Digital tekinoroji iri padyo zvishoma kune biology, DNA uye uropi

Elon Musk anovimbisa kuti munguva pfupi iri kutevera vanhu vachakwanisa kugadzira yakazara-yakazara brain-computer interface. Panguva ino, tinonzwa nguva nenguva pamusoro pekuedza kwake pamhuka, kutanga panguruve, uye munguva pfupi yapfuura patsoko. Pfungwa yekuti Musk achawana nzira yake uye anokwanisa kuisa chiteshi chekutaurirana mumusoro wemunhu inonakidza vamwe, inotyisa vamwe.

Haasi kungoshanda patsva Musk. Masayendisiti kubva kuUK, Switzerland, Germany neItaly munguva pfupi yapfuura akazivisa mhedzisiro yeprojekiti yakabatana artificial neurons ane zvakasikwa (Poshi). Zvose izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza neInternet, iyo inobvumira biological uye "silicon" neurons kutaurirana. Kuedza kwaisanganisira kukura neuroni mumakonzo, idzo dzakazoshandiswa kusaina. Mutungamiriri weboka Stefano Vassanelli yakashuma kuti masayendisiti kekutanga akakwanisa kuratidza kuti tsinga dzakagadzirwa dzakaiswa pachip chip dzinogona kubatanidzwa zvakananga neiyo biological.

Vatsvakurudzi vanoda kutora mukana artificial neural network kudzorera kushanda kwakakodzera kwenzvimbo dzakakanganisika dzeuropi. Kana yangoiswa mune yakakosha kuisirwa, iyo neurons ichaita senge rudzi rweprosthesis inozoenderana neiyo yakasikwa mamiriro ehuropi. Iwe unogona kuverenga zvakawanda nezve purojekiti pachayo mune chinyorwa muScientific Reports.

Facebook inoda kupinda muuropi hwako

Avo vanotya teknolojia itsva yakadaro vanogona kunge vakarurama, kunyanya patinonzwa izvozvo, somuenzaniso, tinoda kusarudza "zviri mukati" zveuropi hwedu. Pachiitiko chakaitwa muna Gumiguru 2019 neFacebook-backed research centre Chan Zuckerberg BioHub, akataura nezvetariro yehuropi-inodzorwa inotakurika michina inotsiva mbeva nekhibhodi. "Chinangwa ndechekukwanisa kudzora zvinhu muchokwadi kana chakawedzerwa nemafungiro ako," akadaro Zuckerberg, akatorwa neCNBC. Facebook yakatenga CTRL-labs, yekutanga inovandudza brain-computer interface masisitimu, kweinoda kusvika bhiriyoni remadhora.

Kushanda pahuropi-kombuta interface yakatanga kuziviswa paFacebook F8 musangano muna 2017. Zvinoenderana nehurongwa hwenguva refu hwekambani, rimwe zuva zvisizvo zvisingapindike zvinopfeka zvinobvumira vashandisi kuita nyora mazwi nekungoafunga. Asi rudzi urwu rwetekinoroji ichiri padanho rekutanga, kunyanya sezvo tiri kutaura nezve kubata, kusingapindike nzvimbo. “Kukwanisa kwavo kushandura zviri kuitika muuropi kuita basa remotokari kwakaganhurirwa. Kune mikana mikuru, chimwe chinhu chinoda kuiswa, "Zuckerberg akadaro pamusangano wambotaurwa.

Vanhu vachazvibvumira here "kudyara chimwe chinhu" kuti vabatane nevanhu vanozivikanwa nekuda kwavo kusingadzoreki kudya yakavanzika data kubva kufacebook? (2) Zvichida vanhu vakadaro vangawanwa, kunyanya paanovapa zvidimbu zvenyaya zvavasingadi kuverenga. Muna Zvita 2020, Facebook yakaudza vashandi kuti iri kushanda pane chishandiso kupfupikisa ruzivo kuti vashandisi vasaverenge. Pamusangano mumwe chete iwoyo, akapa zvimwe zvirongwa zveneural sensor kuona pfungwa dzevanhu uye kudzishandura kuita zviito pawebhusaiti.

2. Huropi uye kupindirana kwe Facebook

Ko makomputa anoshanda muuropi anogadzirwa nei?

