Chii chiri nani-mavhiri mana, kumberi kana kumashure

Kutyaira mumotokari ndiko kutamiswa kwe torque kubva painjini kuenda kune chero vhiri, iro rinozova dhiraivha. Saizvozvo, mota dzese dzinotanga kuve nehunhu hwakakosha senge vhiri formula, iyo yekutanga nhamba inoreva huwandu hwemavhiri, uye yechipiri - nhamba yekutyaira.

Asi pfungwa iyi hairatidze chimwe chakakosha chivakwa chemotokari chassis, ayo maekisi ari kutungamira nechikamu-nguva drive, kumashure kana kumberi? Kunyangwe kune ese-mavhiri ekutyaira mota 4 × 4 kana kunyange 6 × 6 izvi hazvina basa.

Chii chinonzi four-wheel drive, misiyano kubva kumashure nekumberi

Mhando yega yega ine zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira, saka ivo vachiripo mukuenzanisa. Kubva pamaonero ekuona, mota yekumberi kana yekumashure inodhiraivha inowanikwa kubva kune ese-mavhiri dhiraivha nekungobvisa mativi ekutapurirana anoendesa kudhonza kune rimwe kana rimwe vhiri. Muchokwadi, tekinoroji haisi nyore kuwana.

Chinhu chinosungirwa chemota-yese-vhiri dhiraivha ikesi yekuchinjisa kana yekuchinjisa kesi, iyo inogovera torque pamwe chete nema axles.

Mumotokari dzemono-drive, haidiwi, asi haigoni kubviswa, nyaya yekufambisa inosanganiswa muhurongwa hwemagetsi emagetsi, saka motokari yose iri pasi pekugadzirisa zvakare.

Sezviri mune zvakapesana, kana iyo yese-vhiri dhiraivha shanduko yakawedzerwa kune yekutanga mutsara, semuenzaniso, kumberi-mavhiri dhiraivha mota dzeiyo modhi, izvi zvinosanganisira matambudziko makuru.

Vazhinji vagadziri havatomboyedze kuwedzera 4 × 4 vhezheni kune avo hatchbacks uye sedans, vachizvimisa ivo pachavo kune kuwedzera kwevhu kubvumidzwa uye epurasitiki muviri kit yekuchinjisa-kugadzirisa.

Izvi zvinoshandawo kune hurongwa hwese. Nhoroondo, kumberi-vhiri kutyaira mota, iyo magetsi unit inowanikwa pakatarisana nejini, giya bhokisi rakashongedzerwa mashaft maviri ane anogara ari velocity majoini (CV majoini) anoenda kumavhiri epamberi, ayo anotyairwa panguva imwe chete uye anodzorwa.

Nekumashure-vhiri dhiraivha, pane zvinopesana, mota ine bhokisi iri padivi peaxis yemota, ipapo driveshaft inoenda kune yekumashure axle. Mavhiri mana anogona kuitwa nematanho akasiyana ekuomarara mune ese ari maviri kesi.

Mudziyo uye musimboti wekushanda

Kuendesa torque, seti yezvikamu uye magungano anoumba kutapurirana anoshandiswa.

Zvinosanganisira:

• bhokisi regiya (giya bhokisi), rinotarisira shanduko muyero yegiya, ndiko kuti, chiyero cheinjini shaft kutenderera kumhanya kune kumhanya kwemavhiri ekutyaira;
• kuendesa kesi, kupatsanura torque muchiyero chakapihwa (kwete zvakaenzana) pakati pemaakisi ekutyaira;
• magiya emakadhina ane majoini eCV kana majoini eHooke (michinjikwa) anotumira kutenderera ari chinhambwe pamakona akasiyana;
• dhiraivha axle magiya mabhokisi, nekuwedzera kushandura kumhanya kwekutenderera uye negwara rekutapurirana torque;
• axle shafts inobatanidza magiya mabhokisi ane mavhiri hubs.

