Ko kana…tikawana epamusoro-tembiricha superconductors? Zvisungo zvetariro

Mitsetse yekufambisa isina kurasikirwa, yakaderera-tembiricha yemagetsi enjiniya, superelectromagnets, pakupedzisira ichidzvanya zvinyoro nyoro mamiriyoni emadhigirii eplasma mune thermonuclear reactors, yakanyarara uye inokurumidza maglev njanji. Tine tarisiro dzakawanda kune superconductors ...

Superconductivity mamiriro ezvinhu e zero magetsi ekudzivirira anonzi. Izvi zvinowanikwa mune zvimwe zvinhu pakupisa kwakanyanya. Akawana iyi quantum phenomenon Kamerling Onnes (1) mumercury, muna 1911. Classical physics inotadza kuitsanangura. Mukuwedzera kune zero kuramba, chimwe chinhu chakakosha che superconductors ndeye kusundira magnetic field kubva muhuwandu hwayoiyo inonzi Meissner effect (mumhando I superconductors) kana kutarisa kwemagnetic field mu "vortices" (mumhando II superconductors).

Mazhinji superconductors anoshanda chete patembiricha padyo neabsolute zero. Zvinonzi 0 Kelvin (-273,15 °C). Kufamba kwemaatomu pakupisa uku kunenge kusipo. Iyi ndiyo kiyi kune superconductors. Senguva dzose maerekitironi kufamba mu conductor kunodhumhana nemamwe maatomu anozunguzika, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kwesimba uye kushorwa. Nekudaro, isu tinoziva kuti superconductivity inogoneka pakupisa kwakanyanya. Zvishoma nezvishoma, tiri kuwana zvinhu zvinoratidza izvi pazasi minus Celsius, uye nguva pfupi yadarika kunyangwe pakuwedzera. Zvisinei, izvi zvakare zvinowanzobatanidzwa nekushandiswa kwepamusoro-soro. Chiroto chikuru ndechekugadzira iyi tekinoroji pane tembiricha yekamuri pasina gigantic pressure.

Nheyo yemuviri yekuonekwa kwemamiriro e superconductivity ndeye kuumbwa kwezviviri zvekutakura zvinhu - izvo zvinonzi Cooper. Vaviri vakadaro vanogona kubuda semugumisiro wekubatana kwema electrons ane simba rakafanana. Fermi simba, i.e. simba duku kudarika iro simba refermionic system richawedzera mushure mekuwedzera kwechimwe chinhu, kunyange kana simba rekubatana rinovasunga riri duku zvikuru. Izvi zvinoshandura zvinhu zvemagetsi zvezvinhu, sezvo vatakuri vamwechete vari fermions uye mapeya ari bosons.

Batira pamwe saka, igadziriro yezviviri zviviri (somuenzaniso, maerekitironi) zvichidyidzana kuburikidza nekudengenyeka kwecrystal lattice, inonzi phononi. Chiitiko chacho chatsanangurwa Leona anotsigira muna 1956 uye chikamu cheBCS dzidziso yepasi-tembiricha superconductivity. Iyo fermions inoumba Cooper pair ine hafu spins (iyo inotungamirwa munzira dzakapesana), asi mhedzisiro inotenderera yehurongwa izere, ndiko kuti, Cooper pair iboson.

Superconductors pane dzimwe tembiricha zvimwe zvinhu, semuenzaniso, cadmium, tini, aluminium, iridium, platinamu, vamwe vanopinda munzvimbo ye superconductivity chete pakumanikidzwa kwakanyanya (semuenzaniso, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, germanium, lithium) kana mumhepo. Maumbirwo ematehwe matete (tungsten, beryllium, chromium), uye mamwe anogona kunge asati ave akanyanya kuita sesirivheri, mhangura, goridhe, magasi akanaka, hydrogen, kunyangwe goridhe, sirivheri nemhangura zviri pakati pemakondakita akanakisa patembiricha.

"Kupisa kwepamusoro" kuchiri kuda kutonhora kwakanyanya

Mune 1964 gore William A. Little yakaratidza mukana wekuvapo kwepamusoro-tembiricha superconductivity mukati organic polima. Ichi chikumbiro chakavakirwa paexciton-mediated electron pairing kusiyana nephonon-mediated pairing muBCS theory. Izwi rekuti "high tembiricha superconductors" rakashandiswa kutsanangura mhuri itsva yeperovskite-yakarongeka ceramics yakawanikwa naJohannes G. Bednorz naC.A. Müller muna 1986, iyo yavakagamuchira Nobel Prize. Aya matsva e ceramic superconductors (2) akagadzirwa kubva kumhangura neokisijeni yakasanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita selanthanum, barium uye bismuth.

2. Ceramic ndiro inofamba pamusoro pemagineti ane simba

Kubva pakuona kwedu, "high-temperature" superconductivity yakanga ichiri yakaderera. Pakumanikidzwa kwakajairika, muganhu waiva -140 ° C, uye kunyange ma-superconductors akadaro ainzi "high-temperature". Iyo superconductivity tembiricha ye -70 ° C yehydrogen sulfide yakasvikwa pakumanikidzwa kwakanyanya. Nekudaro, yakakwirira-tembiricha superconductors inoda yakachipa yemvura nitrogen pane yemvura helium yekutonhodza, iyo yakakosha.

