nguva yakasanganiswa

Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo zvakaoma kuisa mari yose pamotokari dzemagetsi chete, kana chete nekuda kwehuwandu husina kugutsikana, kusakwana kwebhatiri, kunetsa kwenguva refu kuchaja uye kushushikana kwehana yezvakatipoteredza, mhinduro dzakasanganiswa dzinova nzira yegoridhe inonzwisisika. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa mumigumisiro yekutengesa motokari.

Hybrid mota mota iyi mune yakajairwa sisitimu yakashongedzerwa injini uye imwe kana kupfuura (1). Iyo magetsi inogona kushandiswa kwete chete kuderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta, asiwo kuwedzera simba. Mota dzemazuva ano dzakasanganiswa shandisa dzimwe nzira dzekuvandudza simba remagetsi, se. Mune mamwe mashandisirwo, injini yekupisa yemukati inoshandiswa kugadzira magetsi kusimbisa mota yemagetsi.

1. Dhizaini yedhiziri-yemagetsi hybrid mota

Mune akawanda mahybrid madhizaini kupera simba inoderedzwawo nekudzima injini yekupisa yemukati kana yakamira uye kuidzosera painodiwa. Vagadziri vanoedza kuona kuti kupindirana nemotokari yemagetsi kunogonesa kushanda kwayo, semuenzaniso, kana injini yekupisa mukati ichimhanya nekumhanya kwakaderera, kushanda kwayo kwakaderera, nekuti inoda simba rakawanda kukunda kupikisa kwayo. Mune hybrid system, iyi yekuchengetedza inogona kushandiswa nekuwedzera kumhanya kweinjini yekupisa mukati kusvika padanho rakakodzera kuchaja bhatiri.

Anenge akura semota

Nhoroondo yemahybrids emotokari inowanzotanga muna 1900, apo Ferdinand Porsche akaratidzira modhi paWorld Exhibition muParis. Hybrid Lohner-Porsche Mixte (2), mota yekutanga yedhiziri-yemagetsi yakasanganiswa. Mazana akawanda emakopi emuchina uyu akazotengeswa. Makore maviri gare gare, Knight Neftal akavaka mota yakasanganiswa yemujaho. Muna 1905, Henri Pieper akaunza hybrid umo mota yemagetsi yaigona kuchaja mabhatiri.

Muna 1915, iyo Woods Motor Vehicle Company, inogadzira mota dzemagetsi, yakagadzira iyo Dual Power modhi ine 4-cylinder mukati memoto injini uye mota yemagetsi. Pasi pekumhanya kwe24 km / h, motokari yakashanda chete pamotokari yemagetsi kusvikira kusvika bhatiri raperauye pamusoro pekumhanya uku, injini yemoto yakavhurwa, iyo inogona kufambisa motokari kusvika 56 km / h. Dual Power kwaive kukundikana kwekutengeserana. Yakanga yakanyanya kunonoka pamutengo wayo uye yakanyanya kuoma kutyaira.

Muna 1931, Erich Geichen akaronga motokari iyo mabhatiri aichajwa achidzika chikomo. Simba raipihwa kubva muhumburumbira yemhepo yakamanikidzwa, iyo yakapombwa nekuda kinetic simba zvikamu zvemotokari zvichidzika.

Skupora simba panguva yebhureki, kugadzirwa kwakakosha kwehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwehybrid, hwakagadzirwa muna 1967 neAMC yeAmerican Motors uye yakatumidza kuti Energy Regeneration Brake.

Muna 1989, Audi yakaburitsa mota yekuyedza Audi Duo. Zvakanga zviri mukufambirana hybrid zvichibva paAudi 100 Avant Quattro. Mota iyi yaive ine 12,8 hp yemagetsi mota yaityaira ekisero yekumashure. Aitora simba kubva nickel cadmium bhatiri. Ekisero yekumberi yaityairwa ne 2,3-litre five-cylinder peturu injini ine 136 hp. Chinangwa cheAudi chaiva chekugadzira motokari yaizoshandiswa nejini inopisa mukati kunze kweguta uye motokari yemagetsi muguta. Mutyairi asarudza combustion mode kana magetsi ekutyaira. Audi yakabudisa makopi gumi chete emuenzaniso uyu. Kufarira kwevatengi kwakaderera kwakakonzerwa nekuita kwakaderera pane yakajairwa Audi 100 nekuda kwekuwedzera basa.

