Grumman F-14 Bombcat Chikamu chechipiri
Pakutanga, basa guru reF-14 Tomcat raiva kudzivirira kwemhepo kwevatakuri vendege dzeAmerica uye vaperekedzi vavo.
ngarava uye kuwana hukuru hwemhepo munzvimbo inofambiswa nemhepo.
Nhoroondo yeairborne homing fighter Grumman F-14 Tomcat inogona kukamurwa kuita nguva mbiri. Kwemakore gumi ekutanga kana zvakadaro, iyo F-14A yakashanda se "mudziviriri wezvikepe" - muteveri ane basa rakakosha raive kurwisa mabhomba eSoviet marefu - vatakuri vezvombo zvinokandwa zvinokatyamadza uye dzimwe ndege dzinogona kutyisidzira boka reAmerican. mutakuri wendege. Iyo F-14A yakaratidza kukosha kwayo nekukanda pasi mabhomba maviri eLibyan Su-22 ekurwisa uye varwi vaviri veMiG-23 mumisangano miviri muna 1981 na1989 pamusoro peSirte Sirte.
Mumakore ekuma80, mufananidzo we "romantic" weF-14A Tomcat wakasafa mumafirimu maviri emhando - The Last Countdown kubva kuma1980s uye zvakanyanya muTop Gun, bhaisikopo raTony Scott ra1986. -14A masevhisi anosanganisirawo kushanda neasina kuvimbika uye asina kusimba masisitimu ekufambisa, ayo akakonzera njodzi dzakawanda. Kungopinda chete musevhisi yeakakwidziridzwa F-14B uye F-14D modhi ine injini nyowani yakagadzirisa matambudziko aya.
Mukutanga 90s, apo iyo F-14 Tomcat yakazove dhizaini yakazara, Pentagon yakaita sarudzo yekumisa kugadzirwa kwayo. Ndege yakaita seyaparara. Ndokutanga danho rechipiri munhoroondo yemurwi. Kuburikidza neshanduko dzakati wandei uye nekuunzwa kweLANTIRN-mhando yekufambisa uye kutungamira sisitimu, iyo F-14 Tomcat yakashanduka kubva pa "basa rimwechete" chikuva kuita murwi-bhomba. Mumakore gumi akatevera, F-14 Tomcat crews vakaita kurwisa chaiko vachipesana nezvinangwa zvepasi nemabhomba anotungamirwa nelaser uye masiginecha eGPS, vakaita mishoni dzekutsigira mauto avo, uye vakatopfura pazvibodzwa zvepasi nepfuti. Dai mukupera kwe70s vatyairi veNavy vakanzwa mune basa ripi iro F-14 rakapedza basa ravo, hapana angadai akazvitenda.
Mukupera kwema50s, iyo US Navy (US Navy) yakagadzira pfungwa yekuvaka refu-refu mhepo murwi - iyo inonzi. fleet defenders. Yaifanirwa kunge iri murwi anorema ane zvombo zvemhepo-kune-mhepo, inokwanisa kubata mabhomba eSoviet uye nekuaparadza munzvimbo dzakachengeteka - kure nevatakuri vendege uye ngarava.
Muna Chikunguru 1960, Douglas Ndege yakagamuchira kondirakiti yekuvaka F-6D Missileer heavy fighter. Yaifanira kuve nevashandi vevatatu uye kutakura AAM-N-3 Eagle mapfumo marefu-refu ane akajairwa kana zvombo zvenyukireya. Nenguva isipi zvakava pachena kuti murwi anorema aizoda chifukidziro chake chekuvhima, uye pfungwa yose yakanga isingaiti kushanda. Makore mashoma gare gare, zano remurwi anorema rakamutsiridzwa apo Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara akaedza kusunda kuburikidza nekuvakwa kwemhepo vhezheni yeGeneral Dynamics F-10A bhomba pasi pechirongwa cheTFX (Tactical Fighter Experimental). Shanduro yemhepo, yakasarudzwa F-111B, yaifanira kuvakwa pamwe chete neGeneral Dynamics naGrumman. Nekudaro, iyo F-111B yakaratidza yakakura kwazvo uye yakaoma kushanda kubva kune vanotakura ndege. Mushure meF-111A, "akagara nhaka" chigaro chezvigaro zviviri chine zvigaro-ne-padivi uye mapapiro akasiyana-siyana ejometri ane span ye 111 m (yakapetwa) kusvika 10,3 m (yakavhurwa).
