Icho chishandiso uye mhando dzemotokari mudhiraivho

Hazvina mhosva kuti mota yakanaka sei uye ine simba sei, pasina chishandiso ichi hazvigone kufamba zvakachengeteka pairi. Steering inobvumira mota kufamba makona.

Hapana mota isina mudziyo uyu. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, ine chinyakare dhizaini, mune mamwe akaomesesa zvakakwana zvekuti nyanzvi chete dzinogona kugadzirisa.

Kunyangwe mumotokari, iyo yekufambisa system zvakare ine akati wandei nadzurudzo. Ngatitarisei kuti mashandiro aya anoshanda sei, anoshanda musimboti, uyezve ndezvipi zvinodiwa pakutungamira.

Chii chinonzi kudhiraivha mota

Iyo yekufambisa sisitimu inounganidza zvikamu mune imwe mashini, chinangwa chayo ndechekushandura kona yechinzvimbo chemavhiri epamberi emota kutendeuka mota uchityaira. Iyi michina inokutendera iwe kuti uchinje mafambiro emota zvichienderana nechido chemutyairi.

Iyo sisitimu inodzorwa nekushandura mudhiraivho. Kuita kuti basa rive nyore kumutyairi, simba rekufambisa rinogara rakaiswa mumotokari hombe. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvisinei, huwandu hwakawanda hwemotokari dzevatakurwi dzakagadzirirwawo dzakasiyana siyana gudzazwi.

Steering mudziyo

Yakajairwa yekumisikidza system ine zvinotevera zvinhu:

• Chidhiraivho. Inowanikwa mukat (kana mukamuri yemotokari). Nekuchinja chinzvimbo chayo, mutyairi anoshandura kutsauka kwemavhiri eruboshwe uye kurudyi kubva munzira yekutanga. Mumota dzemazuva ano, mamwe mabhatani ebasa ari pairi (semuenzaniso, kudzora multimedia system kana kushandura maratidziro akaratidzwa padashboard screen).
• Gozvo mbiru. Iyi ndiyo imwe yemhando dzekutapurirana kwekanzani. Mumaitiro aya, shafts dzinoverengeka dzakabatana nemahinji. Kutenda dhizaini iyi, vagadziri vanogona kushandisa sarudzo yekuchinja kona yemutauri (kupa runyararo kana vanhu vanopfuura mumwe vachityaira mota, semuenzaniso, murume nemukadzi). Iyo yekufambisa ikholamu inoshandura torque kubva kudhiraivhi kuenda kune yekufambisa. Iwo mahinji mazhinji anoshanda kunatsiridza kuchengetedza mukurovera kwepamberi. Iyo mutauri-chikamu mutauri iri nyore kuremara, izvo zvinokonzeresa kukuvara kudiki kune mutyairi. Iwo ekumisikidza makoramu switch anowanikwa pane iwo muviri weiyi michina (iwo makuru ma switch ari akareruka uye washer modes).
• Steering giya. Inosanganisira tsvimbo dzekufambisa dzehurefu hwakasiyana, idzo dzinotora masimba kubva mukodhi yekufambisa uye nekuchinjisa ichienderera mberi kumavhiri. Iyi nzira inosanganisirawo matipi uye levers. Dhizaini yechikamu ichi inogona zvakare kusiyana zvichienderana nemhando yemota.

Pamusoro pezvakakosha zvinhu mune mudhiraivho, masimba emagetsi uye damping (damper) masystem anogona zvakare kunge aripo.

Steering system dhizaini

Nhasi, pane zvakawanda nadzurudzo yemotokari. Kune zvimwe zvinokwanisika zvinokanganisa zviito zvemutyairi, kugadzirisa mafambiro emota. Kune zvakare zvirikuitika pamwe otomatiki kuyedza, kunyangwe yakazara-yakazara autopilots ichiri padanho repfungwa, uye mutemo hautenderi mota dzinozvimiririra mumigwagwa yeruzhinji.

Pakati pemaitirwo emazuva ano ekubatsira mutyairi, pane nzira yekuchengetedza kana kuongorora mamiriro emutyairi (semuenzaniso, kana achinge arara, maoko ake zvishoma nezvishoma anoregedza kubata kwevhiri, ma sensors anoita kune iri simba uye system inovaka mota kudivi remugwagwa).

Iwo maitirwo akaenzana anosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu:

• Chidhiraivho;
• Gozvo mbiru;
• Mudhiraivho;
• Power gozvo.

Heano mamwe emaficha ezvinhu izvi.

