Inobvumirwa doro muganho muppm: ruzivo rwezvino

Kubva kare, zvave zvichizivikanwa kuti kunwa doro kunokanganisa zvakanyanya maitiro uye chimiro chepfungwa chemunhu. Nechikonzero ichi, Mitemo yeMugwagwa inorambidza kutyaira wakadhakwa, ichigadza zvirango zvakakomba zvekutyora uku. Nokudaro, zvakakosha zvikuru kuti unzwisise maitiro akaiswa nemitemo yekuongorora, kuitira kuti nekukanganisa kusina kunaka urege kurasikirwa nekodzero dzako.

Chii chinonzi ppm

Pakusarudza zvidiki kana zvikamu zvezvimwe zvinhu uye zvinhu, hazvina kunaka kushandisa nhamba dzese. Kuti kuverenga kuve nyore, vanhu vakatanga kushandisa zvikamu zvekutanga zvenhamba, semuenzaniso, 1/8, uyezve yakakosha% chiratidzo, icho chairatidza 1/100. Chekupedzisira, kune nyaya dzinoda kunyatsojeka uye kuratidza zvidiki zvidiki, ppm yakagadzirwa. Icho chiratidzo chezana, chakaputirwa neimwe zero pazasi (‰).

Permille zvinoreva churu kana chegumi kubva muzana

Izwi rekuti "per mille" rinoreva 1/1000 yenhamba uye rinobva pashoko rechiLatin pa mille, zvichireva "pachuru". Izwi iri rinonyanya kuzivikanwa nekuyera huwandu hwedoro muropa remunhu. Nekudaro, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti semutemo wezvino, doro riri mumhepo yakafemerwa inoyerwa mune mamwe mayuniti: milligrams per litre. Pamusoro pezvo, ppm inoshandiswa kuratidza hunyoro hwemakungwa nemakungwa, kutsetseka kwenjanji, uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvinomiririra zvinhu zvidiki.

Chiratidzo chenjanji cheCzech chinoratidza kuti chikamu che363-mita yenjanji chine mutsetse we2,5 ppm.

Chekupedzisira, kujekesa zviri nyore zvemasvomhu zvetemu iri kukurukurwa, ini ndichapa mienzaniso mishoma:

• 15 ‰=0,015%=0,00015;
• 451‰=45,1%=0,451.

Saka, ppm inobatsira kupa kuverenga nezvikamu zvidiki fomu rinoenderana nekuona kwevanhu.

Huwandu hwakabvumidzwa hwedoro muropa kune vatyairi muRussia muna 2018

Mumakore achangopfuura, munharaunda yedu, nzira yemutemo kune inobvumirwa vhoriyamu yedoro muropa remutyairi wemotokari yakatochinja. Kusvikira 2010, mutemo wakabvumira zviri mukati mewaini yakachena muropa kusvika 0,35 ppm uye mumhepo yakabudiswa - kusvika 0.16 milligrams / litre. Zvadaro nguva iyi yakatsiviwa nekuomesera kwakanyanyisa kwemitemo yenyika kwemakore matatu. Kubva 2010 kusvika 2013, chero ethyl yemuviri inodarika 0 yairangwa.Kunyangwe yezana ye ppm (yakagadziridzwa kukanganisa chiridzwa), zvaive zviri pamutemo kugamuchira mutongo wekutonga.

Kusvika iye zvino, maererano netsamba yeChitsauko 12.8 cheMitemo yeKutonga Kwemhosva, uwandu hwedoro mumusanganiswa wemagasi anobudiswa nemunhu haafaniri kudarika 0,16 milligrams parita. Chero zviratidzo zve breathalyzer pazasi pane zvakapihwa hazvizivikanwe sesimbiso yemamiriro ekudhakwa nedoro. Musi waApril 3, 2018, Mutungamiri weRussia akasaina mutemo wekugadzirisa kuChikamu 12.8 - chiyero chezviri mukati mewaini yakachena muropa ikozvino inobvumirwa pamwero we 0,3 ppm. Mutemo uyu unotanga kushanda musi wa3 Chikunguru.

