Engine. Misiyano pakati peOtto neAtkinson cycles

Kwenguva yakati ikozvino, izwi rekuti "Atkinson economic cycle injini" rave kuwedzera kuwanda. Chii chinonzi kutenderera uku uye nei kuchideredza kushandiswa kwemafuta?

Iwo anonyanya kufarirwa mana-mainjini epeturu nhasi anoshanda pane inonzi Otto cycle, yakagadziridzwa mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nemugadziri weGerman Nikolaus Otto, mugadziri weimwe yekutanga yakabudirira kudzorera injini dzinopisa dzemukati. Hunhu hwekutenderera uku hune shamhu ina dzinoitwa mumatenderedzwa maviri e crankshaft: siroko yekutora, sitiroko yekumanikidza, sitiroko yekushanda uye exhaust sitiroko.

Pakutanga kwekurohwa kwekutora, valve yekutora inovhura, iyo iyo musanganiswa wemhepo-mafuta inokweverwa mukati kubva kune yakawanda yekutora nekudzoreredza piston. Kusati kwatanga kudzvanya sitiroko, vharuvhu yekupinda inovhara uye piston inodzokera mumusoro inomanikidza musanganiswa. Apo piston inosvika panzvimbo yayo yepamusoro, musanganiswa unobatidzwa nemagetsi emagetsi. Magasi anokonzeresa anopisa anowedzera uye anosundidzira piston, achiendesa simba rayo kwairi, uye kana piston iri kure sezvinobvira kubva mumusoro, vharuvhu yekuburitsa inovhura. Iyo exhaust sitiroko inotanga nepiston yekudzoka ichisunda magesi emhepo kubva muhumburumbira uye kupinda mukupopota kwakawanda.

Zvinosuruvarisa, kwete simba rose mumagasi emhepo rinoshandiswa panguva yekurohwa kwesimba kusundira piston (uye, kuburikidza netambo yekubatanidza, kutenderera crankshaft). Vachiri pasi pekumanikidzwa kukuru apo vheji yekufema inovhura pakutanga kwekuputika kwemhepo. Tinogona kudzidza pamusoro peizvi patinonzwa ruzha rwakaitwa nemotokari ine muffler yakaputsika - inokonzerwa nekusunungurwa kwesimba mumhepo. Ichi ndicho chikonzero injini dzepeturu dzechinyakare dzichingoita 35 muzana inoshanda. Dai zvaikwanisika kuwedzera kurova kwepiston mukushanda sitiroko uye kushandisa simba iri ...

Pfungwa iyi yakauya kumugadziri wechiRungu James Atkinson. Muna 1882, akagadzira injini umo, nekuda kwehurongwa hwakaoma hwemapusher anobatanidza mapistoni kune crankshaft, siroko yesimba yaive yakareba kupfuura yekumanikidza sitiroko. Somugumisiro, pakutanga kwekurohwa kwemhepo, kudzvinyirira kwemagasi emhepo kwakange kwakaenzana nemhepo yemhepo, uye simba ravo rakashandiswa zvizere.

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Saka sei zano raAtkinson risati rashandiswa zvakanyanya, uye nei injini dzemoto dzemukati dzave dzichishandisa iyo isingashande yaOtto kutenderera kweanopfuura zana? Pane zvikonzero zviviri: imwe ndiyo yakaoma yeinjini yeAtkinson, uye imwe - uye inonyanya kukosha - iyo shoma simba rinogamuchira kubva kune inotamisa unit.

Nekudaro, sezvo kutariswa kwakawanda kwakabhadharwa kukushandiswa kwemafuta uye kukanganisa kwemotori pane zvakatipoteredza, kushanda kwepamusoro kweinjini yeAtkinson kwakarangarirwa, kunyanya pakumhanya kwepakati. Pfungwa yake yakaratidza kuva mhinduro yakanakisa, kunyanya mumotokari dzakasanganiswa, umo mota yemagetsi inotsiva kushaikwa kwesimba, kunyanya inodiwa kana uchitanga nekumhanyisa.

Ndokusaka yakagadziridzwa Atkinson cycle injini yakashandiswa mumotokari yekutanga-yakagadzirwa yakawanda, iyo Toyota Prius, uyezve mune mamwe ese maToyota neLexus mahybrids.

Chii chinonzi modified Atkinson cycle? Mhinduro yehungwaru iyi yakaita kuti injini yeToyota irambe yakarebesa, dhizaini yakapusa yemainjini mana-marokero, uye piston inofamba chinhambwe chakafanana pasitiroko yega yega, sitiroko inoshanda ichiva kureba kupfuura kudzvanywa sitiroko.

Muchokwadi, inofanira kutaurwa zvakasiyana: iyo inoshanda yekumanikidza kutenderera ipfupi pane yekushanda kutenderera. Izvi zvinowanikwa nekunonoka kuvharwa kwevhavha yekutora, iyo inovhara nguva pfupi mushure mekutanga kwekumanikidza. Nokudaro, chikamu chemusanganiswa wemhepo-mafuta inodzorerwa kune yakawanda yekutora. Izvi zvine mhedzisiro miviri: huwandu hwemagasi emhepo anogadzirwa kana apiswa hudiki uye hunokwanisa kuwedzera zvizere kusati kwatanga kurova kwemhepo, kuendesa simba rese kune piston, uye simba shoma rinodiwa kumanikidza musanganiswa mushoma, uyo inoderedza kurasikirwa kweinjini yemukati. Ichishandisa izvi nezvimwe zvigadziriso, chizvarwa chechina Toyota Prius powertrain injini yakakwanisa kuwana mashandiro emafuta anosvika makumi mana nerimwe kubva muzana, yaimbowanikwa chete kubva kumainjini edhiziri.

Kunaka kwemhinduro ndeyokuti kunonoka kuvhara mavharuvhu ekutora hakudi shanduko huru yemaitiro - zvakakwana kushandisa nzira inodzorwa nemagetsi yekushandura nguva yevhavha.

Uye kana zvakadaro, wadii waita zvakasiyana? Zvakanaka, hongu; zvakasikwa! Variable duty cycle injini dzakagadzirwa kwenguva yakati. Kana simba richidiwa rakaderera, senge kana uchityaira mumigwagwa yakasununguka, injini inomhanya paAtkinson cycle yekushomeka kwemafuta. Uye kana kuita kwakanakisa kuchidikanwa - kubva kumwenje wepamusoro kana kupfuura - inochinja kuenda kuOtto cycle, uchishandisa ese aripo dynamics. Iyi 1,2-litre turbocharged yakananga jekiseni injini inoshandiswa muToyota Auris uye itsva Toyota C-HR guta SUV, semuenzaniso. Iyo imwe chete-mbiri-lita injini inoshandiswa paLexus IS 200t, GS 200t, NX 200t, RX 200t uye RC 200t.