Kune rimwe divi, inowanzoita brittle ceramic, isinganyanyi kushanda pakushandiswa mumasisitimu emagetsi.

Masayendisiti achiri kutenda kuti pane imwe sarudzo iri nani yakamirira kuwanikwa, chinhu chitsva chinoshamisa chinozadzisa maitiro akadai superconductivity pane tembiricha yekamuriinokwanisika uye inoshanda kushandisa. Imwe tsvakurudzo yakanangana nemhangura, kristaro yakaoma kunzwisisa ine zvikamu zvemhangura uye maatomu eokisijeni. Tsvagiridzo inoenderera mberi pamishumo isingatsananguriki asi nesainzi isingatsananguriki yekuti graphite yakanyoroveswa nemvura inogona kuita se superconductor patembiricha yekamuri.

Makore achangopfuura anga ari rukova rwechokwadi rwe "revolutions", "budiriro" uye "zvitsauko zvitsva" mumunda we superconductivity pane tembiricha yepamusoro. Muna Gumiguru 2020, superconductivity pane tembiricha yekamuri (pa15 ° C) yakashumwa mukati carbon disulfide hydride (3), zvisinei, pakumanikidzwa kwakanyanya (267 GPa) inogadzirwa negirinhi laser. Iyo Holy Grail, ingave yakachipa zvinhu izvo zvingave superconductive pakamuri tembiricha uye zvakajairika kumanikidza, haisati yawanikwa.

3. Carbon-based material superconductive pa15°C.

Kwayedza yeMagnetic Age

Iko kuverengerwa kwezvinogona kushandiswa kwepamusoro-tembiricha superconductors inogona kutanga nemagetsi nemakomputa, logic zvishandiso, ndangariro zvinhu, switch uye zvinongedzo, jenareta, amplifiers, particle accelerators. Tevere pane rondedzero: midziyo inonamira zvakanyanya yekuyera magineti minda, voltages kana macurrents, magineti e MRI mishonga yezvokurapa, magineti ekuchengetedza simba zvitima, zvinorevesa bullet zvitima, injini, majenareta, ma transformer uye tambo dzemagetsi. Iwo mabhenefiti makuru eaya maroto superconducting zvishandiso achave akaderera simba dissipation, kumhanyisa kushanda uye kunyanya kunzwa.

kune superconductors. Pane chikonzero nei zvidyarwa zvemagetsi zvinowanzovakwa pedyo nemaguta akabatikana. Kunyange 30 muzana. yakagadzirwa navo Simba remagetsi inogona kurasika pamatambo ekutapurirana. Iri idambudziko rinowanzoitika pamidziyo yemagetsi. Simba rakawanda rinoenda kunopisa. Naizvozvo, chikamu chakakosha chepamusoro pekombuta chakachengeterwa kutonhora zvikamu zvinobatsira kubvisa kupisa kunoitwa nemasekete.

Superconductors kugadzirisa dambudziko rekurasikirwa kwesimba pakupisa. Sechikamu chekuedza, masayendisiti, semuenzaniso, anokwanisa kuwana chokurarama nacho magetsi emagetsi mukati me superconducting ring anopfuura makore maviri. Uye izvi hazvina simba rekuwedzera.

Chikonzero chega chakamira parizvino ndechekuti pakanga pasina mukana weiyo helium yemvura, kwete nekuti yazvino yaisagona kuramba ichiyerera. Zviyedzo zvedu zvinotitungamira kuti titende kuti mafungu ari mu superconducting zvinhu anogona kuyerera kwemazana ezviuru zvemakore, kana zvisingaite. Magetsi azvino mu superconductors anogona kuyerera nekusingaperi, achiendesa simba mahara.

в hapana kuramba mhepo hombe yaigona kuyerera nepawaya huru, iyo yaibva yagadzira magineti emasimba anoshamisa. Anogona kushandiswa kufambisa zvitima zvemaglev (4), izvo zvinogona kutosvika pakumhanya kusvika ku600 km/h uye zvinobva pa superconducting magineti. Kana kuti shandisa iwo muzvidyarwa zvemagetsi, kutsiva nzira dzechinyakare umo maturbines anotenderera mumagineti minda kugadzira magetsi. Ane simba superconducting magineti anogona kubatsira kudzora maitiro efusion. Iyo superconducting waya inogona kuita seyakanaka simba rekuchengetedza mudziyo, pane bhatiri, uye iyo inogona muhurongwa ichachengetedzwa kwechiuru nemiriyoni yemakore.

Mune quantum makomputa, unogona kuyerera newachi kana kutarisana newachi mu superconductor. Zvikepe uye injini dzemotokari dzingave diki zvakapetwa kagumi pane zvadzave nhasi, uye michina yeMRI inodhura yekurapa ingakwana muchanza cheruoko rwako. Yakaunganidzwa kubva kumapurazi ari mugwenga rakakura pasirese pasirese, simba rezuva rinogona kuchengetwa nekutamiswa pasina kurasikirwa.

4. Chitima cheJapan maglev

Maererano nefizikisi uye anozivikanwa popularizer wesainzi, Kakumatekinoroji akadai semasuperconductors achaunza nguva itsva. Kudai takanga tichiri kurarama munguva yemagetsi, ma<em>superconductors ari mutembiricha yemumba aizounza nguva yemagnetism.