Pakuyera doro remukati mumhepo yakafemerwa, muganho wepamutemo ndeye 0,16 mg/l

Pfungwa yekuunza iyo inonzi zero ppm, mumaonero angu, yakanga isina kubudirira nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakati kamwechete. Kutanga, kukanganisa kwechigadziro kuyera kuwanda kwe ethyl doro mumhepo hakuna kuverengerwa. Kunyange madosi mashoma aionekwa sokutyora kumwe chete sokunge uri mumamiriro ekudhakwa zvakanyanya. Chechipiri, zvakave zvichigoneka kuve nemhosva yekushandisa zvigadzirwa zvisiri doro, semuenzaniso, mabhanana akawandisa, chingwa chebrown kana juisi. Uye kazhinji, kuomarara kwakadaro hakuna kuita zvine musoro, sezvo hushoma hwedoro mumhepo hahukwanisi kukanganisa mafungiro emutyairi, kumutsa tsaona. Pakupedzisira, mugwagwa wakazarurwa nokuda kwoudzvinyiriri nokubiridzira kudivi revanoongorora mapurisa emigwagwa.

Iwe unogona kunwa doro rakawanda sei mukati memutemo wepamutemo

Kubviswa kwe "zero ppm" chiitiko chakasangana nechido nevatyairi vazhinji. Vazhinji vavo vakaona iyi sarudzo yedare reparamende semvumo yekutyaira mota muhudhaka hushoma. Muchokwadi, ichi hachisi chokwadi zvachose. Ichi chisarudzo chezviremera chakaitwa kuti chisakurudzire kutyaira kwakadhakwa, asi kudzivirira kukanganisa nekuda kwezvikanganiso zvehunyanzvi mukuyera zviridzwa nehuori hwevakuru vehurumende.

Zvakaoma kupindura mubvunzo wekuti ingani doro raunogona kunwa usati watyaira. Ichokwadi ndechokuti chiyero chedoro mumhepo yakabudiswa, iyo inoyerwa nemhepo inofema yemapurisa emigwagwa, inobva pane zvakawanda. Pamusoro pezvinhu zviri pachena zvakadai sehuwandu hwedoro rinonwiwa uye simba rezvinwiwa zvinonwiwa, zvinotevera zvine basa:

1. Kurema. Nechiyero chakafanana chedoro rakadhakwa mumunhu ane uremu hukuru, kusanganiswa kwedoro muropa kunenge kwakaderera.
2. Floor. Muvakadzi, doro rinopinda muropa nekukurumidza uye zvakanyanya, uye rinobudiswa zvishoma nezvishoma.
3. Zera uye mamiriro ehutano. Mumunhu wechidiki ane hutano, doro rinokurumidza kubuda kubva mumuviri uye rine zvishoma zvinobatika.
4. Hunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu.

Kunyange girazi redoro mubhawa rinogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro yakaipa, iyo haichazogoni kugadziriswa.

Mhedziso imwe chete inogona kutorwa kubva pane izvi: hapana mhinduro yepasi rose yekuti doro rakawanda sei munhu anogona kunwa kuti arambe ari mukati memutemo. Nekudaro, kune mamwe avhareji zviratidzo zvakasimbiswa empirically. Semuenzaniso, hafu yeawa mushure mekunwa bhodhoro diki-doro doro (0,33 ml), mune varume vazhinji veavhareji kuvaka, iyo breathalyzer haioni doro mhute mumhepo inofemerwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, waini uye zvinwiwa zvakavakirwa pazviri zvinova zvakanyanya kunyengera mukuita uye "usanyangarika" kwenguva yakareba kunyangwe uchinwa girazi rimwe. Mushure mekunwa zvinwiwa zvinodhaka zvakasimba, hazvibvumirwi kutyaira. Kunyange pfuti yevodka kana cognac inotungamirira kune zviratidzo zvisingagamuchirwi panguva yekuedzwa.