Kubudirira kwacho kwakabva kuFar East

Zuva iro mota dzakasanganiswa dzakapinda mumusika zvakanyanya uye dzakawana mukurumbira chaiwo ndeye 1997 chete, payakapinda mumusika weJapan. Toyota Prius (3). Pakutanga, mota idzi dzakawana vatengi kunyanya mumadenderedzwa anotarisisa zvakatipoteredza. Mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja mumakore gumi akatevera, apo mitengo yeoiri yakatanga kukwira nokukurumidza. Kubva chikamu chechipiri chemakore gumi apfuura, vamwe vanogadzira vakatangawo kuunza kumusika mhando dzakauchikwa, kazhinji zvichibva pane ane rezinesi Toyota hybrid mhinduro. MuPoland, Prius akaonekwa mudzimba dzekuratidzira muna 2004. Mugore iroro, chizvarwa chechipiri chePrius chakabudiswa, uye muna 2009, chechitatu.

Akatevera Toyota Honda, imwe hofori yemotokari yeJapan. muenzaniso kutengesa Insight (4), chikamu chakafanana chakasanganiswa, kambani yakavambwa muna 1999 muUS neJapan. Yakanga iri mota ine mari kupfuura yeToyota chigadzirwa. Chizvarwa chekutanga Prius sedan chakashandisa 4,5 l/100 km muguta uye 5,2 l/100 km kunze kweguta. Honda Insight ine mavhiri maviri Chizvarwa chekutanga chakadya 3,9 l / 100 km muguta uye 3,5 l / 100 km kunze kweguta.

Toyota yakaburitsa mhando nyowani dzemota dzakasanganiswa. Kugadzirwa Toyota Auris Hybrid yakatanga muna May 2010. Yakanga iri yekutanga kugadzira yakasanganiswa muEurope kutengesa isingasviki yePrius. Auris Mbeu dzakauchikwa yakanga iine motokari yakafanana nePrius, asi kushandiswa kwegesi kwaive kushoma - 3,8 l / 100 km pane yakasanganiswa kutenderera.

Pakazosvika May 2007, Toyota Motor Corporation yakanga yatengesa mamiriyoni ayo ekutanga mahybrids. Mamiriyoni maviri kusvika Nyamavhuvhu 2009, 6 miriyoni muna Zvita 2013. Muna July 2015, nhamba yose yeToyota hybrids yakapfuura mamiriyoni masere. Muna Gumiguru 8, kutengeswa kweToyota mahybrids muEurope chete kwakapfuura miriyoni imwe chete. Muchikamu chekutanga cha2015, mahybrids akatosvika makumi mashanu muzana. kutengesa kuzere kweToyota mukondinendi yedu. Mhando dzakakurumbira muchikamu ichi, zvisinei, hapasisina Priuses, asi nguva dzose Yaris Mbeu dzakauchikwa, C-HR Hybrid Oraz Corolla Hybrid. Pakupera kwa2020, Toyota inotarisira kutengesa mamiriyoni gumi nemashanu emahybrids, ayo, maererano nekambani, akaitwa munaJanuary gore rino, i.е. pakutanga. Nechekare muna 15, maererano nemugadziri, 2017 miriyoni matani akabudiswa mumhepo. kabhoni diamoni zvishoma.

Munguva yebasa rakajairika rinotora anopfuura makumi maviri emakore mahybrids emotokari zvitsva zvitsva zvabuda. Hybrid Hyundai Elantra LPI (5), iyo yakatanga kutengeswa muSouth Korea muna Chikunguru 2009, yaive yekutanga yemukati injini yekupisa yakasanganiswa inofambiswa neLPG. Elantra is a partial hybrid inoshandisa lithium polymer mabhatiri, zvakare kekutanga. Elantra yakashandisa 5,6 litres epeturu pa100 km uye yakabudisa 99 g/km yeCOXNUMX.₂. Muna 2012, Peugeot yakauya nemhinduro itsva nekuparurwa kwe3008 Hybrid4 pamusika wekuEurope, yekutanga kugadzirwa kwedhiziri yakasanganiswa. Sekureva kwemugadziri, iyo 3008 Hybrid van yakadya 3,8 l/100 km yemafuta edhiziri uye yakabudisa 99 g/km yeCO.₂.

5. Hybrid Hyundai Elantra LPI

Iyo modhi yakaratidzwa kuNew York International Auto Show muna 2010. Lincoln MKZ Hybrid, iyo yekutanga hybrid version inofanira kutengwa zvakafanana kune yenguva dzose vhezheni yemhando imwe chete.

