Ndeapi mafuta ari nani kuzadza mukati mejini inopisa

Mubvunzo ndewokuti chii mafuta zviri nani kuzadza injinizvinonetsa varidzi vemotokari vakawanda. Sarudzo yemafuta ekuzora inowanzoenderana nekusarudzwa kweviscosity, API kirasi, ACEA, mvumo yevagadziri vemotokari uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakati wandei. Panguva imwecheteyo, vanhu vashoma vanorangarira maitiro emafuta nemhando yemhando maererano nemafuta anomhanyisa injini yemotokari kana magadzirirwo ayo. Kune turbocharged mukati meinjini yekupisa uye mukati memoto injini ine gasi-balloon zvishandiso, kusarudzwa kunoitwa zvakasiyana. zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti chii chinokanganisa mafuta ane sarufa yakawanda pane injini inopisa mukati, uye kuti ungasarudza sei mafuta munyaya iyi.

Mafuta einjini zvinodiwa

kuti uone chaizvo kuti ndeupi rudzi rwemafuta ekuzadza mukati meinjini yekupisa yemotokari, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise izvo zvinodikanwa izvo mvura yekuzora inofanira kusangana nayo. Izvi zvinosanganisira:

• high detergent uye solubilizing properties;
• yakakwirira-anti-kupfeka kugona;
• high thermal uye oxidative kugadzikana;
• hapana corrosive mhedzisiro pane mukati combustion injini zvikamu;
• kukwanisa kuchengetedza kwenguva refu kwezvinhu zvekushanda uye kuramba kukwegura;
• yakaderera mwero wemarara muinjini yekupisa mukati, kuderera kuderera;
• high thermal kugadzikana;
• kusavapo (kana kudiki) kwefuro mumamiriro ese ekupisa;
• kuwirirana nezvinhu zvose kubva pakuisa chisimbiso chejini inopisa mukati;
• kuwirirana ne catalysts;
• kushanda kwakavimbika pakudziya kwakadzika, kuve nechokwadi chenguva dzose inotonhora kutanga, yakanaka kupomba mukutonhora kwekunze;
• kuvimbika kwekuzora kwezvikamu zvejini.

Mushure mezvose, dambudziko rose rekusarudza nderekuti hazvibviri kuwana lubricant iyo inogona kugutsa zvizere zvese zvinodiwa, sezvo dzimwe nguva ivo vanongobatana chete. Uye kunze kweizvi, hapana mhinduro chaiyo kumubvunzo wei mafuta ekuzadza peturu kana dizeli mukati mejini inopisa, sezvo kune imwe neimwe mhando yeinjini iwe unofanirwa kusarudza yako.

Mamwe mamotor anoda mafuta ane hushamwari kwezvakatipoteredza, mamwe viscous kana vice versa mamwe mvura. Uye kuti uone kuti ndeipi ICE iri nani kuzadza, iwe unofanirwa kuziva pfungwa dzakadai seviscosity, madota emukati, alkaline uye acid nhamba, uye kuti ane hukama sei nekushivirira kwevagadziri vemotokari uye chiyero cheACEA.

Viscosity uye kushivirira

Nechinyakare, kusarudzwa kwemafuta ejini kunoitwa zvinoenderana neiyo viscosity uye kushivirira kweiyo automaker. PaInternet unogona kuwana ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro peizvi. Isu tichangoyeuka muchidimbu kuti kune maviri ekutanga zviyero - SAE neACEA, zvinoenderana neiri mafuta anofanirwa kusarudzwa.

Kunyora mafuta emota

tsananguro yakadzama yezviratidzo zvese pagaba remafuta emota. Ziva kuti zviratidzo zvemafuta ejini API, SAE, ACEA, ILSAC uye GOST zvinorevei kuitira kuti usarudze mafuta anodiwa einjini yekupisa yemotokari Verenga zvimwe

 

Iyo viscosity kukosha (semuenzaniso, 5W-30 kana 5W-40) inopa rumwe ruzivo nezve mashandiro eiyo lubricant, pamwe neinjini iyo inoshandiswa (mamwe mafuta chete ane humwe hunhu anogona kudururwa mune mamwe injini). Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kuterera kune kushivirira zvinoenderana neACEA chiyero, semuenzaniso, ACEA A1 / B1; ACEA A3/B4; ACEA A5/B5; ACEA C2 ... C5 nevamwe. Izvi zvinoshanda kune ese peturu uye dizeli injini.

