Kubata basa muGulf yeSalerno: Gunyana 1943, chikamu 1
Paratroopers yeUS 220th Corps inogara muGulf yeSalerno padyo nePaestum kubva kune yekumhara craft LCI (L) -XNUMX.
Kupinda kweItaly kwakatanga muna Chikunguru 1943 neAllied landings muSicily (Operation Husky). Danho rinotevera rakanga riri basa rokumhara muGulf of Salerno, iro rakapa nzvimbo yakasimba mukondinendi yeItaly. Mubvunzo wekuti sei ivo, muchokwadi, vaida iyi bridgehead yaive nharo.
Kunyangwe mushure mekukunda kweAllies muNorth Africa, kutungamira kweanogumbura kubva kuTunisia kuburikidza neSicily kuenda kuApennine Peninsula kwakaratidzika sekuenderera kune musoro, izvo zvaive zvisiri izvo. Vanhu vekuAmerica vaidavira kuti nzira pfupi yokukunda kutonga kweThird Reich yaipfuura nemuWestern Europe. Vachiziva kuvapo kwaikura kwamauto avo vamene muPacific, vaida kugumisa kuvhozhokera mhiri kweEnglish Channel nokukurumidza sezvinobvira. MaBritish ndiwo anopesana. Asati asvika muFrance, Churchill aitarisira kuti Germany yaizobuda ropa kusvika pakufa kuEastern Front, kurwiswa kwakarongeka kwaizoparadza kugona kwake kwemaindasitiri, uye aizowanazve simba muBalkan neGreece vasati vapinda maRussia. Zvisinei, zvizhinji zvezvose aitya kuti kurwiswa kwakananga paAtlantic Wall kwaizoguma nekurasikirwa uko maBritish aisakwanisa kuwana. Saka akanonoka nguva yacho, achitarisira kuti yaisazoitika zvachose. Nzira yakanakisisa yekuita izvi yaiva yekubatanidza mubatsiri mukushanda kumaodzanyemba kweEurope.
Spitfires kubva kuNo. 111 Squadron RAF paComiso; kumberi kune Mk IX, kumashure kune Mk V yechikuru (ine mapropeller ane-matatu).
Pakupedzisira, kunyange maAmerica aifanira kubvuma kuti - kunyanya nekuda kwekushayikwa kwezvinhu - kuvhurwa kweinonzi yechipiri kumberi muWestern Europe kusati kwapera 1943 kwaive nemukana wekubudirira uye kuti imwe mhando ye "inotsiva theme" chaidiwa. Chikonzero chaicho chekurwiswa kweSicily zhizha iro chaive chishuwo chekubatanidza mauto eAnglo-America muEurope mukuvhiya kwakakura zvekuti maRussia haana kunzwa sekunge vairwa naHitler vari voga. Nekudaro, danho rekugara muSicily harina kubvisa kusahadzika kweveWestern Allies pamusoro pezvekuita. Pamusangano weTrident muWashington muna Chivabvu 1, maAmerican akajekesa kuti Operation Overlord inofanirwa kutangwa pasati papfuura Chivabvu gore rinouya. Mubvunzo waiva wekuita pamberi pemauto epasi, kuti arege kumira asina basa nezvombo patsoka dzavo, uye kune rumwe rutivi, kwete kutambisa mauto aizokurumidza kudiwa kuti avhure mberi kwechipiri. MaAmerican akasimbirira kuti mukupera kwa1943, mushure mekutarisirwa kutorwa kweSicily, Sardinia neCorsica kutorwa, vachivaona semapuranga ekuzopinda mune ramangwana reSouthern France. Mukuwedzera, kuvhiyiwa kwakadaro kwaida mari shoma bedzi uye kwaigona kupedzwa nokukurumidza. Nekudaro, mukana uyu wakave wakanyanya kukanganisa mumaziso evazhinji - kushanda kweiyo diki diki haina kuita chero zvinangwa zvepasirese: haina kudhonza mauto eGerman kubva kuEastern Front, haina kugutsa ruzhinji, nyota yenhau dzekukunda kukuru.
Panguva imwecheteyo, Churchill nenyanzvi dzake dzaive dzichipinda muzvirongwa zvinoenderana neBritish state pfungwa. Vakasunga mubatanidzwa kuti vakunde kumaodzanyemba kwechikamu cheItaly - kwete kubva ipapo kuenda kuRoma uye kuenda kuchamhembe, asi kungowana misasa yekurwiswa kweBalkan. Vakataura kuti kuvhiyiwa kwakadaro kwaizotadzisa muvengi kuwana zviwanikwa zviripo (kusanganisira mafuta, chromium nemhangura), kukanganisa mitsetse yekugovera yekumabvazuva uye kukurudzira vabatsiri venzvimbo yaHitler (Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia neHungary) kusiya mubatanidzwa naye kuchasimbisa vezvematongerwo enyika muGreece uye pamwe kudhonza Turkey kudivi reGrand Coalition.