Prototypes manomwe akavakwa, yekutanga yakaedzwa muna Chivabvu 1965. Vatatu vavo vakadonha, izvo zvakakonzera kufa kwenhengo ina dzevashandi. Hondo yeNavy yaipesana nekugamuchirwa kweF-111B, uye sarudzo iyi yakatsigirwa necongressmen. Chirongwa ichi chakazomiswa uye muna Chikunguru 1968 Navy yakakumbira zvikumbiro zvechirongwa chichangobva kutangwa cheHeavy Airborne VFX (Experimental Naval Fighter). Makambani mashanu akatora chikamu mune nyoro: Grumman, McDonnel Douglas, North American Rockwell, General Dynamics uye Ling-Temco-Vought. Grumman akafunga kushandisa ruzivo rwake muchirongwa cheF-111B, kusanganisira iyo geometry wing concept. Zvinomwe zvinomwe zvakasiyana-siyana zveaerodynamic zvigadziriso zvakanyatsodzidzwa, mazhinji acho asina akasiyana geometry mapapiro. Pakupedzisira, mukupera kwa1968, Grumman akaendesa iyo 303E, ine zvigaro zviviri, mapatya-injini inochinja-wing fighter, kuti iite nyoro.
Nekudaro, kusiyana neF-111B, inoshandisa mapatya akatwasuka muswe, mutyairi uye radar intercept officer (RIO) zvigaro zvakarongerwa tandem, uye injini dziri mumanacelles maviri akasiyana. Somugumisiro, pasi pefuselage pakanga pane nzvimbo yematanda mana ekumisa maoko. Mukuwedzera, zvombo zvaifanira kutakurwa pamatanda maviri akaiswa pasi peainzi. magirovhosi, kureva, mapapiro fairings umo "inofambiswa" mapapiro "akashanda". Kusiyana neF-111B, yakanga isina kurongwa kukwidza matanda pasi pezvikamu zvinofamba zvemapapiro. Murwi uyu aifanira kuve akashongedzerwa masisitimu akagadziridzwa eF-111B, anosanganisira: Hughes AN / AWG-9 radar, AIM-54A Phoenix marefu-refu emhepo-kune-mhepo makomba (akagadzirwa naHughes zvakanangana nekushanda radar) uye Pratt & Whitney TF30-P-12. Musi wa14 Ndira, 1969, chirongwa che303E chakave mukundi muchirongwa cheVFX, uye Navy yakadoma zviri pamutemo murwi mutsva seF-14A Tomcat.
Zvombo zvikuru zveF-14 Tomcat varwi vekurwisa zvinangwa zvemhepo zvaive zvitanhatu-refu-refu AIM-54 Phoenix air-to-air missile.
F-14A - matambudziko injini uye matutuation maturation
Muna 1969, US Navy yakapa Grumman kondirakiti yekutanga yekuvaka 12 prototypes uye makumi maviri nematanhatu ekugadzira zvikamu. Pakupedzisira, makumi maviri eFSD (Full Scale Development) masampula ebvunzo akagoverwa pachikamu chekuyedza. Yekutanga F-26A (BuNo 20) yakasiya chirimwa cheGrumman kuCalverton, Long Island mukupera kwa14. Kutiza kwake musi wa157980 Zvita 1970 kwakafamba zvakanaka. Nekudaro, iyo yechipiri ndege, yakaitwa muna Zvita 21, yakaguma nenjodzi nekuda kwekutadza kwema hydraulic system panguva yekumhara. Vashandi vakakwanisa kubuda, asi ndege yakarasika.
Yechipiri FSD (BuNo 157981) yakabhururuka musi wa21 Chivabvu 1971. FSD No. 10 (BuNo 157989) yakaendeswa kuNATC Naval Test Center paPatuxent River kuti iongorore maitiro uye deck. Musi waChikumi 30, 1972, yakadonha ichigadzirira kuratidzwa kwemhepo paRwizi rwaPatuxent. Mutyairi webvunzo William "Bill" Miller, uyo akapona mutsaona yemuenzaniso wekutanga, akafa mutsaona iyi.