Pakazosvika Kubvumbi 2020, kubvira gore rakakosha 1997, mota dzemagetsi dzakasanganiswa dzinopfuura mamirioni gumi nenomwe dzakanga dzatengeswa pasi rose. Mutungamiriri wemusika iJapan, iyo yakatengesa anopfuura 17 miriyoni mota dzakasanganiswa pakasvika Kurume 2018, ichiteverwa neUS, iyo yakatengesa zvikamu zvinosvika 7,5 miriyoni panosvika 2019, uye 5,4 miriyoni mota dzakasanganiswa dzakatengeswa muEurope muna Chikunguru 2020. Mienzaniso inonyanya kuzivikanwa yemahybrids anowanikwa zvakanyanya ndeye, kuwedzera kune Prius, hybrid shanduro dzemamwe mhando dzeToyota: Auris, Yaris, Camry uye Highlander, Honda Insight, Lexus GS3h, Chevrolet Volt, Opel Ampera, Nissan Altima Hybrid.

Parallel, series uye yakasanganiswa

Mazana akasiyana genera parizvino akavanzwa pasi pezita rekuti "hybrid". propulsion systems uye mazano ekubudirira kukuru. Zvinofanira kuyeukwa kuti ikozvino, sezvo dhizaini inokura uye kufambira mberi, kupatsanurwa kwakajeka dzimwe nguva kunokundikana, nekuti misanganiswa yemhinduro dzakasiyana-siyana inoshandiswa pamwe chete nezvinogadzirwa zvitsva zvinotyora kuchena kwetsanangudzo. Ngatitangei nekugovanisa nedhiraivha gadziriso.

W dhayeti dhiraivha parallel type yemukati yekupisa injini uye mota yemagetsi yakabatana nemavhiri ekutyaira. Mota inogona kufambiswa neinjini inobatidza mukati, mota yemagetsi, kana zvese zviri zviviri. Ichi chirongwa chinoshandiswa mumotokari dzeHonda: Insight, Civic, Accord. Mumwe muenzaniso wegadziriro yakadaro ndiyo General Motors bhandi alternator / starter paChevrolet Malibu. Mune akawanda mamodheru, injini yekupisa yemukati inoshandawo se jenareta remagetsi.

Parallel madhiraivha parizvino anozivikanwa pamusika ane akazara emagetsi emukati injini uye madiki (anosvika makumi maviri kW) emagetsi mota, pamwe nemabhatiri madiki. Mumagadzirirwo aya, mota dzemagetsi dzinongoda kutsigira injini huru uye kwete kuve iyo huru sosi yemagetsi. Parallel hybrid drives anoonekwa seanoshanda kupfuura masisitimu akavakirwa chete mukati meinjini dzinopisa dzehukuru hwakafanana, kunyanya mukutyaira kwemuguta nemumigwagwa.

Mune inoteedzana hybrid system, mota inotyairwa yakananga nemota yemagetsi chete, uye injini yekupisa yemukati inoshandiswa kufambisa sisitimu. jenareta yemagetsi naizvozvowo. Iyo seti yemabhatiri mune ino system inowanzo yakakura, iyo inokanganisa mutengo wekugadzira. Urongwa uhwu hunotendwa kuti hunowedzera kushanda kweinjini yekupisa yemukati, kunyanya kana uchityaira uchitenderera dhorobha. Muenzaniso serial hybrid Iyi iNissan e-Simba.

Yakasanganiswa hybrid drive inosanganisa zvakanakira zvese zviri pamusoro mhinduro - parallel uye serial. Aya "hybrids mahybrids" anoonekwa seakakwana maererano nekuita, zvichienzaniswa neakateedzana, ayo anonyanya hunyanzvi pakumhanya kwakaderera, uye akafanana, ayo ari optimal pakumhanya kwakanyanya. Zvisinei, kugadzirwa kwavo sematunhu akaoma zvikuru kunodhura kupfuura parallel motors. Iyo inotungamira inogadzira yakasanganiswa hybrid powertrains iToyota. Iwo anoshandiswa muToyota neLexus, Nissan neMazda (kunyanya pasi perezinesi kubva kuToyota), Ford uye General Motors.