Mudhiraivho (mudhiraivho, mudhiraivho)

Iyi yakapusa tsananguro inobvumira mutyairi kusarudza nzira yemotokari. Mavhiri emazuva ano ane mavhiri anotendera mutyairi kuti amise kana kushandura pakati pemaitiro akasiyana pasina kutsauswa pakutyaira.

Saizi yedhiraivhi yakakosha. Kana mota isina mudhiraivho, saka vhiri rekutenderera rakanyanya kunetsa kubata. Mune ino kesi, iwe unogona kuisa modhi ine hombe dhayamita. Asi kune rimwe divi, vhiri rakakura rinokanganisa zvakare kutyaira kwekutyaira. Panguva imwecheteyo, kudzora kwemotokari ine chidhiraivho chakanyanya kupinza.

Chekutanga, chikamu chepamusoro chevhiringi chinokanganisa maonero, kana kana mutyairi akakura, achazorora netsoka dzake, izvo zvinokanganisawo kuchengetedzeka kwekutyaira. Chechipiri, chidhiraivho chidiki chinoda simba rakawanda padivi remutyairi, kunyanya kana uchimhanyisa kumhanya. Zvakare, hazvishamise kuti madhiraivhi madiki anovharidzira iwo maratidziro anoratidzwa padhibhodhi.

Mune auto zvikamu zvitoro unogona kuwana mavhiri ekumhanya ane akasiyana maumbirwo (kwete zvakaringana kutenderera). Chorukwa chakasungirirwa padhiraivho kuti uwedzere kutasva kukwira. Mimwe inodhura mamodheru emota ane kudziya kwevhiri.

Vhidhiyo iyi inokurukura matipi evatyairi vevacheche maererano neyakakodzera dhiraivhi kushandisa:

Kutyaira sei - tekisi tekiniki. Murairidzi wemotokari Sergey Markitesov.

Gozvo mbiru

Kuendesa torque kubva mudhiraivho kuenda kune yekufambisa, mota yega yega ine dhairendamu. Kudzora zvinhu zvakasungirirwa kwariri pasi pevhiringi - switch dzekuchinjisa uye maipukuta ane akasiyana mabasa ekuwedzera. Mumitambo yemitambo, paddle shifters dzimwe nguva dzinowanikwa izvo zvinobvumidza mutyairi kuti achinje magiya, kana kutevedzera shanduko iyi nekuunza kutapurirana munzira yakakodzera.

Mune shanduro dzekare, shaft yakatwasuka yakashandiswa mukoramu yekufambisa. Mushanduro dzemazuva ano, rakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvinoverengeka, izvo zvakabatana nekufambiswa kwekanzani. Izvi ndezve zvikonzero zvekuchengetedza - mune chiitiko chekurovera-pamusoro, iyo steering ikholamu inopeta pasi kwete kunamira mubhokisi remutyairi.

Nekuda kweichi dhizaini, mazhinji emota dzazvino mota ane kodhi inodzorwa. Izvi zvinobvumira kudhiraivhu kuti kuve kunoenderana kune epanyama data yeakasiyana madhiraivha. Mumotokari yepamberi, chinhu ichi chakaiswa otomatiki kugadzirisa, iyo inowanzo kuve neyekuyeuka kwevatyairi vakati wandei.

Kuti ubvise kudedera kunouya kubva mumavhiri paunenge uchityaira, damper yakaiswa mukoramu yekufambisa.

Steering giya uye giya rekufambisa

Mbiru yekufambisa yakabatana nedhiraivhi kune rimwe divi uye kune giya rekufambisa kune rimwe racho. Chidimbu ichi chinomiririrwa neseti yetanda uye majoini ayo anoendesa masimba kumavhiri. Mutyairi anoshandisa simba rinotenderera kushandura muchina, uyo unoshandurwa kuita simba rakatsetseka munzira yekufambisa.

Kune izvi, peya yekufambisa inoshandiswa. Chaizvoizvo iri rack giya kana honye roller. Asi pane zvimwe okunatsiridza vane yavo mamiriro uye musimboti wokuchinjisa mauto kubva mudhiraivho kusvika mavhiri. Verenga pamusoro pechigadzirwa uye musimboti wekushanda kweiyo rack rack pano.

Iyo yekufambisa giya ine maviri akakosha mashandiro:

1. Inopa kutenderera kwemavhiri epamberi;
2. Inodzosera mavhiri panzvimbo yavo yepakutanga nekukurumidza apo masimba ari mukodhi yekufambisa kubva kudivi remutyairi aburitswa.