Inoita sei iyo ina-mavhiri motokari Niva Chevrolet

Sezvatotaurwa, maviri makuru, hunhu hwe transverse uye longitudinal simba mayuniti, akamira kubva kune yakazara seti yezvirongwa.

1. Muchiitiko chekutanga, kesi yekuchinjisa inosungirirwa padivi pegiya bhokisi, nepo ichinziwo angular gearbox. Nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekugadzirisa, shaft yerimwe remavhiri epamberi inopfuudzwa nepakati payo, apa nguva yacho inobviswa kune yekumashure axle negear pair ine hypoid gearing, iyo iyo kutenderera inotendeuka 90 madhigirii uye inoenda kune iyo cardan shaft inomhanya pamwe chete. motokari.
2. Yechipiri kesi inoratidzirwa nekuiswa kwekesi yekuchinjisa pane imwechete axis segiya bhokisi rekubuda shaft. Kadhi yekadhi kune mavhiri ekumashure inowanikwa coaxially ine shaft yekupinza yekesi yekufambisa, uye iyo yepamberi yakabatanidzwa kuburikidza nekadhidhi yekadhi, asi ne-180-degree kutendeuka uye kuchinja pasi kana kumativi.

Iyo razdatka inogona kuve yakareruka, ichiva nebasa chete kune iyo branching yenguva, kana yakaoma, apo mamwe mabasa anounzwa mairi kuwedzera kuyambuka-nyika kugona kana kudzora:

• demultiplier, ndiko kuti, overdrive yekuwanza torque munzira;
• musiyano wepakati unogovera nguva yacho muchikamu chakapihwa;
• electromagnetic friction clutches inoshanda sema actuators musystem ye otomatiki kudzora kwekutapurirana kugona;
• magetsi ekubvisa shafts kune mamwe maturusi.

Dhiraivha axle magiya mabhokisi pa4 × 4 michina inogona zvakare kuomeswa nekuvapo kweanodzorwa mutsauko kana magetsi emagetsi. Kusvika kukiyi dzekumanikidzira uye kupatsanura vhiri rekudzora ekisero imwe.

Mhando dzemavhiri ose

Mune dzakasiyana modhi dzekutyaira, zvinobatsira kwazvo kugoverazve torque pakati pemavhiri kuti uwedzere kushanda zvakanaka kune rumwe rutivi, uye kugona kuyambuka-nyika kune rimwe. Uyezve, iyo yakanyanya kuoma kutapurirana, iyo inodhura zvakanyanya, saka marudzi akasiyana uye makirasi emakina anoshandisa akasiyana dhiraivha zvirongwa.

Nguva dzose

Chinonyanya kunzwisisika chingave chekushandisa mavhiri ese nguva dzose uye mumamiriro ese emigwagwa. Izvi zvinovimbisa kufanotaura kwemaitiro uye kugara uchigadzirira kwemuchina kune chero shanduko mumamiriro ezvinhu. Asi izvi zvinodhura, zvinoda mamwe mari yemafuta uye haisi nguva dzose yakarurama.

Iyo yakasarudzika chirongwa chekusingaperi-vhiri dhiraivha (PPP) mukureruka kwayo kwese inoshandiswa pane isina makore Soviet mota Niva. Injini yakareba, ipapo bhokisi, giya rekufambisa giya rinobatanidzwa kwairi kuburikidza nekapfupi cardan shaft, kubva apo mashefu maviri anoenda kumberi uye kumashure axles.

Kuve nechokwadi chekutenderera kwemavhiri emberi nekumashure nekumhanya kwakasiyana, izvo zvakakosha pane yakaoma pavement mumakona, kune interaxle yemahara musiyano mune yekuchinjisa kesi, iyo inogona kuvharika kuitira kuti angangoita maviri ekutyaira mavhiri kubva. -mugwagwa apo mamwe maviri anotsvedza.