Zvisinei, zviri pamusoro apa hazvifanirwe kutorwa sekudanwa kunwa zvinwiwa zvinodhaka paunenge uchityaira. Izvi, semimwe mitemo mizhinji, zvinoenderana neruzivo rwemamiriyoni evanhu uye zvakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwevatyairi vese, vafambi vavo uye vanofamba netsoka. Kunyange mamiriro ekudhakwa, asinganyatsooneki kumutyairi pachake, anokanganisa zvikuru kukwanisa kwake kuita zvisarudzo munguva yekumanikidzwa, kuita uye kufunga.

Vhidhiyo: nezve nhamba yeppm mushure mekunwa zvimwe zvinwiwa zvinodhaka

Isu tinoyera ppm! Vodka, doro, waini uye kefir! live experiment!

Mushure mezvo zvinodhaka doro rinoonekwa muropa

Zviripachena, zvinodhaka zvinorambidzwa kune vatyairi zvinosanganisira ethanol pachayo muchimiro chayo chakachena, mhinduro yemhangura yedoro, zvakasiyana-siyana zvemishonga tinctures (motherwort, hawthorn uye zvakafanana), pamwe chete nemadonhwe emwoyo akakurumbira nekuwedzera ethanol (Valocordin, Valoserdin, Corvalol). Kune mamwe mimwe mishonga ine ethyl doro mukuumbwa kwayo:

• Saledez;
• Sasept;
• Pichtanol;
• Sintomycin;
• Ingalipt;
• Bittner;
• Aflubin;
• Aflubin;
• Gentos;
• Pansoral.

Mukuwedzera kune avo vakanyorwa, kune imwe mhando yemishonga inogona kukonzera overestimation ye breathalyzer pasina doro mukuumbwa kwayo. Pakati pavo: Novocain, Pertussin, Levomycetin, Mikrotsid, Etol.

Mirayiridzo yekushandiswa kwemishonga yakawanda ine zvirambidzo zvakati pakutyaira. Ichi chinodiwa chinogona kutsanangurwa nezvikonzero zvakasiyana. Zvinogona kukonzera hope, kukanganisa kushanda zvakanaka, kunonoka kuita kwemunhu, kukonzera kusvotwa, kuderera kweBP, uye zvimwe zvinokuvadza.

Mhedziso kubva pane zvataurwa iri nyore: verenga mirairo yemishonga yaunotora. Kana vakaratidza kurambidzwa kwekutyaira motokari kana zviri mukati me ethyl doro mukuumbwa, rega kutyaira kuti udzivise matambudziko nemutemo.

Nhamba yeppm mu kvass, kefir uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa

Mumakore matatu iwayo, kubva muna 2010 kusvika muna 2013, apo nyika yakarambidza kunyange uwandu hushoma hwedoro muropa uye nemhepo yakafemerwa, ngano zhinji dzakamuka munzanga pamusoro pekuti zvimwe zvekudya nezvinwiwa zvingaita sei mukudzvinyirirwa.

Zvinoenderana nemirairo yekuongororwa kwemamiriro ekudhakwa, zvinokwanisika kuda bvunzo yechipiri mukati me15-20 maminetsi, kuitira kuti kunyange kvass yakadhakwa zvakananga parwendo haisanganisi mhedzisiro yakaipa.

Chokwadi, zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvine zvidiki zve ethyl doro mukuumbwa kwavo:

• michero yakanyanyisa (mabhanana);
• chingwa chitema;
• kvass;
• kefir nemimwe mishonga yemukaka yakaviriswa;
• masiwiti akaiswa doro;
• doro risina doro.

Kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvakanyorwa pamusoro hazvigone kutungamira kune faindi kana kusakodzera. Zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yemacheki akawanda uye bvunzo dzakarongwa nevamwe vedu vagari, zvigadzirwa izvi, kana zvakatsamwisa kuwedzera kweppm, zvakanyangarika zvachose mukati me10-15 maminetsi. Saka, usatya kudya zvinwiwa zvinonwiwa, sour-mukaka uye zvimwe zvekudya, sezvo zvisingazoiti kuti kutyora mutemo.

Vhidhiyo: ppm cheki mushure me kvass, kefir, corvalol

Mugwagwa mukuru, ngano nezve ppm mushure me kvass, kefir, corvalol

Kuwanda kwedoro muropa kunoyerwa sei?

Kuyera mwero we ethyl doro muropa kana exhaled mhepo, mutemo wenyika yedu unopa yakakosha maitiro, ayo akagadzirirwa kurova chiyero pakati pekudzivirira vamwe kubva kune vakadhakwa vatyairi uye kuremekedza kodzero dzevatyairi vanounzwa kumutoro wekutonga.

General concepts

Kutanga, iwe unofanirwa kunzwisisa mazwi ekutanga pakuyera mwero wedoro muropa remutyairi.

Kuongorora kudhakwa kwedoro kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwedoro nemuongorori wemapurisa emigwagwa panzvimbo iyo (mumotokari kana panzvimbo iri pedyo) uchishandisa breathalyzer.

Kuongororwa kwechiremba kudhakwa kwedoro kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwedoro hunoitwa navanachiremba vane unyanzvi mune imwe nzvimbo yezvokurapa kuburikidza nekuongorora ropa remunhu. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kuongororwa nachiremba.

Hazvibviri kuramba kuongororwa kwechiremba kana mupurisa wemigwagwa ane chikonzero chekufungira kuti wakadhakwa

Musiyano uripo pakati pematanho maviri akapihwa wakakura: kana yekutanga yemaitiro aya inogona kurambwa zviri pamutemo, ipapo mutoro wekutonga unopiwa pakuramba kuongororwa kwechiremba pasi peArt. 12.26 Administrative Code yeRussian Federation.

Certification maitiro

Zvinyorwa zvikuru zvaunogona kudzidza pamusoro penzira yekuongorora ndeye Chirevo cheHurumende yeRussia No.

Kuongorora kudhakwa kwedoro

Chikamu chechitatu cheChirevo cheHurumende yeRussian Federation No.

• kunhuwa kwedoro kubva mumuromo;
• kusagadzikana kwechimiro;
• kukanganisika kwekutaura;
• kuchinja kwakapinza kwemuvara weganda rechiso;
• maitiro asina kufanira mamiriro acho ezvinhu.

Kana pasina chimwe chezviratidzo zvinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa chinogona kuonekwa, saka chero tsvakurudzo haisi pamutemo.

Kuongororwa kunoitika nenzira inotevera:

1. Kana imwe yemamiriro ekufungidzira akaonekwa nemupurisa wemotokari, ane kodzero yekumubvisa pakutyaira maererano ne27.12 yeCode of Administrative Offences yeRussian Federation. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuitira nzira yakarurama yekumisa, protocol inofanira kudhindwa, kopi yaro inopiwa kumutyairi. Mukuwedzera, mutemo unosungirwa kunyora kubviswa kubva mumotokari pavhidhiyo kana kushandisa chiyero ichi pamberi pezvapupu zviviri (chikamu 2 chechinyorwa chimwechete cheCode).
2. Tevere, inspector anofanira kupa kuti aongorore pa-saiti, iyo iwe une kodzero yekuramba.
3. Kana iwe wakabvuma kuongororwa nemupurisa wemigwagwa, saka iva nechokwadi chekuona kuti chigadzirwa chacho chakasimbiswa uye chine zvinyorwa zvakakodzera. Uyewo teerera kune nhamba ye serial pane breathalyzer, iyo inofanira kufanana nenhamba iri mumagwaro, uye kuvimbika kwechisimbiso pachigadzirwa.
4. Kana iyo breathalyzer yakaratidza maitiro anogamuchirwa, ipapo kumiswa kwekutyaira kunogona kunzi kwakabviswa, uye iwe wakasununguka.
5. Kana iyo breathalyzer yakaratidza kunwa doro mumhepo yakafemerwa inopfuura 0,16 mg / l, ipapo inspector anonyora gwaro rekuongorora remamiriro ekudhakwa nedoro. Kana iwe usingabvumirani naye, unogona kuenda kunoongororwa nachiremba.
6. Kana iwe uchibvumirana nezviratidzo zve breathalyzer, protocol pamusoro pemhosva yekutonga uye kuvharirwa kwemotokari inogadzirwa, makopi ayo anopiwawo kumutyairi pasina kukanganisa.

