Nzira yekudziya sei inotonhora injini? Kutanga kutonhora uye injini kudziya-kumusoro.

Kunodziya uye kunonakidza kumba, asi kunze kunotonhora, sekuRussia. Kungofanana nesu, kana tichida kupfeka uye kugadzirira kubata nechando ichi kunze, tinofanira kugadzirira - injini inodziyawo zvakanaka. Kutonhora kwekutanga kwejini kunoitika munguva yechando kune tembiricha yakaderera kupfuura muzhizha, saka zvakakosha kuti udziye zvakanaka uye kutyaira mota mukati memaminitsi mashoma ekutanga mushure mekutanga. Kusanzwa kubata kweinjini inotonhora kunowedzera kupfeka kweinjini uye zvakare kunowedzera njodzi yekukuvadza kwakakomba kune injini uye zvikamu zvayo.

Maitiro ekudziya injini yakanyatsokosha kune vatyairi vanopaka baba vavo mumugwagwa. Mota dzakapakwa mugaraji rinodziya kana kuti dzakashongedzerwa neinodziya heater dzinosvika pakushanda tembiricha kare uye injini yadzo nekudaro haina mukana wekunyanya kupfekwa kana kukuvara.

Dambudziko rekutanga kutonhora uye kunotevera kudziya-inyaya inokurukurwa pakati pevatyairi, nepo, kune rumwe rutivi, kune vatsigiri vekutanga-up uye dzidziso yekufamba, uye kune rimwe divi, yekutanga-up dzidziso, mirira a. miniti kana maviri (chenesa mahwindo), uye woenda. Saka ndezvipi zviri nani?

Chimwe chezvinyorwa

Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti inotonhorera inopisa nekukurumidza kupfuura mafuta einjini. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana tsono ye thermometer inotonhorera yatoratidza, semuenzaniso, 60 ° C, kutonhora kwemafuta ejini kunogona kungoita 30 ° C. Zvinozivikanwawo kuti mafuta anotonhora anoreva denser mafuta. Uye mafuta akakora anowedzera kuipa/kudzikira munzvimbo chaidzo, zvichireva kuti mamwe mativi einjini haana kusimba/asina-rubricated (akasiyana-siyana lube passages, camshafts, hydraulic valve clearances, kana turbocharger plain bearings). Nokudaro, zvakakosha zvikuru kuti injini imwe neimwe ine chete yepamusoro-soro uye inokurudzirwa mafuta ejini. Vagadziri vemotokari vanowanzo tsanangura muhurongwa hwavo hwesevhisi chiyero cheSAE cheimwe injini uye zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze ayo mota ingango shandiswa. Saka, imwe mafuta ichakurudzirwa muFinland uye imwe iri kumaodzanyemba kweSpain. Semuenzaniso wekushandiswa kwemafuta eSAE anonyanya kushandiswa: SAE 15W-40 yakakodzera kushandiswa kubva -20 ° C kusvika +45 ° C, SAE 10W-40 (-25 ° C kusvika +35 ° C) , SAE 5W -40 (-30 ° C kusvika +30 ° C), SAE 5W 30 (-30 ° C kusvika +25 ° C), SAE 0W-30 (-50 ° C kusvika +30 ° C).

Paunotanga injini panguva yechando tembiricha, kuwedzera kupfeka kunoonekwa kuchienzaniswa ne "inodziya" kutanga, sezvo piston (inonyanya kugadzirwa nealuminium alloy) panguva ino haisi cylindrical, asi zvishoma pear-shaped. Iyo silinda pachayo, yakagadzirwa zvakanyanya neFe alloy, ine chimiro chakanyanya kugadzikana zvichienderana nekupisa. Munguva yekutonhora kwekutanga-up panzvimbo diki, kupfeka kwenguva pfupi kusaenzana kunoitika. Kuwedzera kuri nani mafuta ekuzora, pamwe nekuvandudzwa mukugadzirwa kwemapistoni / masilinda pachawo, anobatsira kubvisa chiitiko ichi chisina kunaka. kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinogara kwenguva refu.

Panyaya yeinjini dzepeturu, pane chimwe chinhu chisina kunaka chine chekuita nekupfuma kwemusanganiswa unopisa, unonyungudutsa firimu remafuta pamadziro ecylinder kusvika pamwero mukuru, uye zvakare nekuda kwekuderedzwa kwemafuta anozadza nepeturu, chikamu che. iyo inodzika. pane inotonhora inopinza yakawanda kana cylinder madziro. Zvisinei, mumainjini emazuva ano ane hutungamiri hwakagadziridzwa, dambudziko iri rinoderedzwa, sezvo chikwata chekutonga chinoparadzira huwandu hwemafuta zvichienderana neruzivo kubva kune akati wandei sensors, iyo kana iri nyore injini yaive yakaoma kana. munyaya yeinjini ye carburetor iri nyore, izvi zvakanga zvisingaiti. 