Nekudaro, kune veAmerica, hurongwa hwekushungurudza nyika mukati meBalkan hwakanzwika serwendo rwekuenda kupi zvako, rwunosunga mauto avo kune anoziva nguva yakareba sei. Zvakangodaro, tarisiro yekumhara paApennine Peninsula yaivewo kuyedza kune chimwe chikonzero - inogona kutungamira mukutapwa kweItaly. Tsigiro yevaNazi ikoko yaikurumidza kupera simba, saka pakanga paine mukana chaiwo wekuti nyika yaizobuda muhondo pamukana wekutanga. Kunyange zvazvo Germany yakanga yarega kuva mubatanidzwa wechiuto kwenguva refu, mapoka 31 eItaly akanga ari muBalkan uye matatu muFrance. Kunyange zvazvo vaiita basa rokugara kana kurinda mhenderekedzo yegungwa, kudikanwa kwokuvatsiva neuto ravo vamene kungadai kwakamanikidza maGermany kuita masimba makuru avaida kumwewo. Vaizofanira kugovera mari yakawanda yekugara kweItari pachayo. Varongi vemubatanidzwa vakatogutsikana kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro Germany yaizodzokera shure, ichisiya nyika yose, kana kuti chikamu chayo chekumaodzanyemba, pasina kurwa. Kunyangwe izvo zvingadai zvakabudirira zvikuru - mubani rakapoteredza guta reFoggia paive nenhandare dzendege umo mabhomba anorema aikwanisa kupamba nzvimbo dzinocheneswa oiri muRomania kana maindasitiri muAustria, Bavaria neCzechoslovakia.
"VaItaly vachachengeta shoko ravo"
Pazuva rekupedzisira raChikumi, General Eisenhower akazivisa Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) kuti hurongwa hwekudonha kwa1943 hwakaita kuti huenderane nesimba uye kuita kwemaGerman uye maitiro evaItaly kunguva yemazuva gumi. Kupinda kweSicily gare gare.
Ichi chimiro chekuchengetedza zvakanyanya chakatsanangurwa kusvika pamwero wakati nekusava nechokwadi kwaEisenhower pachake, uyo panguva iyoyo akanga asati ari mutungamiri mukuru, asiwo nekuziva kwake mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma ayo akazviwana ari maari. CCS yaida kuti, pashure pokunge kurwa kweSicily kwapera, itumire mapoka manomwe ane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira zvikuru (vana vokuAmerica navatatu vokuBritain) kudzokera kuEngland, uko vaifanira kugadzirira kuvhozhokera kuyambuka English Channel. Panguva imwecheteyo, vakuru vevashandi vaitarisira kuti Eisenhower, mushure mekukundwa kweSicily, aizoita imwe oparesheni muMediterranean, yakakura zvakakwana kumanikidza maItaly kuti azvipire uye maGerman kuti atore mamwe mauto kubva kuEast Front. Sokunge izvo zvisina kukwana, CCS yakayeuchidza kuti nzvimbo yekuvhiya iyi inofanira kunge iri mukati me "amburera inodzivirira" yevarwi vayo. Mazhinji eiyo mauto eAllied fighter mauto munzvimbo iyi yekushanda aive Spitfires, ayo mauto ehondo aingova anenge 300 km. Pamusoro pezvo, kuti kumhara kwakadaro kuve nemukana wekubudirira, chiteshi chakakura uye nhandare yendege yaizofanira kunge iri padyo, kubatwa kwayo kunobvumira kupa uye kuwedzera nhare.
Zvichakadaro, nhau dzakabva kuSicily hadzina kuita kuti vanhu vave netariro. Kunyange zvazvo maItaly akapa chikamu chenharaunda yavo pasina kupikisa kukuru, maGermany akaita nechido chinokatyamadza, ndokudzokera shure. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Eisenhower akange asati aziva zvekuita zvinotevera. Musi waChikunguru 18 chete akakumbira mvumo yekutanga kubva kuCCS kuti akwanise kumhara muCalabria - kana akaita sarudzo yakadaro (akagamuchira mvumo mazuva maviri gare gare). Mazuva mashomanana gare gare, manheru eChikunguru 25, Radio Rome, zvisingatarisirwi kune vanobatana, yakashuma kuti mambo akanga abvisa Mussolini kubva pachigaro, achimutsiva naMarshal Badoglio, uye nokudaro achigumisa kutonga kwefascist muItaly. Kunyange zvazvo mutungamiri mutsva akazivisa kuti hondo inoenderera mberi; MaItaly aizochengeta shoko ravo, hurumende yake yakabva yatanga nhaurirano dzakavanzika nevabatsiri. Nhau idzi dzakaisa tariro muna Eisenhower zvekuti akatenda mukubudirira kwechirongwa, icho chaimboonekwa sechingori fungidziro - kumhara kure kuchamhembe kweCalabria, kuNaples. Kuvhiya kwacho kwakanzi Avalanche (Avalanche).