Iwo makuru makuru eSitifiketi: zuva, nguva, nzvimbo yeongororo, mudziyo unoshandiswa muzviyero, pamwe nemhedzisiro yavo, yakasimbiswa nemasaini evose vatori vechikamu mukuita.

Kuongororwa kwechiremba kudhakwa kwedoro

Kuongororwa kwechiremba ndiyo nzira yekupedzisira pakuona huwandu hwedoro mumuviri. Kuwedzera kukwidza kwemaitiro kunogoneka chete mudare.

Kuongororwa kwechiremba kunoitwa mumatambudziko matatu (clause 3 of Resolution No. 10):

• kuramba kuongororwa panzvimbo;
• kusabvumirana nemigumisiro yekuongorora nemutyairi;
• kusawirirana nemigumisiro yeongororo pachikamu chemuongorori.

Mukuita kwangu, ndaifanira kusangana nevashandi vasina kutendeseka vezviremera vanopa kusaina kuramba kuongororwa kwechiremba, uye kusaongororwa neabrealyzer ipapo. Kana iwe ukasaina gwaro rakadaro zvisina hanya, iwe uchabatwa nemhosva pasi peArt. 12.26 Administrative Code yeRussian Federation.

Kuongororwa kwechiremba kunoitwa sezvinotevera:

1. Mutariri wemapurisa emigwagwa anotora protocol pamusoro pekutumira kuongororwa kwechiremba maererano nefomu kubva kuMutemo weMinistry of Internal Affairs Nhamba 676 ye04.08.2008/XNUMX/XNUMX.
2. Maitiro acho anofanira kuitwa munzvimbo ine rezinesi rekuchengetedza hutano nachiremba akadzidziswa nemazvo. Kana pasina narcologist, nzira iyi inogona kuitwa navanachiremba vemazuva ose kana kunyange varapi (zvichienderana nekuongorora mumaruwa).
3. Mutyairi anokumbirwa kuti ape weti. Kana huwandu hunodiwa hweweti husina kupfuudzwa nemutyairi, ipapo ropa rinotorwa kubva mutsinga. Muchiitiko ichi, nzvimbo yejekiseni inofanira kurapwa pasina doro, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa migumisiro yekudzidza.
4. Zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwechiremba, chiito chinodhirowewa katatu. Iyo fomu inotangwa neKurongeka kweBazi reHutano Nhamba 933n.
5. Kana kunyange nekusavapo kwedoro muropa rakasimbiswa navanachiremba, mamiriro emutyairi anomutsa kusava nechokwadi, ipapo mutyairi anotumirwa kumakemikari-toxicological kudzidza.
6. Kana mutyairi akasimbiswa kuti ari pasi pesimba redoro kana zvinodhaka, ipapo protocol inogadzirwa pamusoro pemhosva yekutonga uye kuvharirwa kwemotokari. Zvikasadaro, mutyairi akasununguka kupfuurira kutyaira motokari yake.