Iyo yekugedhi giya rese inogara mudzimba (steering rack). Chidimbu chakaiswa kumberi kwemotokari (kazhinji pane subframe yekumberi, uye kana pasina furemu, ipapo pane chassis, pane kufambisa kana kunyange painjini). Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti iyo yakaderera iyi mashini yakaiswa, iyo inonyanya kushanda muchina wekudhiza unoshanda.

Mukugadzirwa kwekare, giya rekufambisa rinotenderera mavhiri epamberi emota. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvakadaro, masisitimu ane mudhiraivho wemashure ari kuwana mukurumbira zvakare, senge chizvarwa chazvino Volkswagen Touareg. Mune masisitimu akadaro anomhanya anosvika makumi mana km / h. mavhiri ekumashure nekumberi anotenderera nenzira dzakatarisana. Kana mota ichifamba nespidhi yakakwira kupfuura makumi mana emakiromita / h, mavhiri ekumashure nekumberi anotenderera nenzira imwe mukukombama. Nadzurudzo iyi yekudyidzana kunodzora kutendeuka nharaunda, uye zvakare inovandudza mota kubata kana pakona.

Power gozvo

Sezvo dhiraidhi yekumhanyisa mavhiri (kunyanya mumotokari yakamira) inoda kumwe kuyedza padivi kwemutyairi, vagadziri vakagadzira akasiyana ma amplifaya. Pakutanga, hydraulic modification yakashandiswa mukutakura zvinhu. Zvishoma nezvishoma, yakadaro sisitimu yakawana mashandisiro ayo mumotokari dzevanofamba.

Iko kudiwa kwekusimudzira hakuna kuoneka chete kuti uwedzere nyaradzo. Ichokwadi ndechekuti kana uchityaira nekumhanya kwazvo, zvinova zvakaoma kubata mudhiraivho wemotokari muma bhendi, kunyanya mumotokari yemitambo. Simba rekufambisa rinobatsira kuita uku. Iyo sisitimu yakagashirawo mhinduro dzakanaka kubva kune vakanaka bonde.

Amplifiers anoshanda pamisimboti yakasiyana. Inowanzozivikanwa isimba rinotungamira. Magudzazwi emagetsi akawanawo mukurumbira. Asi kune zvakare akasanganiswa masisitimu anoshandisa mashandiro eese maviri ekugadzirisa (EGUR). Uye zvakare, pamusoro pemhando dzemhando dzekutungamira marack akaudzwa mune imwe wongororo.

Kutungamira chinangwa

Steering inowanzo shandura mavhiri epamberi, zvisinei, kune zvakare maviri-ekisero dhiraivha (kunyanya makuru-saizi mota ane mana maekisheni, maviri acho anotendeuka), pamwe neshure-vhiri dhiraivhira modzisiro.

Hapana mota inogona kuita isina mudhiraivho, nekuti hapana mugwagwa wakanangana nepasi. Kunyangwe kana munhu aigona kufungidzira nenzira yakadaro, zvipingamupinyi zvaizoramba zvichioneka pairi izvo zvaifanira kudzivirirwa. Pasina kudhiraivhara, zvingave zvakare zvisingaite kupaka mota yako zvakachengeteka.

Kana mugadziri asina kuisa iyi system mumotokari, kubata kwavo kwaisazosiyana nekufambisa kwechitima. Kunyangwe kuedza kugadzira muchina unogona kudzorwa nesimba rekufunga usamire (mumufananidzo uri pamusoro - imwe yekuvandudzwa kweGM).

Kutungamira musimboti

Nhungamiro iri nyore. Mutyairi anotendeudza vhiri rekufambisa, masimba anotamirwa kukombi yekufambisa. Vanobva vaenda kune steering gear. Mukugadzirwa kwechinyakare, mudhiraivho unotyaira tsvimbo dzekufambisa, dzakabatana nemavhiri uchishandisa system yebhora inoguma.

Kurongeka kwevhiri rinotendeuka zvakananga kunoenderana nesaizi yedhiraivho. Zvakare, iko kuedza kunoda kuiswa kushandura mavhiri kunoenderana neiyi paramende. Mhando dzakawanda dzakashongedzerwa nemagetsi kana emagetsi ekuwedzera, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kushandisa vhiri mudiki mumotokari.

