yaElina Makropoulos

Mumwe muzivi, Samuel Scheffler kubva kuYunivhesiti yeNew York, yakataura kuti hupenyu hwevanhu hwakanyatsorongeka pakuti hune nguva yakatarwa. Chinhu chiri chose chatinokoshesa uye naizvozvo chatinoshuva muupenyu hwomunhu chinofanira kurangarira idi rokuti tiri vanhu venguva yakaganhurirwa. Chokwadi, tinogona kufungidzira kuti kusafa kwakaita sei. Asi inodzikatidza chokwadi chinokosha chokuti chinhu chiri chose icho vanhu vanokoshesa chine musoro bedzi mukurangarira idi rokuti nguva yedu ine painogumira, zvisarudzo zvedu zvine ganhuriro, uye mumwe nomumwe wedu ane nguva inogumira.