Aya mapurojekiti handiwo ega kuedza kugadzirwa. Kungobatana chete kwenyika idzi handicho chete chinangwa chinoteverwa. Kune, semuenzaniso. neuromorphic engineering, maitiro ane chinangwa chekugadzirisa zvakare kugona kwemichina uropi hwomunhu, somuenzaniso, maererano nekushanda kwayo kwesimba.

Zvinofanotaurwa kuti panosvika 2040, zviwanikwa zvesimba repasi rose hazvizokwanisa kuzadzisa zvido zvedu zvekombuta kana tikanamatira kusilicon tekinoroji. Naizvozvo, pane kudikanwa kwekukurumidzira kugadzira masisitimu matsva anogona kugadzirisa data nekukurumidza uye, zvinonyanya kukosha, simba rakawanda zvinobudirira. Masayendisiti akaziva kwenguva refu kuti maitiro ekutevedzera angave imwe nzira yekuzadzisa chinangwa ichi. uropi hwomunhu.

W silicon makomputa mabasa akasiyana anoitwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuviri, izvo zvinowedzera nguva yekugadzirisa uye zvinokonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwekupisa. Kusiyana neizvi, ma<em>neuron ari muuropi anogona kutumira nokugamuchira mashoko panguva imwe chete netiweki yakakura inopeta kagumi simba remakombiyuta edu epamusoro-soro.

Mukana mukuru wehuropi pamusoro peayo esilicon evamwe kugona kwayo kugadzirisa data mukufanana. Imwe neimwe yemaneuroni yakabatana kune zviuru zvevamwe, uye ese anogona kuita sekupinza uye zvinobuda zve data. Kuti tive nekukwanisa kuchengetedza nekugadzirisa ruzivo, sezvatinoita, zvakakosha kukudziridza zvinhu zvemuviri zvinogona kukurumidza uye zvakanaka kuchinja kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yekufambisa kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo isingatarisirwi, sezvinoitwa neuroni. 

Mwedzi mishomanana yapfuura, imwe nyaya yakabudiswa mumagazini Matter nezvekudzidza kwechinhu chine zvinhu zvakadaro. Masayendisiti epaTexas A&M University vakagadzira nanowires kubva pachiratidzo chekomboni β'-CuXV2O5 chinoratidza kugona kutenderera pakati penyika dzekuita mukupindura shanduko yetembiricha, voltage, uye ikozvino.

Pakunyatsoongorora, zvakaonekwa kuti kugona uku kunokonzerwa nekufamba kwecopper ions mukati me β'-CuxV2O5, iyo inokonzera electron movement uye inoshandura maitiro ekuitisa zvechinyorwa. Kuti udzore chiitiko ichi, simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa mu β'-CuxV2O5, yakafanana zvikuru neiyo inoitika apo biological neurons inotumira zviratidzo kune mumwe nemumwe. Huropi hwedu hunoshanda nekupfura mamwe ma neuron panguva dzakakosha mukutevedzana kwakasiyana. Kutevedzana kwezviitiko zveneural zvinotungamira mukugadziriswa kweruzivo, kungave kurangarira ndangariro kana kuita chiitiko chemuviri. Chirongwa chine β'-CuxV2O5 chichashanda nenzira imwechete.

Hard drive muDNA

Imwe nzvimbo yetsvagiridzo ndeyekutsvagisa kwakavakirwa pabiology. nzira dzekuchengetedza data. Imwe yemafungiro, atakatsanangurawo kakawanda muMT, ndeaya anotevera. kuchengetedza data muDNA, inoonekwa seyakavimbiswa, yakanyanya kusimba uye yakagadzikana yekuchengetedza svikiro (3). Pakati pezvimwe, pane zvigadziriso zvinobvumira kuchengetedza data mumagenome emasero mapenyu.

Pakazosvika 2025, zvinofungidzirwa kuti angangoita mazana mashanu exabytes edata achagadzirwa zuva rega rega pasi rese. Kuzvichengeta kunogona kukurumidza kusashanda kushandisa. tsika nesilicon tekinoroji. Kuwanda kweruzivo muDNA kunogona kuita mamirioni enguva kukwira pane kuya kweakajairwa hard drive. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti giramu rimwe reDNA rinogona kuva nemagigabytes anosvika mamiriyoni 215. Iyo zvakare yakagadzikana zvakanyanya kana yakachengetwa zvakanaka. Muna 2017, masayendisiti akabvisa genome yakakwana yemhando yebhiza yakapera yakagara makore 700 apfuura, uye gore rakapera, DNA yakaverengwa kubva kune mammoth akararama mamiriyoni emakore apfuura.