Muna June 1972, FSD No. Prototype nhamba 13 (BuNo 158613) yaiitirwa kuongororwa zvombo paPoint Mugu base muCalifornia. Musi wa6 Chikumi 157984, F-20A No. 1972 yakapfura pachayo apo yakapfura AIM-14E-6 Sparrow yepakati-kati-yemhepo-kumhepo missile yakarova murwi pakuparadzana. Vashandi vakakwanisa kubuda. Kutanga kwekutanga kweAIM-7A kureba kureba missile kubva kuF-2A kwakaitika musi wa 54 April 14. Navy yakafadzwa zvikuru nekushanda kwe AN / AWG-28-AIM-1972A system. Uwandu hweradar, uchishanda muX-band uye pamafrequency e9-54 GHz, yaive mukati me8 km. Inogona kuteedzera zvibodzwa makumi maviri neina panguva imwe chete, kuona gumi nemasere paTID (tactical information display) iri paRIO station, uye kunanga zvombo pazvitanhatu zvacho.
Radar yaive nebasa rekutarisa panguva imwe chete uye kutsvaga zvinangwa zvakaonekwa uye yaigona kuona zvibodzwa zvichibhururuka pamberi pevhu (pamusoro). Mukati memasekonzi makumi matatu nemasere, F-38A inogona kupfura pfuti nhanhatu dzeAIM-14A, chimwe nechimwe chazvo chinokwanisa kuparadza zvinangwa zvinobhururuka munzvimbo dzakasiyana uye nenzira dzakasiyana. Makomba ane hurefu hwemakiromita 54 akagadzira kumhanya kweMa = 185. Miedzo yakaratidza kuti vanogona zvakare kuparadza makomba epasi-yakadzika rwendo uye nekukasira kufambisa zvinangwa. Musi wa5 Ndira, 28, zvombo zveAIM-1975A Phoenix zvakagamuchirwa zviri pamutemo neUS Navy.
Nehurombo, mamiriro nekutyaira anga akati siyanei.
Pratt & Whitney TF14-P-30 injini dzakasarudzwa kuti dzityaire F-412A, ine simba guru re48,04 kN imwe neimwe uye 92,97 kN mumashure memoto. Yaiva shanduro yakagadziridzwa yeTF30-P-3 injini dzakashandiswa muF-111A fighter-bhomba. Vaifanira kunge vasina emergency zvishoma pane -P-3 injini, uye nzvimbo yakakura yejini nacelles yaive yekudzivirira matambudziko anomuka panguva yekushanda kweF-111A. Mukuwedzera, gungano reR-412 injini yaifanira kuva mhinduro yenguva pfupi. Hondo yeUnited States Navy yakafungidzira kuti chete yekutanga 67 F-14As yaizove yakashongedzerwa navo. Iyo inotevera vhezheni yemurwi - F-14B - yaifanirwa kugamuchira injini itsva - Pratt & Whitney F401-PW-400. Iwo akagadzirwa pamwe chete neUS Air Force sechikamu cheATE (Advanced Turbofan Engine) chirongwa. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kuitika uye Navy yakamanikidzwa kuramba ichitenga F-14As neTF30-P-412 injini. Kazhinji, ivo vairema zvakanyanya uye vasina simba kune iyo F-14A. Vaivawo nezvikanganiso zvekugadzira, izvo zvakabva zvatanga kuoneka.
Muna Chikumi 1972, yekutanga F-14A yakaunzwa kuUS-based Miramar VF-124 "Gunfighters" Naval Training Squadron. Yekutanga mutsara squadron kugamuchira varwi vatsva yaive VF-1 Wolf Pack. Zvinenge panguva imwe chete, kutendeuka kuF-14A kwakaitwa neboka reVF-2 "Headhunters". Muna Gumiguru 1972, ese ari maviri mayuniti akazivisa yavo F-14 Tomcat kugadzirira kushanda. Mukutanga kwa1974, VF-1 neVF-2 vakatora chikamu muhondo yavo yekutanga yekurwisa vari mutakuri wendege USS Enterprise. Panguva iyoyo, Grumman akanga atopa mienzaniso zana kune zvikepe, uye nguva yose yekubhururuka yeF-100 Tomcat yaiva 14. watch.