Vazhinji vanofarira mota vanofarira mubvunzo wekuti API iri nani? Mhinduro kune iyo ichave - yakakodzera kune imwe mukati memoto injini. Kune akati wandei makirasi emotokari dzinogadzirwa parizvino. Kune peturu, aya ndiwo makirasi eSM (yemotokari dzakagadzirwa muna 2004 ... 2010), SN (yemotokari dzakagadzirwa mushure me2010) uye itsva API SP kirasi (yemotokari dzakagadzirwa mushure me2020), isu hatizofunga nezve zvimwe nekuda kwe chokwadi chokuti dzinonzi hadzichashandi. Kune injini dzedhiziri, mazita akafanana CI-4 uye (2004 ... 2010) uye CJ-4 (mushure me2010). Kana muchina wako wakura, saka unofanirwa kutarisa mamwe maitiro zvinoenderana neiyo API standard. Uye yeuka kuti hazvidiwi kuzadza mamwe mafuta "matsva" mumotokari dzekare (kureva, semuenzaniso, zadza SN pane SM). Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti unyatso kuomerera kune mirairo ye automaker (izvi zvinokonzerwa nekugadzirwa uye midziyo yemotokari).

Kana, kana uchitenga motokari yakashandiswa, iwe usingazivi kuti rudzii rwemafuta akazadzwa naiye muridzi wekare, saka zvakakodzera kushandura zvachose mafuta nemafuta sefa, pamwe nekutsvaira sisitimu yemafuta uchishandisa maturusi akakosha.

Vagadziri veinjini vane mvumo yavo yeoiri yeinjini (semuenzaniso BMW Longlife-04; Dexos2; GM-LL-A-025/ GM-LL-B-025; MB 229.31/MB 229.51; Porsche A40; VW 502 00/VW 505 nevamwe). Kana iyo mafuta ichienderana neimwe kana imwe kushivirira, ipapo ruzivo nezve izvi rucharatidzwa zvakananga pane canister label. Kana motokari yako ine kushivirira kwakadaro, saka zvinokurudzirwa kusarudza mafuta anofanana nawo.

Iwo akanyorwa matatu sarudzo sarudzo dzinosungirwa uye dzakakosha, uye dzinofanirwa kutevedzwa. Nekudaro, kune zvakare akati wandei anonakidza ma paramita anotendera iwe kuti usarudze oiri yakanakira imwe mota yemukati inopisa injini.

Vagadziri vemafuta vanosimudza yakakwira-kupisa viscosity nekuwedzera polymeric thickeners kune yavo kuumbwa. Zvisinei, kukosha kwe60 ndeye, chaizvoizvo, yakanyanyisa, sezvo kuwedzera kuwedzera kwezvinhu izvi zvemakemikari hazvina kukodzera, uye zvinongokuvadza kuumbwa.

Mafuta ane low kinematic viscosity akakodzera kune itsva ICE uye ICE, umo nzira dzemafuta nemakomba (clearrances) dzine chikamu chiduku chemuchinjikwa. Ndiko kuti, iyo yerubricating fluid inopinda mavari pasina matambudziko panguva yekushanda uye inoita basa rekudzivirira. Kana mafuta akakora (40, 50, uye kunyanya 60) akadururirwa mumotokari yakadaro, saka haigoni kupinda mumatanho, izvo zvinozotungamirira kumigumisiro miviri isingafadzi. Kutanga, injini yekupisa yemukati inopera yakaoma. Chechipiri, mazhinji emafuta achapinda mukamuri yekupisa, uye kubva ipapo kuenda kune exhaust system, ndiko kuti, pachava ne "mafuta ekupisa" uye bluish utsi kubva mukubuda.

Mafuta ane low kinematic viscosity anowanzo shandiswa mu turbocharged uye boxer ICEs (mamodheru matsva), sezvo paine kazhinji kacho maoiri matete nzira, uye kutonhora kunonyanya kukonzerwa nemafuta.