Simba kubva kune maviri emukati emoto injini uye yakafanana inogona kuendeswa kune vhiri dhiraivha uchishandisa mudziyo werudzi (simba rekugovera), iri nyore seti yemagiya emapuraneti. Internal combustion injini shaft yakabatana neforogo yemapuraneti magiya egiya bhokisi, jenareta yemagetsi yakabatana kune yayo yepakati giya, uye mota yemagetsi kuburikidza negiya bhokisi yakabatana kune yekunze giya, kubva kune iyo torque inoendeswa kumavhiri. Izvi zvinokubvumira kutamisa chikamu kutenderera kumhanya uye torque yeinjini yekupisa yemukati kumavhiri uye chikamu kune jenareta. Naizvozvi injini inogona kushanda mukati mehutano hwakanaka hweRPM pasinei nekumhanya kwemotokari, semuenzaniso paunotanga, uye ikozvino inogadzirwa nealternator inoshandiswa kusimbisa motokari yemagetsi, iyo yakakwirira torque inochengetwa nejini inopisa mukati kuti ityaire mavhiri. Iyo komputa, iyo inoronga mashandiro ehurongwa hwese, inogadzirisa mutoro pajenareta uye simba rekupa kune mota yemagetsi, nekudaro ichidzora kushanda kweiyo giya bhokisi se electromechanical inoramba ichichinja kutapurirana. Munguva yekudzikisa uye kubhureki, mota yemagetsi inoita sejenareta kuti idzore bhatiri, uye kana ichitanga injini yekupisa mukati, jenareta inoita sejenareta. kutanga.

W yakazara hybrid drive mota inogona kufambiswa neinjini chete, kana nebhatiri chete, kana zvese zviri zviviri. Mienzaniso yehurongwa hwakadai ndeye Hybrid Synergy Drive Toyota, hybrid system ford, Dual mode hybrid kugadzirwa General Motors / ChryslMienzaniso yemotokari: Toyota Prius, Toyota Auris Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid, uye Lexus RX400h, RX450h, GS450h, LS600h uye CT200h. Motokari idzi dzinoda mabhatiri makuru, anoshanda. Nekushandisa simba rekugovanisa mashandiro, mota dzinowana kuchinjika zvakanyanya pamutengo wekuwedzera system yakaoma.

chikamu chakasanganiswa musimboti, iyi imotokari yakajairika ine mutsindo wakawedzerwa, ichibvumira injini yekupisa yemukati kudzimwa nguva dzese mota painodzika, kubhureki kana kumira, uye kukurumidza kutanga injini kana zvichidikanwa.

Starter inowanzoiswa pakati pejini uye kutumira, kutsiva torque converter. Inopa imwe simba kana yabatidzwa. Zvishandiso zvakaita seredhiyo uye air conditioning zvinogona kuvhurwa kana injini yekupisa isiri kushanda. Mabhatiri anochajiwa kana mabhureki. Kuenzaniswa nemahybrids akazara mahybrids ane mabhatiri madiki uye mota diki yemagetsi. Naizvozvo, huremu hwavo husina chinhu uye mutengo wavo wekugadzira wakaderera. Muenzaniso weiyi dhizaini yaive yakazara saizi Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid, yakagadzirwa muna 2005-2007. Akachengeta kusvika kugumi muzana. paunenge uchidzima uye painjini yekupisa yemukati uye kudzoreredza simba panguva yebhureki.

MaHybrid emahybrids nemagetsi

Rimwe boka remahybrids rinofanira kupiwa nguva yakawanda, iyo mune dzimwe nzira imwe nhanho ye "pure electrics". Idzi imotokari dzakasanganiswa (PHEVs) umo mabhatiri e motokari yemagetsi inogona zvakare kubhadhariswa kubva kune yekunze sosi (6). Saka, PHEV inogona kunzi yakasanganiswa yehybrid uye mota yemagetsi. Yakashongedzerwa plug yekuchaja. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mabhatiri anewo akati wandei akakura, zvinoreva kuti zvinokwanisika kuisa mota ine simba remagetsi.

6. Dhizaini yemotokari yakasanganiswa

Nekuda kweizvozvo, mota dzakasanganiswa dzinoshandisa mafuta mashoma pane ekare mahybrids, anogona kazhinji kumhanya anenge 50-60 km "pazvino" pasina kutanga injini, uye zvakare kuita zvirinani, nekuti mahybrids kazhinji ndiwo ane simba zvakanyanya sarudzo. muenzaniso uyu.