Muna Kubvumbi 1974, kuparara kwekutanga kweF-14A kwakakonzerwa nekutadza kweinjini. Pakasvika Gumiguru 1975, pakanga pane kukundikana kweinjini kashanu nemoto zvakaguma nokurasikirwa kwevarwi vana. Mamiriro acho akange akakomba zvekuti Navy yakaraira macheki ejini (kusanganisira disassembly) kuti iitwe maawa ega ega ekubhururuka. Zvikepe zvose zvakamira katatu. Huwandu hwe100 F-1971As hwakarasika pakati pa1976 na18 nekuda kwetsaona dzakakonzerwa nekutadza kweinjini, moto, kana kusashanda zvakanaka. Matambudziko maviri makuru akawanikwa aine injini dzeTF14. Yekutanga yaive kupatsanurwa kwemafan blades, ayo akagadzirwa asina kukwana akasimba titanium alloys.
Pakanga pasinawo dziviriro yakakwana muinjini bay kuchengetedza mashizha e fan kuti asabuda kana akadzimwa. Izvi zvakakonzera kukanganisa kukuru kune injini chimiro, iyo inenge nguva dzose yakaguma nemoto. Dambudziko rechipiri rakazove "risingaperi" kune TF30 injini uye harina kumbobviswa zvachose. Yakanga yakangoerekana yaitika yekushanda kusina kufanana kwe compressor (pombi), iyo inogona kutungamirira kukukundikana kwakakwana kwejini. Kupomba kunogona kuitika chero kureba uye kumhanya. Kazhinji kazhinji, yaionekwa kana ichibhururuka nekumhanya kwakaderera pakakwirira, pakubatidza kana kudzima chibatiso chemoto, uye kunyange pakukanda zvombo zvinokandwa kubva kumhepo kuenda kumhepo.
Dzimwe nguva injini yakabva yadzokera kune yakajairwa pachayo, asi kazhinji kupomba kwakanonoka, izvo zvakakonzera kudonha nekukurumidza kweinjini yekumhanyisa uye kuwedzera kwekushisa pane compressor inlet. Ipapo ndege yakatanga kukunguruka ichitevedza axis refu uye yaw, iyo yaiwanzoguma mukutenderera kusingadzoreki. Kana yaive flat spin, vashandi, sekutonga, vaifanira kungoburitsa. Kutenderera kungadai kwakadziviswa dai mutyairi wendege akakurumidza kuita nekudzikisa kumhanya kweinjini kusvika kushoma uye kudzikamisa ndege kuitira kuti pasave nemasimba e g-akaitika. Zvadaro, nekudzika zvishoma, munhu anogona kuedza kutangazve compressor. Vatyairi vendege vakakurumidza kuona kuti iyo F-14A yaida kubhururuka "nekungwarira" uye kugadzirira kupomba panguva yekukurumidza kufamba. Maererano nevakawanda, zvakanga zvakaita se "kutonga" kushanda kweinjini pane kudzora murwi.
Mukupindura matambudziko, Pratt & Whitney vakagadzirisa injini ine mafeni akasimba. Injini dzakagadziriswa, dzakasarudzwa TF30-P-412A, dzakatanga kuunganidzwa mumakopi e65th serial block. Sechikamu chekumwe kugadziridzwa, kamuri yakatenderedza matanho matatu ekutanga e compressor yakasimbiswa zvakakwana, iyo yaifanirwa kumisa mablades mushure mekugona kuparadzaniswa. Injini dzakagadziridzwa, dzakasarudzwa TF30-P-414, dzakatanga kuunganidzwa muna Ndira 1977 sechikamu chemakumi mapfumbamwe neshanu ekugadzira batch. Pakazosvika 95, ese maF-1979A akaunzwa kuNavy aive akagadziridzwa injini dzeP-14.
Muna 1981, Pratt & Whitney vakagadzira imwe injini, yakasarudzwa TF30-P-414A, iyo yaifanira kubvisa dambudziko rekubuda ropa. Gungano ravo rakatanga mugore rebhajeti ra1983 muchikamu che130 chekugadzira. Pakupera kwa1986, injini itsva dzakaiswa muF-14A Tomcat yatova mubasa, panguva yekuongorora kwekambani. Muchokwadi -P-414A yakaratidza kuderera kwakanyanya kwekupomba. Paavhareji, imwe nyaya yakanyorwa pazviuru zvemaawa ekubhururuka. Zvisinei, tsika iyi haina kukwanisa kubviswa zvachose, uye kana ichibhururuka nemakona akakwirira ekurwisa, compressor stall inogona kuitika.