Kune zvakare demultiplier, iyo inopeta kaviri kusunda nekuderera kwakafanana mukumhanya, izvo zvinobatsira zvakanyanya injini isina kusimba.

Kune nguva dzose torque pamavhiri ekutyaira kusvikira imwe yacho yamira. Ichi ndicho chinonyanya kukosha chemhando iyi yekufambisa. Hapana chikonzero chekufunga nezve kuunganidza kwayo nemaoko kana kugadzira yakaoma otomatiki.

Nomuzvarirwo, kushandiswa kwePPP hakugumiri kune imwe Niva. Inoshandiswa pamotokari zhinji dzinodhura dzepremium. Papi mutengo wenyaya hauna basa.

Panguva imwecheteyo, kutapurirana kunopihwa nehuwandu hwemamwe masevhisi emagetsi, kunyanya kuvandudza kudzora nesimba rakawandisa, chirongwa chinobvumira izvi.

Permanent (Yakazara-nguva) kana plug-in (Part-time) mana-mavhiri dhiraivha: ndeupi musiyano uye ndeupi uri nani?

Auto

Kubatanidza imwe dhiraivha axle ine otomatiki michina ine akawanda mavhezheni, maviri chaiwo zvirongwa anogona kusiyaniswa, anoshandiswa paBMW uye mamwe akawanda maprimiyamu, uye clutch iri kumashure vhiri dhiraivha yakafanana kune akawanda crossovers.

Muchiitiko chekutanga, zvinhu zvose zvinogoverwa kune zvigunwe mu razdatka nemotokari yemagetsi. Kusunga kana kunyungudutsa iyi clutch inoshanda mumafuta, zvinokwanisika kushandura kugoverwa kwenguva pamwe nematemo pamusoro pehupamhi.

Kazhinji, kana uchitanga neinjini ine simba, kana mavhiri makuru ekumashure atanga kutsvedza, iwo epamberi anobatanidzwa kuti avabatsire. Kune mamwe maalgorithms ekugoverazve, iwo akaomeswa mundangariro dzemayuniti ekudzora anoverenga kuverenga kweakawanda sensors.

Chechipiri chechipiri chakafanana, asi mavhiri makuru ari mberi, uye kumashure akabatanidzwa kwenguva pfupi kuburikidza nekubatanidza pakati pe cardan shaft uye axle gearbox.

Iyo clutch inopisa nekukurumidza, asi haitarisirwi kushanda kwenguva yakareba, dzimwe nguva iwe unofanirwa kusundira mota zvishoma pamusoro peekisesi yekumashure munzira inotsvedza kana munzira yakaoma. Aya ndiwo maitiro anenge ese macrossovers mu4 × 4 shanduko anovakwa.

Kumanikidzwa

Iyo yakapfava uye yakachipa mhando yeese-vhiri dhiraivha, anoshandiswa muutility SUVs ane nzvimbo yekusingaperi yebasa iri kunze kwegwagwa. Iyo yekumashure axle inoshanda senge inogara ichityaira axle, uye kana zvichidikanwa, mutyairi anogona kuvhura ekisero yekumberi, yakaoma, pasina mutsauko.

Nokudaro, panzvimbo yakaoma, motokari inofanira kunge iri shure-gumbo dhiraivha, zvikasadaro kutapurirana kuchakuvadzwa. Asi michina yakadaro ine muganhu mukuru wekuchengeteka, iri nyore uye isingadhuri kugadzirisa.

Mazhinji mapikicha anounzwa kunze kwenyika uye maSUV ane zvigadziriso zvakadaro, dzimwe nguva zvinodhura uye zvakaoma mumhando yepamusoro sarudzo yekutyaira.