Hwaro hwemotokari yemagetsi yePHEV yakakura kakawanda kupfuura yemotokari yehybrid isina chinhu ichi. Aya mashoma makumi emakiromita akakwana kuita nzendo dzakatenderedza guta, kubasa kana kuchitoro. Somuenzaniso, mu Skoda Superb iV (7) Bhatiri rinogona kuchengeta kusvika ku13kWh yemagetsi, iyo inopa huwandu hunosvika 62km mune zero emission mode. Nekuda kweizvi, patinopaka hybrid yedu kumba todzokera kumba, tinogona kuwana avhareji yemafuta e0 l/100 km. Injini yekupisa mukati inodzivirira bhatiri kubva pakubuda munzvimbo iyo isingasviki kune simba remagetsi, uye, zvechokwadi, inokubvumira kuti usanetseka pamusoro pehuwandu hwekufamba kwenguva refu.

7. Skoda Superb iV hybrid panguva yekuchaja

zvakakosha zvakaenzana mhando mahybrids akashongedzerwa ane simba emagetsi mota Skoda Superb iV maparameter ayo ari 116 hp. uye 330 Nm torque. Nekuda kweizvi, mota haingokwidzi nekukurumidza (iyo mota yemagetsi inotyaira mota nekukurumidza, zvisinei nekumhanya kwairi kuita panguva ino), nekuti Skoda inoshuma kuti Superb inomhanyisa kusvika 60 km / h mumasekondi mashanu, iyo inogona zvakare kumhanyisa mota kusvika 5 km/h - izvi zvinokutendera kuti utyaire-isina kusagadzikana uye mune zero-emission mode, semuenzaniso mumigwagwa yemhete kana mota.

Paunenge uchityaira, mota inowanzo fambiswa nemainjini ese ari maviri (injini yekupisa yemukati inofambiswa nemagetsi, saka inoshandisa mafuta mashoma pane mota yakajairika), asi paunoburitsa gasi, bhureki kana kutyaira nekumhanya kusingachinji, mukati. injini yemoto inodzima injini uye chete mushure mota yemagetsi inotyaira mavhiri. Saka muchina unoshanda sezvakangoita yakasanganiswa yemhando yepamusoro uye inodzorera simba nenzira imwechete - nebhureki imwe neimwe, simba rinodzorerwa uye rinoenda kumabhatiri nenzira yemagetsi emagetsi; mune ramangwana, inoshanda chaizvo kuve nechokwadi chekuti injini yekupisa mukati inogona kudzimwa kazhinji.

Yekutanga plug-in hybrid mota yakatangwa pamusika nemugadziri weChinese BYD Auto muna Zvita 2008. Yaiva F3DM PHEV-62 modhi. Premiere yeplug-in hybrid vhezheni yemotokari yemagetsi inonyanya kufarirwa munyika, Chevrolet Voltyakaitika muna 2010. T.uyota yakatanga muna 2012.

Kunyange zvazvo asiri ose mamodheru anoshanda nenzira imwe chete, akawanda anogona kushanda ari maviri kana anopfuura modhi: "ose emagetsi" apo injini nebhatiri zvinopa simba rose remotokari, uye "hybrid" iyo inoshandisa zvose magetsi nepeturu. MaPHEV anowanzo shanda mune ese-magetsi modhi, achimhanya pamagetsi kusvika bhatiri rapera. Mamwe mamodheru anochinja kuenda kune yakasanganiswa modhi mushure mekusvika painomhanyisa kumhanya mumugwagwa mukuru, kazhinji kutenderera 100 km/h.

Kunze kweSkoda Superb iV yatsanangurwa pamusoro, mhando dzehybrid dzine mukurumbira uye dzine mukurumbira dzinoti Kia Niro PHEV, Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in, BMW 530e uye X5 xDrive45e, Mercedes E 300 ei E 300 de, Volvo XC60 Recharge, Ford Kuga PHEV, Audi. Q5 TFSI e, Porsche Cayenne E-Hybrid.

Mahybrids kubva pakadzika pegungwa kusvika kumatenga

Zvakakodzera kuyeuka izvozvo dhayeti dhiraivha inoshandiswa kwete chete muchikamu chemotokari dzevafambi uye mota zvakajairika. semuyenzaniso hybrid drive system shandisa injini dzedhiziri Kana turboelectric kugadzira magetsi zvitima zvenjanji, mabhazi, marori, nhare dze hydraulic muchina uye ngarava.