Dambudziko guru nderekutsvaga nzira mukomboni digital world i data ine biochemical world yemajini. Parizvino pane DNA synthesis murabhoritari, uye kunyangwe mitengo iri kudonha nekukurumidza, ichiri basa rakaoma uye rinodhura. Kana yangogadzirwa, kutevedzana kunofanirwa kunyatsochengetwa mu vitro kusvika yagadzirira kushandiswazve kana inogona kuunzwa mumaseru mhenyu uchishandisa CRISPR gene editing tekinoroji.

Columbia University vatsvakurudzi vakaratidza nzira itsva inobvumira kutendeuka kwakananga digital electronic zviratidzo mune genetic data yakachengetwa mumajenomes emasero mapenyu. "Fungidzira madhiraivha akaomarara anogona kuverengera uye kugadzirisa muviri munguva chaiyo," akadaro Harris Wang, mumwe wenhengo dzeSingularity Hub timu. "Tinotenda kuti danho rekutanga riri kukwanisa kuvhara zvakananga data yebhinari mumasero pasina kudiwa kwe in vitro DNA synthesis."

Basa racho rinobva pane CRISPR-based cell recorder, iyo Wang Yakagadzirwa kare mabhakitiriya eE. coli, ayo anoona kuvepo kwemamwe madhandanuri eDNA mukati mesero uye anonyora chiratidzo ichi mugenome yechinhu. Iyo sisitimu ine DNA-yakavakirwa "sensor module" inopindura kune mamwe masaini ehupenyu. Wang nevamwe vake vakagadzirisa sensor module kuti ishande ne biosensor yakagadziridzwa neimwe timu, iyo inozopindura kune magetsi masaini. Pakupedzisira, izvi zvakabvumira vatsvakurudzi yakananga coding yeruzivo rwedhijitari mubhakitiriya genome. Huwandu hwe data inogona kuchengetwa sero rimwe idiki, mabhiti matatu chete.

Saka masayendisiti akawana nzira yekukodha makumi maviri nemana akasiyana mabhakitiriya ane akasiyana 24-bit zvidimbu zve data panguva imwe chete, kune inokwana makumi manomwe nemaviri mabhiti. Ivo vakaishandisa encode "Mhoro nyika!" mameseji. muutachiona. uye yakaratidza kuti kupfurikidza nokuodha chiverengero chavagari vapasi chakabatanidzwa uye kushandisa mugadzirisi wakagadzirwa zvikuru, vaigona kurava shoko racho noururami hwe3 muzana. 

Zviripachena, 72 bits iri kure nekugona. misa yakawanda mazuvano hard drives. Zvisinei, masayendisiti anodavira kuti mhinduro yacho inogona kukurumidza kuyerwa. Kuchengeta data mumaseru iri, maererano nemasayendisiti, yakachipa zvikuru kupfuura dzimwe nzira kukodha mumajeninekuti iwe unogona kungokura mamwe maseru pane kuenda kuburikidza neyakaomesesa yekugadzira DNA synthesis. Masero anewo mano ekudzivirira DNA kubva pakukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza. Vakaratidza izvi nekuwedzera E. coli masero kune isina sterilized potting ivhu uyezve nekuvimbika kutora rose 52-bit meseji kubva kwavari kuburikidza kutevedzanisa ivhu akabatana microbial munharaunda. Masayendisiti akatangawo kugadzira DNA yemasero kuitira kuti akwanise kuita mabasa ane musoro uye okuyeuka.

4. Vision ye transhumanist singularity sechikamu chinotevera chekushanduka-shanduka

kubatanidzwa nyanzvi yemakombiyuta i telecommunications yakanyatsobatanidzwa nemafungiro e "transhumanist" imwe chete yakafanotaurwa nemamwe futurists zvakare (4). Brain-muchina interfaces, synthetic neurons, kuchengetedza genomic data - zvese izvi zvinogona kukura mune ino nzira. Pane dambudziko rimwe chete - idzi ndidzo dzese nzira uye zviedzo padanho rekutanga rekutsvaga. Saka avo vanotya ramangwana iri vanofanira kuzorora murunyararo, uye vanofarira kubatanidzwa kwemuchina wevanhu vanofanira kutonhora.