Zvakanakira uye zvakaipa zve4WD (4×4)

Minus, chaizvoizvo, imwe - mutengo wenyaya. Asi zvinoonekwa kwese kwese:

• pakutanga motokari yakaoma zvikuru, saka inodhura pakutenga;
• kazhinji inoda kugadziriswa, iyo yakawanda midziyo, inoderedza kuvimbika;
• nekuda kwezvimwe zvikamu zvinotenderera, kunyanya kushandiswa kwemafuta;
• uremu hunowedzera, izvo zvinokanganisa maitiro uye kubudirira;
• kuwedzera kuoma mukugadzirisa kwezvikamu, izvo zvinoratidzwa mukuoma kwekugadzirisa.

Zvimwe zvese zvakakodzera:

• kugona kuyambuka-nyika, mavhiri ese akaremerwa ne torque;
• muchina uyu unodzorwa zvirinani nekuda kweiyo yekuwedzera thrust vector pane inodzorwa axle;
• kuvandudzwa kwemasimba mumigwagwa inotsvedza, matai anotsvedza kashoma;
• kugoverazve kwekusundira kunoderedza zvinodiwa zvekusimba kwezvikamu;
• tire yekutsika rabha inopfeka zvakanyanya zvakafanana.

Zvese izvi zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kushandisa zvakanyanya mavhiri ese-mavhiri pamichina ine simba uye inodhura, uko kuwedzera kumutengo hakuna kunyanya kukosha.

Nzira yekutyaira motokari ine mavhiri mana

Kuti uone zvese zvinogoneka zveese-vhiri drive, zvinodikanwa kuti udzidze magadzirirwo eimwe mota, kuti unzwisise kuti chirongwa chayo chekufambisa chinoshanda sei.

1. Usashandise plug-in ese-mavhiri dhiraivha pasina musiyano wepakati pane asphalt, izvi zvinokonzeresa kukurumidza kupera uye kubvaruka.
2. Kudzidzira kutyaira mumigwagwa inotsvedza mumakona, kazhinji mota dzinotyaira mavhiri ese, kunyanya dziya dzine musiyano wemahara kana otomatiki torque kutamisa, dzinogona kuita zvisingatarisike, kushandura maitiro kubva kumberi-vhiri kuenda kumashure-mavhiri uye zvinopesana. Uye zvinodikanwa kushanda negasi pedal mukutenderera nedhiametrically yakatarisana nehunyanzvi, mota yekuwedzera traction inogona kuenda neskid mukati mekutendeuka, kana kutanga kutsvedza ekisero yekumberi kunze. Izvo zvinoshandawo kune kunyorova kweaxle skid yekumashure iyo yatanga.
3. Kugadzikana kwakanaka kwe4 × 4 munguva yechando kunogona kurasikirwa kamwe kamwe kumutyairi. Iwe unofanirwa kunge wakagadzirira izvi, nokuti mono-drive motokari dzinogara dzichinyevera nezvekurasikirwa kwekufambisa mberi.
4. Kugona kuyambuka-nyika kwakanakisa hakufanire kutungamira kushanya kusingafungi kune madhaka "vakavandira" kana minda yechando. Kugona kubuda mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro pasina tirakita kunoenderana zvakanyanya nematairi akasarudzwa pane kugona kweautomation mukufambiswa.

Panguva imwecheteyo, mune inonzwisisika yekutyaira mota, ese-vhiri dhiraivha mota inogara ichibatsira kudzivirira matambudziko ayo anozopinda mamonodrives kare. Usangozvishandisa zvakanyanyisa.

Chii chinonzi mana-mavhiri dhiraivha, marudzi ese-mavhiri dhiraivha, sei AWD yakasiyana ne4WD

Mune ramangwana, mota dzese dzichagashira mavhiri ese. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekufambira mberi mune teknolojia yemotokari dzemagetsi. Zviri nyore kwazvo kuita chirongwa chine mota yemagetsi kune yega vhiri uye epamberi magetsi emagetsi.

Idzi mota hadzichada ruzivo rweinjiniya nezvemhando yekutyaira. Mutyairi anongodzora accelerator pedal, mota ichaita zvimwe.