Mhando dzekufambisa

Masisitimu ese ekutungamira akapatsanurwa kuita matatu marudzi:

• Rack uye pinion mashandiro. Kazhinji kacho anoshandiswa mumabhajeti mota. Dhizaini yekutonga kwakadai ndiyo yakapusa. Ine bhawa rine mazino. Inotyairwa nekutungamira ikholamu giya. Iri zano rinoshanda zvakanyanya. Izvo chete zvinokanganisa mashandiro aya ndeyekunzwisisika kune zvekuvhunduka kubva kune isina kunaka-mamiriro emigwagwa.
• Worm giya. Nadzurudzo iyi inopa hombe vhiri gozvo angled. Izvo zvishoma zvine hanya nekuvhunduka mitoro, asi inodhura kupfuura yapfuura, nekuti zvinonyanya kuoma kugadzira.
• Screw mashandiro. Iko kuchinjwa kweanalogo yehonye, ​​asi ine basa rakawedzera uye inowedzera simba rinodiwa kuti mota ifambe.

Zvisinei nemhando yerudzi rwekutyaira, basa remaitiro aya rinogona kukwidziridzwa nemidziyo yakadaro.

• Hydraulic chinowedzera. Iyo ine yakapusa dhizaini mune ino chinyorwa. Iyo system inoenderana uye yakachipa kuchengetedza. Kunyangwe mamwe mabhajeti emota emhando yezvizvarwa zvichangoburwa akave nekushandurwa kwakadai. Kuti iyo system ishande nemazvo, zvinofanirwa kugara zvichiongorora mwero wekushanda kwemvura. Iyo yekuwedzera pombi inotyairwa neinoshanda yemukati kupisa injini.
• Gudzazwi remagetsi. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvichangobva kugadziriswa. Izvo hazvidi kuomarara kuchengetedza uye kugadzirisa kwakanaka. Inopa hukuru hwekutungamira kupindura. Seizvo zita rinoratidzira, iyo mashini inofambiswa nemagetsi mota.
• Electrohydraulic gudzazwi. Nadzurudzo iyi inoshanda pamusoro simba gozvo. Musiyano chete ndewekuti hydraulic pombi inofambiswa nemagetsi, uye haina kubatana kune mota mota, senge mune yekutanga kesi. Zviitiko zviviri zvekupedzisira zvinobvumidza kushandiswa kwemafuta mashoma pane yekutanga mhando, nekuti mashandiro ehurongwa haana hukama neinjini yekutyaira.

Mukuwedzera kune akasiyana amplifaya, mota inogona kuve yakagadzirirwa neAlex Dynamic Control kana Adaptive Control. Misiyano yavo ndeinotevera:

1. Inogadzirisa chiyero chegiya zvinoenderana nekumhanya vhiri. Izvi zvinoita kuti mota dzigadzikane mumigwagwa inotsvedza. Iyo system haibvumire iwe kutenderedza mudhiraivho nekukasira, kudzivirira oversteer kana understeer.
2. Iyo inesimba sisitimu inoshanda nenzira yakafanana, kunze kwekuti mota yemagetsi inoshandiswa pachinzvimbo cheplaneti yekutyaira.
3. Inotorwa senge tekinoroji yehunyanzvi nekuti hapana hukama hwepanyama pakati pegiya rekufambisa nemagiya ekufambisa mune aya maitirwo. Iyo system inodzorwa neyemagetsi control unit inoongorora yakawanda data: kubva kuma sensors eiri vhiri kumhanya, chidhiraivho, nezvimwe.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, tekinoroji yakaiswa pane mamwe mamodheru emota dzemhando yepamusoro uye mota dzemitambo nekutendeuka kwete kumberi chete, asiwo mavhiri ekumashure. Izvi zvinowedzera kugadzikana kwemotokari kana ichinge yakona pakumhanya. Mavhiri ekumashure anotendeuka zvichienderana nekumhanya kwemotokari.

Kana mota ichifamba makiromita makumi mana / h, ipapo ekisero yekumashure inotendeuka yakatarisana nedivi kubva kumavhiri ekumberi (kana vakatarisa kumberi kurudyi, kumashure ndiko kunotarira kuruboshwe).

Kana kumhanya kwemota kukwira kupfuura makumi mana km / h, kana uchinge wapinda mukuchinja, mavhiri ekumashure anozotenderera nedivi rimwe chete nekumberi. Izvi zvinoderedza njodzi yekuumbika skid.