Muzvivako zvakakura, zvinowanzoita seizvi dizeli/turbine injini anotyaira jenareta remagetsi kana hydraulic pombiiyo inotyaira mota yemagetsi/hydraulic. Mumotokari hombe, kurasikirwa kwesimba kunodzikiswa uye mabhenefiti ekugovera simba kuburikidza netambo kana pombi kwete zvemushini zvinova pachena, kunyanya kana simba richiendeswa kune akawanda madhiraivha masisitimu akadai semavhiri kana mapropeller. Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, mota dzinorema dzaive nediki simba rechipiri, senge hydraulic accumulators / accumulators.

Mamwe emhando dzekare dzakasanganiswa dzaive zvisiri zvenyukireya submarine driveskushanda nedhiziri mbishi nemabhatiri epasi pemvura. Semuenzaniso, Hondo Yenyika II dzepasi pemvura dzakashandisa zvese zviri zviviri serial uye parallel masisitimu.

Zvishoma zvinonyatsozivikanwa, asi kwete zvishoma zvinonakidza magadzirirwo ari mafuta-hydraulic hybrids. Muna 1978, vadzidzi veMinnesota Hennepin Vocational and Technical Center muMinneapolis vakashandura Volkswagen Beetle kuita. peturu-hydraulic hybrid nezvikamu zvakapedzwa. Mumakore ekuma90, mainjiniya ekuAmerica kubva murabhoritari yeEPA akagadzira "petro-hydraulic" kutapurirana kweiyo sedan yekuAmerica.

Mota yekuyedza yakasvika pakumhanya ingangoita 130 km / h mune yakasanganiswa yedhorobha uye mugwagwa mukuru wekutyaira. Kukurumidza kubva 0 kusvika 100 km / h kwaiva 8 seconds uchishandisa 1,9 litre dizeli injini. Iyo EPA inofungidzira kuti iyo yakawanda-yakagadzirwa hydraulic components yakawedzera $700 chete pamutengo wemotokari. Kuongororwa kweEPA kwakaedza Ford Expedition's peturu-hydraulic hybrid dhizaini, iyo yakashandisa 7,4 malita emafuta pamakiromita zana mukufamba kweguta. Iyo US courier company UPS parizvino inoshandisa marori maviri vachishandisa tekinoroji iyi (100).

8. Hydraulic hybrid mubasa reUPS

Mauto eUS anga achiyedza Humvee hybrid SUVs kubva 1985. Ongororo idzi hadzina kungoita masimba makuru uye hupfumi hwemafuta, asiwo, semuenzaniso, siginecha diki yekupisa uye kushanda kwakanyarara kwemichina iyi, iyo, sezvaungafungidzira, inogona kuve yakakosha mukushandiswa kwechiuto.

Early form hybrid propulsion system yekutakura maritime pakanga pane zvikepe zvine maseiri pamatanda uye steam injini pazasi dhizaini. Mumwe muenzaniso wakatotaurwa dhiziri-yemagetsi submarine. Zvitsva, kunyange zvekare zvekare, mahybrid propulsion systems ezvikepe anosanganisira, pakati pezvimwe, makiti makuru kubva kumakambani akadai seSkySails. Kukweva makati dzinogona kubhururuka dziri mudenga zvakapetwa kanoverengeka kupfuura mirenje dzengarava dzepamusoro-soro, dzichidzivisa mhepo ine simba uye yakasimba zvikuru.

Hybrid concepts dzakapedzisira dzawana nzira yavo mukubhururuka nendege. Semuenzaniso, iyo prototype ndege (9) yaive yakashongedzerwa neyakasanganiswa exchangeable membrane system (PEM) kusvika magetsi emagetsiiyo yakabatanidzwa kune yakajairika propeller. Iyo sero yemafuta inopa masimba ese echikamu cherwendo. Panguva yekusimuka uye kukwira, iyo yakanyanya simba-inoda chikamu chekubhururuka, sisitimu inoshandisa lightweight lithium-ion mabhatiri. Ndege yekuratidzira iyi zvakare Dimona mota glider, yakavakwa neAustria kambani Diamond Aircraft Industries, iyo yakaita zvigadziriso pakugadzirwa kwendege. Iine mapapiro emamita 16,3, ndege yacho ichakwanisa kubhururuka nekumhanya kweanenge 100 km / h, ichishandisa simba rinogamuchirwa kubva muchitokisi chemafuta.