Chirevo chekuongorora chekurapa chinofanira kunge chine: ruzivo nezvemunhu ari kuongororwa, zvikonzero zvekuongororwa, nguva nenzvimbo, mhedzisiro uye siginecha yachiremba.

Breathalyzers inoshandiswa nemapurisa emigwagwa panguva yekuongorora

Hapana chero mudziyo unokwanisa kubata mhute yedoro mumhepo yakafemerwa unogona kushandiswa nemapurisa emigwagwa anoongorora mumabasa avo ehunyanzvi. Rondedzero yemhando dzakadaro dzehunyanzvi dzinotenderwa kushandiswa neRoszdravnadzor, pamwe nekusimbiswa naRosstandant, dziri murejista yakakosha.

Chimwe chinodiwa ibasa rekurekodha zvabuda zvechidzidzo pabepa. Sezvo mutemo, kupinda uku kunoratidzika serisiti yemari inoratidzika zvakananga kubva pachigadzirwa chacho pachayo.

Zvese zvinodiwa zvakasimba zvezviridzwa zvakanyorwa pamusoro zvakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa huchokwadi hwechidzidzo uye, semhedzisiro, kuve pamutemo kwemaitiro.

Rondedzero yema breathalyzer anoshandiswa nemapurisa emumigwagwa yakakura kwazvo. Heano mashoma acho chete:

• Alcotest 6510;
• Pro-100;
• "Jupiter";
• "Alcotest-203";
• Shumba-alcometer 500;
• Shumba-alcometer SD-400.

Kazhinji, mukuita, vanoongorora mapurisa emigwagwa vanofuratira kukanganisa kwemidziyo yekuyeresa uye vanoedza kuunza vatyairi vane hana pabasa rekutonga. Kunyangwe mhando dzemazuva ano, dzakagadzirwa kubva kuzvinhu zvakanakisa uye tekinoroji yepamusoro, inogona kuratidza mibairo nekukanganisa kudiki. Nokudaro, kana zviratidzo panguva yechiyero chekutanga zvakapfuura muganhu unobvumirwa nekukosha kwekukanganisa kwechigadzirwa, saka inzwa wakasununguka kukumbira kuongororwa kwechipiri kana kuongororwa kwechiremba.

Nguva yekubvisa doro kubva mumuviri

Kazhinji, mangwanani mushure memutambo wakapedzwa mukambani yakanaka ine zvinwiwa zvakawanda zvinodhaka, munhu anotarisana nemubvunzo wekuti zvinokwanisika here kuenda kumba mumotokari yega kana kushandisa tekisi. Avhareji chiyero chekubuda kwedoro kubva mumuviri ndeye 0,1 ppm paawa yevarume uye 0,085-0,09 yevakadzi munguva imwe chete yenguva. Asi izvi zvinongova zviratidzo zvakajairika, izvo zvinokanganiswawo nehuremu, zera, uye hutano hwese.

Muvakadzi, doro rinobudiswa kubva mumuviri zvishoma nezvishoma.

Chekutanga pane zvese, iwe unofanirwa kutarisa pane yako wega manzwiro emukati uye pfungwa usati wafunga kuti wotyaira here. Mukuwedzera, iwe unogona kushandisa mapurogiramu akasiyana-siyana uye matafura anokubvumira kuti uverenge zvishoma kana doro rapera.

Yakakosha doro Calculator inopawo avhareji mhedzisiro, asi inokutendera iwe kuti uise data pane murume kana mukadzi, huwandu uye rudzi rwedoro rinopedzwa, pamwe nehuremu hwemuviri uye nguva yakapfuura kubva zvinhu zvine doro zvakapinda mumuviri. Kuchinja kwakadaro, uye nyore kushandisa, kwakaita kuti zviwanikwa zvakadaro zvizivikanwe pakati pevatyairi uye vanhu vanoda kuziva.