Mafuta ane tembiricha yakakwira viscosities ye50 uye 60 akakora kwazvo uye akakodzera injini dzine mafungu emafuta akafara. Chimwe chinangwa chavo ndechekushandiswa mumainjini ane maira akakwira, ane maburi mahombe pakati pezvikamu (kana mumaICE emarori akaremerwa). Motokari dzakadaro dzinofanirwa kubatwa nekuchenjerera, uye dzinoshandiswa chete kana mugadziri weinjini achibvumira.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko (apo kugadzirisa kusingagoneki nekuda kwechikonzero chipi nechipi), mafuta akadaro anogona kudururwa mumoto wekare mukati memoto kuitira kuderedza kusimba kweutsi. Zvisinei, pamukana wekutanga, zvakakosha kuita mukati mekuongorora injini yekupisa uye kugadzirisa, uye wozozadza mafuta anokurudzirwa nemugadziri wemotokari.

ACEA standard

ACEA - European Association of Machine Manufacturers, iyo inosanganisira BMW, DAF, Ford yeEurope, General Motors Europe, MAN, Mercedes-Benz, Peugeot, Porsche, Renault, Rolls Royce, Rover, Saab-Scania, Volkswagen, Volvo, FIAT nevamwe. . Maererano nechiyero, mafuta akakamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu zvakakura:

• A1, A3 uye A5 - mazinga emhando yemafuta einjini dzepeturu;
• B1, B3, B4 uye B5 mazinga emhando yemafuta emota dzevafambi uye marori madiki ane injini dzedhiziri.

Kazhinji, mafuta emazuva ano anowanikwa pasi rose, saka anogona kudururwa mune ese peturu uye dizeli ICEs. Naizvozvo, imwe yeanotevera mazita ari pamagaba emafuta:

• ACEA A1 / B1;
• ACEA A3 / B3;
• ACEA A3 / B4;
• IYO A5/B5.

zvakare maererano nechiyero cheACEA, kune mafuta anotevera akawedzera kuwirirana nevashanduri vanoshandura (dzimwe nguva vanonzi madota akaderera, asi izvi hazvisi chokwadi zvachose, sezvo kune masampuli epakati uye akazara mumutsara).

• C1. Iyo yakaderera-ash mafuta (SAPS - Sulphated Ash, Phosphorus uye Sulfur, "sulfated ash, phosphorus uye sulfur"). Inogonawo kushandiswa nemajini edhiziri, ayo anogona kuzadzwa nemafuta akaderera-viscosity, pamwe chete nejekiseni rakananga remafuta. Oiri inofanirwa kuve nechiyero cheHTHS chinosvika 2,9 mPa•s.
• C2. Yakakura zviri pakati nepakati. Inogona kushandiswa nema ICE ane chero exhaust system (kunyangwe yakanyanya kuoma uye yemazuva ano). Kusanganisira injini dzedhiziri dzine jekiseni remafuta rakananga. Inogona kudururwa muinjini dzinomhanya pamafuta akaderera-viscosity.
• C3. Kufanana neyakapfuura, iri pakati-madota, inogona kushandiswa nemhando ipi neipi, kusanganisira iyo inobvumira kushandiswa kwepasi-viscosity lubricant. Zvisineyi, pano kukosha kweHTHS kunotenderwa kusadzika pane 3,5 MPa•s.
• C4. Iwo mafuta mashoma emadota. Mune mamwe maitiro ese, akafanana nemasamples apfuura, zvisinei, kuverenga kweHTHS kunofanirwa kunge kuri 3,5 MPa•s.
• C5. Kirasi yemazuva ano yakaunzwa muna 2017. Zviri pamutemo, idota riri pakati nepakati, asi kukosha kweHTHS pano hakuna kuderera pane 2,6 MPa•s. Zvikasadaro, mafuta anogona kushandiswa chero injini yedhiziri.

zvakare maererano nechiyero cheACEA, kune mafuta anoshandiswa mudhiziri ICE anoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma (marori nemidziyo yekuvaka, mabhazi, zvichingodaro). Ivo vane zita - E4, E6, E7, E9. Nekuda kwehunhu hwavo, hatizovafungidzire.

