Nzira yekubuda sei mukusagadzikana mufizikisi?

Chizvarwa chinotevera particle collider ichaita mabhiriyoni emadhora. Pane zvirongwa zvekuvaka michina yakadai muEurope neChina, asi masayendisiti anopokana kana izvi zvine musoro. Zvichida isu tinofanirwa kutsvaga nzira nyowani yekuyedza nekutsvaga inozotungamira kune budiriro mufizikisi? 

The Standard Model yakave yakasimbiswa kakawanda, kusanganisira paLarge Hadron Collider (LHC), asi haisviki zvose zvinotarisirwa zvefizikiki. Haikwanise kutsanangura zvakavanzika zvakaita sekuvapo kwezvinhu zvakasviba uye simba rerima, kana kuti sei giravhiti rakasiyana kwazvo nemamwe masimba akakosha.

Musainzi yagara ichitarisana nematambudziko akadai, pane nzira yekusimbisa kana kuramba fungidziro idzi. kuunganidzwa kweimwe data - munyaya iyi, kubva kune teresikopu uye maikorosikopu zviri nani, uye zvichida kubva kune itsva zvachose, kunyange yakakura super bumper izvo zvinogadzira mukana wekuonekwa supersymmetric particles.

Muna 2012, Institute of High Energy Physics yeChinese Academy of Sciences yakazivisa hurongwa hwekuvaka hofori yepamusoro counter. Yakarongwa Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) inogona kunge iine denderedzwa remakiromita angangoita 100 km, ingangoita mana iyo yeLHC (1) Mukupindura, muna 2013, mushandisi weLHC, kureva CERN, akazivisa hurongwa hwayo hwechigadzirwa chitsva chekudhumhana chinonzi. Future Circular Collider (FCC).

1. Kuenzanisa kwehukuru hwezvakarongwa CEPC, FCC uye LHC accelerators.

Nekudaro, masayendisiti nemainjiniya vari kunetsekana kana mapurojekiti aya achizokodzera mari yakakura. Chen-Ning Yang, akahwina Mubairo weNobel mufizikisi yechidimbu, akashoropodza kutsvaga kutsvaga kwesupersymmetry vachishandisa supersymmetry nyowani makore matatu apfuura pablog rake, achiidana "mutambo wekufungidzira." Kufungidzira kunodhura zvakanyanya. Akatsinhirwa nevazhinji vesainzi muChina, uye muEurope, zvivheneko zvesainzi zvakataura nemweya mumwe chete nezve chirongwa cheFCC.

Izvi zvakashumwa kuna Gizmodo naSabine Hossenfelder, nyanzvi yefizikisi paInstitute for Advanced Study muFrankfurt. -

Vanotsoropodza mapurojekiti ekugadzira mamwe macolliders ane simba vanocherechedza kuti mamiriro acho akasiyana kubva paakavakwa. Zvaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo kuti taitotsvaka Bogs Higgs. Iye zvino zvinangwa hazvina kunyatsotsanangurwa. Uye kunyarara mumigumo yezviyedzo zvakaitwa neLarge Hadron Collider yakakwidziridzwa kuti igadzirise kuwanikwa kweHiggs - pasina budiriro yakawanikwa kubva 2012 - inotyisa.

Mukuwedzera, pane zvinonyatsozivikanwa, asi zvichida kwete pasi rose, chokwadi ichocho zvose zvatinoziva pamusoro pemigumisiro yezviedzo paLHC inobva pakuongororwa kweinenge 0,003% chete ye data yakawanikwa ipapo. Takanga tisisakwanisi kuita zvakawanda. Hazvigone kutongerwa kunze kuti mhinduro dzemibvunzo mikuru yefizikisi inotitambudza yatova mu99,997% yatisina kufunga nezvayo. Saka pamwe haudi zvakanyanya kuvaka imwe yakakura uye inodhura muchina, asi kutsvaga nzira yekuongorora yakawanda ruzivo?

Zvakakodzera kufunga, kunyanya sezvo mafizikisi anotarisira kusvina zvakanyanya kubva mumotokari. Nguva yemakore maviri yekudzika (inonzi) yakatanga nguva pfupi yadarika ichaita kuti collider isashande kusvika 2021, ichibvumira kugadzirisa (2) Inobva yatanga kushanda nesimba rakafanana kana rakati repamusoro, risati rave nekuvandudzwa kukuru muna 2023, nekupedzwa kwakarongerwa 2026.

Iyi yemazuva ano inodhura bhiriyoni imwe yemadhora (yakachipa ichienzaniswa neyakarongwa mutengo weFCC), uye chinangwa chayo ndechekugadzira inodaidzwa. High Luminosity-LHC. Pakazosvika 2030, izvi zvinogona kuwedzera kagumi nhamba yekudhumhana kunogadzirwa nemota pasekondi.

2. Kugadzirisa basa paLHC

yaiva neutrino

Imwe yezvikamu zvisina kuwanikwa kuLHC, kunyangwe zvaitarisirwa kuve, ndeye WIMP (-zvisina simba zvichipindirana zvimedu zvakakura). Aya ndiwo ekufungidzira anorema zvimedu (kubva pa10 GeV / s² kusvika akati wandei TeV / s², nepo proton mass ishoma pane 1 GeV / s²) ichidyidzana nezvinhu zvinooneka nesimba rinofananidzwa nekusangana kusina simba. Vaizotsanangura chitunha chisinganzwisisike chinonzi dark matter, icho chinowanikwa nekashanu muchadenga kupfuura chinhuwo zvacho.