Ini ndinocherekedza kuti tafura ndeyeruzivo uye nereferensi zvinangwa chete uye haigone kutaura chokwadi chakakwana maererano nemunhu chero upi zvake. Pamusoro pazvo, vamwe vanhu vanobatwa zvakanyanya nedoro, nepo vamwe vasinganyanyi kubatwa nemhedzisiro yaro. Kana paine kukahadzika kudiki, ndinokurudzira kuti urege kutyaira mota yako.

Tafura: nguva yekucheneswa kwemuviri wemunhu kubva kudoro

Huremu hwemunhu/doro	60 (kg)	70 (kg)	80 (kg)	90 (kg)	Kunwa vhoriyamu (magiramu)
Doro (4%)	2.54 (h)	2.39 (h)	2.11 (h)	1.56 (h)	300
Doro (6%)	4.21	3.44	3.16	2.54	300
Gini (9%)	6.32	5.56	4.54	4.21	300
Champagne (11%)	7.59	6.50	5.59	5.19	300
Chiteshi (19%)	13.03	11.11	9.47	8.42	300
Tincture (24%)	17.24	14.55	13.03	11.36	300
Liqueur (30%)	13.03	11.11	9.47	8.42	200
Vodka (40%)	5.48	4.58	4.21	3.52	100
Cognac (42%)	6.05	5.13	4.34	4.04	100

Nzira yekukurumidza kubvisa doro kubva mumuviri

Nzira dziripo dzekubvisa doro nekukurumidza kubva mumuviri dzinogona kukamurwa kuita 2 mapoka makuru:

• medical;
• "vanhu".

Boka rekutanga remaitiro rinoitwa navanachiremba vane hunyanzvi mukurapwa kwepachipatara vachishandisa mishonga yakakosha. Tichifunga nezvemamiriro emurwere uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, chiremba anorayira kurapwa nenzira yemadonhwe uye sorbent zvinodhaka zvinotora zvinhu zvinokuvadza uye kukurumidza kuparara kwe ethanol. Iwe haufanirwe "kunyorera" zvinodhaka iwe pachako, sezvo kutyora dhizaini kunogona kukonzera chepfu uye kunongowedzera mamiriro ekudhakwa.

Boka rechipiri remaitiro rakazadzwa neakasiyana siyana anowanikwa kumba uye nezviitiko zvemunhu. Zvinokurudzirwa kuita zvinotevera:

1. Inwa mamwe mvura yakachena.
2. Rara zvakanaka (kupfuura maawa masere).
3. Usatya kubvisa zviri mudumbu kana zvichidiwa.
4. Tora mvura yekusiyanisa.
5. Tora kufamba, fema mweya mutsva kuti uzadze muviri nehuwandu hunodiwa hweokisijeni.

Vhidhiyo: "vanhu" nzira dzekubvisa doro kubva mumuviri

Nzira yekudzikamisa sei kumba nekukurumidza nzira dzekutaura dzinoshanda

Chirango chekutyaira akadhakwa muRussia muna 2018

Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu uye kuomarara kwechiito chaitwa, mutyairi anogona kuita zvese zvekutonga uye mhosva yekutyaira akadhakwa.

Chisungo 12.8 cheCode of Administrative Offences yeRussian Federation inopa mhosva nhatu kamwechete. Basa rekutonga rekutyaira wakadhakwa rinosanganisira kuisa faindi muhuwandu hwe30 zviuru zveRubles uye kunyimwa kodzero kubva pamakore 1,5 kusvika ku2. Nekufambiswa kwekutonga kwemotokari kumutakuri akadhakwa, chirango chakafanana.

Chirango chakakomba zvikuru chinopiwa pakutyaira akadhakwa nomutyairi akanyimwa rezinesi. Nokuda kwekutyora uku, munhu achasungwa kwemazuva gumi-10. Avo avo, nekuda kwehutano hwavo kana zvimwe zvikonzero, havagoni kusungwa vanobhadharwa 15 rubles.