9 Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator Ndege

Hazvisi zvese zvine pink

Hazvigone kurambwa kuti, nekuda kwekuoma kwemagadzirirwo emotokari dzakasanganiswa pane nemotokari dzakajairwa, kuderedzwa kwekubuda kwemotokari kupfuura kuripa izvi zvinoburitswa. Mota dzeHybrid dzinogona kuderedza kuburitswa kwezvinosvibisa zvinokonzeresa chiutsi nezvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana. uye cheka carbon emissions nepakati.

Kunyange Hybrid mota Kudya mafuta mashoma kupfuura mota dzakajairwa, kuchine kushushikana nezve kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kwebhatiri remotokari yehybrid. Mazhinji mabhatiri emota akasanganiswa nhasi anowira mune imwe yemhando mbiri: nickel-metal hydride kana lithium-ion. Nekudaro, ese ari maviri achiri kutorwa seane hushamwari kwezvakatipoteredza kupfuura mabhatiri ekutungamira, ayo parizvino anoita mazhinji emabhatiri ekutanga mumotokari dzepeturu.

Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa pano kuti iyo data haina kujeka. General toxicity uye mazinga ekuratidzwa kwezvakatipoteredza nickel hydride mabhatiri inoonekwa seyakaderera zvakanyanya pane iyo kesi lead acid mabhatiri kana kushandisa cadmium. Mamwe magwaro anoti nickel-metal hydride mabhatiri ane muchetura zvakanyanya kupfuura lead-asidhi mabhatiri, uye kuti kudzokorodza uye kuraswa kwakachengeteka kunorema zvakanyanya. Zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinonyunguduka uye zvisingasviki nickel, zvakadai se nickel chloride uye nickel oxide, zvakaratidzwa kuva zvinonyatsozivikanwa zvinokonzerwa necarcinogenic zvakasimbiswa mukuedza kwemhuka.

Mabhatiri litowo-jonowe Izvozvi zvinoonekwa seimwe inoyevedza imwe nzira nekuti ine yakanyanya simba density yechero bhatiri uye inogona kuburitsa kanopfuura katatu voltage yeNiMH bhatiri maseru uku ichichengetedza mavhoriyamu akakwira. Simba remagetsi. Aya mabhatiri anogadzirawo simba rakawanda uye anoshanda zvakanyanya, kudzivirira simba rakaraswa kusvika pamwero mukuru uye achipa kusimba kwepamusoro, nehupenyu hwebhatiri hunosvika kune hwemotokari. Mukuwedzera, kushandiswa kwemabhatiri e-lithium-ion kunoderedza huremu hwose hwemotokari, uye zvakare inokubvumira kuwana makumi matatu muzana. yakavandudza hupfumi hwemafuta kupfuura mota dzinofambiswa nepeturu, nekuzodzikira kwekubuda kweCO₂.

Nehurombo, matekinoroji ari kutariswa anotarisirwa kutsamira pane zvakaoma-ku-kuwana uye zvinodhura zvinhu. Pasi mota design uye zvimwe zvikamu zvemotokari dzakasanganiswa zvinoda, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, zvisingawanzo simbi dzepasi. semuyenzaniso dysprosium, chinhu chisingawanzwisisike chepasi chinodiwa pakugadzirwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemagetsi emagetsi epamberi uye mabhatiri masisitimu mumahybrid propulsion system. Kana kuti neodymium, imwe isingawanzo simbi yepasi inova chikamu chakakosha chemagineti ane simba guru anoshandiswa mumagineti emagetsi echigarire.

Anenge nyika dzese dzisingawanzo pasi rose dzinobva kunyanya kubva kuChina. Anoverengeka asiri maChinese masosi akadai Hoidas Lake kuchamhembe kweCanada kana Mount Veld muAustralia parizvino iri kuvandudzwa. Kana isu tikasawana mamwe magadzirirwo, angave ari mumhando yemadhipoziti matsva kana zvinhu zvinotsiva simbi isingawanzo, ipapo pachava nekuwedzera kwemitengo yezvinhu. Uye izvi zvinogona kukanganisa zvirongwa zvekudzikisa kuburitswa nekubvisa zvishoma nezvishoma peturu kubva pamusika.