Mafungiro akawanda kwazvo, asi chii chiri muitiro?

Kubva pane ruzivo rwuri pamusoro, zvinokurudzirwa kutanga uye kusiya nzira. Chikonzero ndechekuti pombi yemafuta inoburitsa kudzvanywa kwepamusoro paunenge uchityaira, uye mafuta anotonhora, ayo akakora uye anoyerera, musimboti, nekuda kwekumanikidza kwakanyanya, anosvika kunzvimbo dzese dzinodiwa nekukurumidza. Pakumhanya zvisina basa, pombi yemafuta inoburitsa yakanyanya kudzikira kudzvanywa uye mafuta anotonhora anoyerera zvishoma nezvishoma. Mune zvimwe zvikamu zveinjini, oiri inopinda mune zvimwe zvikamu zveinjini kana zvishoma, uye kunonoka uku kunogona kureva kupfeka kwakawanda. Iyo yekutanga-yekumisa nzira inonyanya kukosha muzviitiko apo makiromita ari pedyo achapfuura zvakanaka sezvinobvira. Izvi zvinoreva kuti usaite crank kana understeer kana injini ichitonhora, uye tyaira mhando yeinjini mu 1700-2500 rpm renji. Iyo yekutanga uye yekutanga nzira zvakare ine mukana wekuramba uchidziya zvimwe zvakatsikirirwa zvikamu zvakaita sekutapurirana kana kusiyanisa. Kana mushure mekutanga kusimuka, chipingamupinyi chiri muchimiro chechikomo chemawere chikaonekwa munzira kana kana trailer inorema ikabatidzwa kuseri kwemota, zviri nani kutanga injini, kudzvinyirira zvishoma accelerator pedal uye rega injini imhanye. anenge makumi mashoma emasekonzi panguva dzinenge 1500-2000 rpm uye kusvika kuti inotanga sei.

Vatyairi vakawanda vaityaira motokari iyo, panguva yekutyaira yakajairika, yakatanga kupisa kusvika anenge 10-15 km. Dambudziko iri rinonyanya kubata mota dzechikuru dzine injini dzedhiziri dzine jekiseni rakananga, idzo dzisina inonzi electric auxiliary heat. Chikonzero ndechekuti mota dzakadaro dzine hupfumi zvakanyanya, dzine hunyanzvi hwepamusoro uye, semhedzisiro, dzinoburitsa kupisa kushoma. Kana tichida kuti injini yakadaro ichidziye nokukurumidza, tinofanira kuipa mutoro unodiwa, izvo zvinoreva kuti injini yakadaro inodziya nokukurumidza zvikuru chete paunenge uchityaira, uye kwete kunonoka pane imwe nzvimbo munzvimbo yekupaka.

Mwero wekupisa unosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kurudzi rweinjini, zvichiteerana. inopfuta rudzii. Pasinei nekuvandudzika kwakawanda uye nekuvandudzwa kwekutonga kwemafuta einjini dzedhiziri, sekutonga, injini dzepeturu dzinopisa zviri nyore uye nekukurumidza. Kunyangwe kudyiwa kwakakwira zvishoma, ivo vakanyanya kukodzera kushandiswa kazhinji muguta uye muchando chakanyanya vanotangawo zvirinani. Injini dzedhiziri dzinotora nguva yakareba kuti dzidziye uye, kubva pakuona kwekushanda, dzinoshayawo masisitimu akasiyana akagadzirirwa kuteya zvinosvibisa mumagasi emhepo. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, munhu anogona kunyora kuti nepo injini yepeturu diki ichinyatsonzwa uye ichiri kudziya mushure memakiromita mashanu ekutyaira kwakatsetseka, dhiziri inoda min. 5-15 km. Ramba uchifunga kuti chinhu chakaipisisa cheinjini uye zvikamu zvayo (pamwe chete nebhatiri) inodzokororwa kutonhora kunotanga apo injini haina nguva yekudziya zvishoma zvishoma. Saka, kana iwe watofanira kudzima uye kutanga injini inotonhora / yechando kakawanda, zvinokurudzirwa kuirega ichityaira kweinenge 20 km.

5-mutemo pfupiso

• kana zvichibvira, tanga injini uye uisiye iyo kwemasekonzi mashoma
• kusashanda injini chete kana zvichidiwa
• dzvanya iyo accelerator pedal zvakanaka, usaite pasi uye usatendeutse injini zvisina basa.
• shandisa mafuta emhando yepamusoro anokurudzirwa nemugadziri ane viscosity yakakodzera
• mushure mekudzokorora kudzima uye kutanga injini inotonhora / yakaoma, zvinokurudzirwa kutyaira kanenge 20 km.