PaLHC, hapana maWIMP akawanikwa mune idzi 0,003% yedata rekuyedza. Zvisinei, kune nzira dzakachipa dzeizvi - semuenzaniso. XENON-NT kuyedza (3), vheti hombe yemvura xenon yakadzika pasi pevhu muItari uye mukuita kupihwa mukati metiweki yekutsvagisa. Mune imwe hombe ye xenon, LZ muSouth Dakota, kutsvaga kuchatanga kutanga kwa2020.

Kumwe kuedza, kunosanganisira supersensitive ultracold semiconductor detectors, inonzi SuperKDMS SNOLAB, ichatanga kurodha data kuOntario kutanga kwa2020. Saka mikana yekupedzisira "kupfura" aya asinganzwisisike masisitimu mumakumi maviri ezana ramakore rechi 20 ari kuwedzera.

Wimps haisiriyo chete nyaya yakasviba inoteverwa nemasainzi. Pane kudaro, zviedzo zvinogona kuburitsa zvimwe zvimedu zvinonzi maaxion zvisingaonekwe zvakananga semaneutrinos.

Zvinogoneka kuti makore gumi anotevera achange ari ezviwanikwa zvine chekuita neutrinos. Iwo ari pakati pezvimedu zvakawanda zvikurusa muchadenga. Panguva imwecheteyo, imwe yeakanyanya kuoma kudzidza, nekuti neutrinos inopindirana isina kusimba neyakajairwa nyaya.

Masayendisiti agara achiziva kuti chidimbu ichi chinoumbwa neatatu akapatsanurwa anonzi maflavour uye matatu akaparadzana masisitimu - asi iwo haanyatso enderana nekunaka, uye flavour yega yega musanganiswa wematunhu matatu nekuda kwequantum mechanics. Vatsvaguri vanotarisira kuwana zvinonyatsorehwa nemazhinji aya uye kurongeka kwaanoita kana asanganiswa kugadzira kunhuhwirira kwega kwega. Maedzo akadai KATHERINE muGermany, ivo vanofanirwa kuunganidza iyo data inodiwa kuti vaone izvi zvakakosha mumakore anotevera.

3. XENON-nT detector model

Neutrinos dzine zvinhu zvinoshamisa. Somuenzaniso, vachifamba muchadenga, vanoita sevanopindirana pakati pezvavanoda. Nyanzvi kubva Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory muChina, inotarisirwa kutanga kuunganidza data pamusoro pemaneutrinos anoburitswa kubva kumagetsi enyukireya ari pedyo gore rinouya.

Pane chirongwa cherudzi urwu Super-Kamiokande, zvinocherechedzwa muJapan zvave zvichiitika kwenguva yakareba. IUS yatanga kuvaka nzvimbo dzayo dzekuyedza neutrino. LBNF muIllinois uye kuyedza neutrinos pakadzika DUNES muSouth Dakota.

Iyo $ 1,5 bhiriyoni yakawanda-yakatsigirwa nemari yeLBNF/DUNE chirongwa chinotarisirwa kutanga muna 2024 uye kushanda zvizere panosvika 2027. Zvimwe zviedzo zvakagadzirirwa kuvhura zvakavanzika zveneutrino zvinosanganisira AVENUE, paOak Ridge National Laboratory muTennessee, uye pfupi yekutanga neutrino chirongwa, muFermilab, Illinois.

Zvakare, mune purojekiti Ngano-200, Yakarongerwa kuvhurwa muna 2021, chiitiko chinonzi neutrinoless double beta decay chichadzidzwa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti manyuturoni maviri kubva muchikamu cheatomu anoora panguva imwe chete kuita mapurotoni, rimwe nerimwe rinoburitsa elekitironi uye , inosangana neimwe neutrino uye inoparadza.

Kana kuita kwakadaro kuripo, zvaizopa humbowo hwekuti maneutrino ndiwo anopesana nematter, zvichisimbisa zvisina kunanga imwe dzidziso pamusoro pechadenga chepakutanga - ichitsanangura chikonzero nei kune nyaya yakawanda kupfuura antimatter.

Vefizikisi vanodawo kupedzisira vadzidza simba risinganzwisisike rerima rinopinda munzvimbo uye rinotungamira mukuwedzera kwechadenga. Rima simba spectroscopy Chishandiso ichi (DESI) chakangotanga kushanda gore rapfuura uye chiri kutarisirwa kutangwa muna 2020. Yakakura Synoptic Survey Telescope muChile, ichiyedzwa neNational Science Foundation/Dhipatimendi reMagetsi, chirongwa chakazara chekutsvagisa uchishandisa mudziyo uyu chinofanira kutanga muna 2022.

Kune rumwe rutivi (4), iyo yaifanirwa kuve chiitiko chemakore gumi ari kubuda, inozopedzisira yava gamba remakore makumi maviri. Pamusoro pekutsvaga kwakarongwa, kunobatsira pakudzidza kwesimba rerima nekucherechedza magalaxi uye zviitiko zvawo.

4. Kuonekwa kweJames Webb Telescope

Tichabvunza chii

Mupfungwa, makore gumi anotevera mufizikisi haazobudiriri kana makore gumi kubva zvino tichibvunza mimwe mibvunzo isina mhinduro. Zvichava zviri nani kana tawana mhinduro dzatinoda, asiwo kana mibvunzo mitsva yamuka, nokuti hatigoni kuvimba nemamiriro ezvinhu umo fizikisi ichati, "Handichina mibvunzo," zvachose.