Kunewo matambudziko, kunze kwekukwira kwemitengo, kwehunhu hwetsika. Muna 2017, chirevo cheUN chakaratidza kushungurudzwa vana mumigodhi yecobalt, chinhu chakakosha zvakanyanya mbishi tekinoroji yedu yegirinhi, kusanganisira chizvarwa chazvino chemagetsi emagetsi muDemocratic Republic of the Congo (DCR). Nyika yakadzidza nezvevana vaimanikidzwa kushanda mumigodhi ine tsvina, ine ngozi uye kazhinji ine chepfu yecobalt vachiri nemakore mana. United Nations inoti vana vanosvika makumi masere vanofa mumigodhi iyi gore rega rega. Vanosvika 40 vaduku vakamanikidzwa kushanda zuva nezuva. Dzimwe nguva ndiwo mutengo wakasviba wemahybrids edu chaiwo.

Magadzirirwo epombi epombi anokurudzira

Zvisinei, pane mashoko akanaka nokuda nzira dzakasanganiswa uye chido chakawanda chemotokari dzakachena. Vatsvakurudzi munguva pfupi yapfuura vakagadzira inovimbisa uye inokatyamadza kushandurwa kuri nyore kweinjini dzedhiziriiyo inogona kusanganiswa nemagetsi drive mumahybrid system. Diesel inotyaira izvi zvinogona kuita kuti zvive zviduku, zvisingadhuri, uye zvive nyore kuzvichengeta. Uye chinonyanya kukosha, ivo vachave vakachena.

Charles Muller nevamwe vake vatatu paSandia National Laboratory research Center vanga vachishanda pakugadzirisa kunozivikanwa seChannel Fuel Injection (DFI-). Inobva pane yakapusa musimboti weBunsen burner. Masayendisiti anoti DFI inogona kuderedza kubuda kwemhepo uye tsika yeDPF yekuvharisa soot. Sekureva kwaMuller, kugadzirwa kwake kunogona kutowedzera nguva dzekuchinja mafuta nekudzikisa huwandu hwesoti mu crankcase.

Saka inoshanda sei? Nozzles mudhiziri yakajairwa vanogadzira misanganiswa yakapfuma munzvimbo dzemakamuri ekupisa. Zvisinei, maererano nemasayendisiti, nzvimbo idzi dzine mafuta akapetwa kaviri kusvika kugumi pane anodiwa pakupisa kwawo zvachose. Nemafuta akawandisa akadaro pakupisa kwepamusoro, panofanira kuva nekatsika kekuumba huwandu hwakawanda hwesoti. Kuiswa kweDFI ducts kunobvumira kupisa kwakanaka kwemafuta edhiziri ane mashoma kana asina magadzirirwo soot. "Misanganiswa yedu ine mafuta mashoma," anotsanangura kudaro Müller mune rimwe bhuku nezvehunyanzvi hutsva.

Machannel ari kutaurwa naVaMuller machubhu akaiswa chinhambwe kubva paanobuda maburi emhuno. Iwo akaiswa pazasi pemusoro wecylinder pedyo nejekiseni. Müller anotenda kuti ivo vanozopedzisira vagadzirwa kubva kune yakakwira tembiricha inodzivirira alloy kuti imirire kupisa kwesimba rekupisa. Zvisinei, maererano naye, mari yakawedzerwa inobatanidza nekushandiswa kwekugadzirwa kwakagadzirwa neboka rake ichava duku.

Kana gadziriro yekupisa ichiburitsa soot shoma, inogona kushandiswa zvakanyanya. exhaust gasi recirculation system (EGR) kuderedza nitrogen oxides, NOx. Maererano nevagadziri vemhinduro, izvi zvinogona kuderedza kuwanda kwesoti uye NOx inobuda mujini kusvika kune chegumi cheyero iripo. Vanocherechedzawo kuti pfungwa yavo ichabatsira kuderedza kubudiswa kweCO.₂ nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokonzera kudziya kwepasi.

Izvo zviri pamusoro apa hazvisi chete chiratidzo chokuti, zvichida, hatizotauri zvakanaka kune injini dzedizeli nokukurumidza, iyo iyo vakawanda vakatokanda mapfumo pasi. Innovation in combustion drive tekinoroji kuenderera mberi kwekufunga kuseri kwekukurumbira kuri kukura kwemahybrids. Iro zano rematanho madiki, zvishoma nezvishoma kuderedza mutoro pane zvakatipoteredza kubva kumotokari. Zvakanaka kuziva kuti zvitsva munharaunda iyi hazvionekwi chete muchikamu chemagetsi che hybrid, asiwo mumafuta.