Zvitsva zvishoma iChinyorwa 12.26 cheCode of Administrative Offences, icho chakafananidza zvirango zvekuramba kuongororwa nachiremba uye kudhakwa uchityaira. Chirango chichava chimwe chete.

Iyi mutemo yemumiriri weRussia inotaridzika chaizvo. Yakagadzirirwa kubvisa vatyairi vanogumbura zvekukurudzira kuvanza kubva kune nzira dzekurapa uye nenzira dzose kudzivisa kunyora kudhakwa kwavo.

Pasinei nekuoma kwezvirango kubva kuCode of Administrative Offences yeRussian Federation, zvirango zvakanyanya zvinopihwa neCriminal Code. Muchinyorwa 264.1 cheCriminal Code yeRussian Federation, inoonekwa semhosva kutyaira mota wakadhakwa (kuramba kuongororwa) nemunhu anorangwa nekuda kwekutyora kumwe chete. Chirango chakasiyana chaizvo: faindi kubva ku200 kusvika ku300 zviuru zveRubles, basa rekumanikidza - kusvika maawa 480, kumanikidzwa kushanda - kusvika kumakore maviri. Chirango chakanyanya kuoma kunosvika makore maviri mujeri. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, mupari wemhosva anotorerwazve kodzero dzake kwemamwe makore matatu. Kuti ave nemhosva pasi pechinyorwa ichi cheCriminal Code yeRussian Federation, anofanirwa kutyora zvakare panguva yekubatwa nemhosva imwechete (kana mukati megore kubva panguva yekutyorwa kweChinyorwa 3 kana 12.8 cheCode of Code of Administrative Offences yeRussian Federation (Chinyorwa 12.26 cheCode).

Kutyaira wakadhakwa kudzokororwa kunogona kukonzera kugara mujeri kwemakore maviri

Inobvumirwa ropa doro mwero kunze

Chiyero chedoro chakadzikwa zviri pamutemo kumutyairi chinoenderana zvikuru netsika dzenyika uye kushivirira kwedoro mutsika dzayo.

Iyo yakajairwa yeEU ndeyemukati yedoro yakachena kusvika 0,5 ppm. Mutemo uyu unotangwa munenge nyika dzese dzeEurope.

Maonero akasimba pamusoro pedoro uye kutyaira akanyanya kunangana muEastern Europe neScandinavia. Somuenzaniso, muCzech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania.

Pane kudaro, maonero akavimbika (kusvika ku0,8 ppm) pamusoro pekunwa doro akagadzirwa muUK, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg neSan Marino.

Hafu ppm yakapihwa muFrance, Italy, Spain, Germany, Ireland nedzimwe nyika

MuNorth America, sekutonga kune vatyairi, zvinyorwa zve ethanol muropa hazvisi kupfuura 0,8 ppm.

Nyika dzekuMabvazuva dzinoratidzwa nemafungiro asina kugadzikana kune kutyaira akadhakwa. Somuenzaniso, muJapan pane zero ppm.

Nokudaro, asati atyaira kune imwe nyika, mutyairi anofanira kunyatsodzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemitemo yemigwagwa, sezvo dzimwe nguva inogona kunge yakasiyana zvikuru nenyika yekugara.

MuRussia, kune vatyairi, mwero wakaenzana wemirimita yedoro muropa wakaiswa: 0,3. Mari yakadaro haigone kukanganisa zvakanyanya hunyanzvi hwemutyairi uye kukonzera njodzi. Kutyaira akadhakwa munyika yedu chirango chakakomba chinopihwa kusvika mujeri kweanosvika makore maviri. Panguva imwecheteyo, panyaya iyi, Russia haina kubuda kunze kwenyika. Nokudaro, mushure memutambo wakanaka, zviri nani kushandisa tekisi zvakare, uye kwete kutyaira.