Zvinodiwa Zvemotokari

Iwo manejimendi ekudzora chero mota anofanirwa kuita zvinotevera zvinodiwa:

• Ita shuwa kukwana kwakaringana kwemotokari chero kumhanya. Mutyairi anofanirwa kumisa nyore nzira yaunoda yemota;
• Inofanirwa kuve nyore kushandisa kuitira kuti kunyangwe mutyairi akaneta anogona kusvika zvakachengeteka kunzvimbo yekuzorora;
• Paunenge uchitenderedza mavhiri, mudhiraivho unofanirwa kupa yakachena kupfuura zvese kutenderera. Pamabhendi, mavhiri haafanire kutsvedza kuitira kuti mota irege kurasikirwa nekugadzikana kwayo. Kune izvi, iyo kona yekuda uye kutenderera kwemavhiri inofanirwa kuve yakasimbiswa chaizvo;
• Dzosera mavhiri kumashure kunzira yakatwasuka (pamwe nemuviri) mushure mekunge mutyairi amira kuita kuyedza kutendeuka;
• Nyorovesa kudengenyeka kana uchityaira munzira dzisina kuenzana;
• Iva nekuteerera kwakakwira kune chero mirairo yemutyairi;
• Kunyangwe ma amplifaya akakundikana, michina inofanirwa kutendera mutyairi kudzora mota.

Imwe paramende inowira muchikamu chekutungamira zvinodiwa kutamba mutambo. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve zvinobvumidzwa backlash mitengo, ona separated article.

Zvimiro zve kurudyi-ruoko uye kuruboshwe-ruoko kutyaira

Haisi chakavanzika kunaani zvake kuti mutemo wedzimwe nyika unopa traffic yekuruboshwe munzira. Muchiitiko ichi, vhiri rekusimudza richaiswa kurudyi kwemota, uye mutyairi, zvakasikwa, achagara kwazvinowanzoitika mudunhu medu kuti aone mutyairi wepamberi.

Musiyano wemhando iyi yekufambisa haingorarame kwete munzvimbo yekutyaira mukamuri. Iyo inogadzira inochinjisa zvakare nzira yekufambisa zvinoenderana nekubatana negearbox. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, mota yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa mumigwagwa ine kuruboshwe ruoko traffic inogona kushandurwa kuti ienderane nemamiriro eruoko rwerudyi. Kuti uite izvi, usati watenga mota yekutanga, unofanirwa kuziva kana michina yekufambisa yakatengeswa kuti ishandure mota.

Dzimwe mhando dzemuchina wekurima dzinoshandisa hydraulic system inobvumidza kuti mudhiraivho uiswe chero mukati mekombi. Muchiitiko ichi, kubatana pakati pevhiri uye giya rinopihwa nemagetsi, ayo anodzorwa nepombi yekumira.

Mukushandurwa kwakadaro hakuna chinokatyamadza (kunyangwe fekitori imwe), sezvo isina giya ine giya, honye kana sikuruu dhiraivha. Ehe, yakadaro sisitimu isingawanzoitika mune dzakareruka mota Chikumbiro chayo chikuru iguru michina yakakosha.

Iko kusakosha kukuru kwekutungamira

Zvikanganiso zvekutungamira zvinosanganisira:

• Kudhiraivha kutamba (kubva kwainoitika, verenga pano);
• Kugogodza paunenge uchityaira (nekuda kwekusunungura mamaki ekumisikidza mabhaudhi);
• Kudzikira kwemajoini emudonzvo;
• Kupfeka kwemeno pane peya yekutapurirana (pane giya, rack, honye kana roller);
• Kutyorwa kwekugadziriswa kweiyo gearing mashandiro;
• Zvikanganiso mu hydraulic kana yemagetsi booster (yezvikanganiso uye zvinogona kugadzirisa nzira, verenga mune imwe yakatarwa chinyorwa).

Kuti ubvise zvinokanganisa, zvinotarisirwa kuti usimbise mabhaudhi ese ekumisikidza, kutsiva zvikamu zvakasakara uye gadziridza nzira yekufambisa. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kudhiraira hakuwanzo kutadza kamwe kamwe. Nekuda kwekuchengetedza kwakakodzera, zvinhu zvikuru zvinogara kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana (kazhinji zvakatowanda kupfuura nguva yakatarwa nemugadziri).

Mibvunzo nemhinduro:

Ndeapi marudzi ekutungamirira? Mhando nhatu dzemagadzirirwo akajairika: rack, worm uye screw. Mumotokari dzebhajheji, rudzi rwekutanga rwekutungamirira nzira inoshandiswa. Chero ipi zvayo inogona kunge iine amplifier.

Chinangwa chekufambisa chii? Inopa kufamba kwemota munzira yakatarwa nemutyairi. Iyo michina inofambisa mavhiri mundege yakachinjika. Kutyaira uine chidhiraivho chisina kunaka chinorambidzwa.

Ndezvipi zvikamu zvikuru zvechidhiraivho? Inosanganisira: chinongedzo chinochinjika, ruoko rwezasi, pivot pini, ruoko rwepamusoro, longitudinal link, giya rekutungamirira bipod, giya rekutungamirira, shaft yekutungamirira uye vhiri.