Sarudzo yemafuta zvinoenderana neiyo ACEA chiyero zvinoenderana nerudzi rweinjini yekupisa yemukati uye dhigirii rekupfeka. Saka, iyo yekare A3, B3 uye B4 yakakodzera kushandiswa mumotokari zhinji dzeICE dzinenge dzave nemakore mashanu. Uyezve, dzinogona kushandiswa nepamba, kwete yakanyanya-mhando (ine yakakura sarufa tsvina) mafuta. Asi mitemo yeC5 neC4 inofanira kushandiswa kana uine chokwadi chokuti mafuta acho ndeemhando yepamusoro uye anosangana nezvinodiwa zvemazuva ano zvakatipoteredza Euro-5 (uye kunyanya Euro-5). Zvikasadaro, mafuta emhando yepamusoro, pane zvinopesana, anongo "kuuraya" injini yekupisa mukati uye kuderedza hupfumi hwayo (kusvika hafu yenguva yakaverengerwa).

Mhedzisiro yesarufa pahuni

zvakakosha kugara muchidimbu pamubvunzo wekuti sei sarufa iripo mumafuta ine injini yekupisa mukati uye nemafuta ekuzora. Parizvino, kudzikamisa zvinokuvadza zvinobuda (kunyanya injini dzedhiziri), imwe ye (uye dzimwe nguva zvese panguva imwe chete) masisitimu anoshandiswa - SCR (exhaust neutralization uchishandisa urea) uye EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation - exhaust gas recirculation system). Iyo yekupedzisira inobata zvakanyanya kune sarufa.

Iyo EGR sisitimu inotungamira mamwe emagasi ekupera simba kubva kune akawanda manifold kudzokera kune yakawanda yekudyara. izvi zvinoderedza huwandu hweokisijeni mukamuri inopisa, izvo zvinoreva kuti kupisa kwekushisa kwemusanganiswa wemafuta kuchave kwakaderera. Nekuda kweizvi, huwandu hwenitrogen oxides (NO) hwakaderedzwa. Zvisinei, panguva imwecheteyo, magasi akadzoka kubva kumhepo yakawanda ane hunyoro hwepamusoro, uye pakusangana nesarufa iripo mumafuta, inoumba sulfuric acid. Iyo, zvakare, ine inokuvadza zvakanyanya pamadziro emukati mejini injini zvikamu, zvichibatsira mukuora, kusanganisira cylinder block uye unit majekiseni. zvakare anouya sulfur makomisheni anoderedza hupenyu hweinjini mafuta ari kuzadzwa.

Zvakare, sarufa mumafuta inoderedza hupenyu hweiyo particulate sefa. Uye iyo yakawanda, iyo inokurumidza sefa inokundikana. Chikonzero cheizvi ndechekuti mhedzisiro yekupisa ndeye sulfate sarufa, iyo inobatsira pakuwedzera mukuumbwa kweasingabatike soot, iyo inozopinda musefa.

Dzimwe sarudzo dzekusarudza

Izvo zviyero uye viscosities iyo mafuta anosarudzwa ndiwo ruzivo rwakakosha pakusarudzwa. Nekudaro, kuitira kuti sarudzo ive yakanaka, zviri nani kuita sarudzo neICE. kureva, tichifunga nezvezvinhu zvipi izvo block uye piston zvinogadzirwa, saizi yavo, dhizaini uye zvimwe zvinhu. Kazhinji sarudzo inogona kuitwa chete nemhando yeinjini yekupisa yemukati.

"Mitambo" ine viscosity

Munguva yekushanda kwemotokari, injini yayo yemoto inopisa inopera, uye mukaha pakati pezvikamu zvega unowedzera, uye zvisimbiso zverabha zvinogona zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuudza mvura yekuzora. Naizvozvo, kune maICE ane yakakwira mileage, inotenderwa kushandisa akanyanya viscous oiri kupfuura yakambozadzwa mukati. Kusanganisira izvi kunoderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta, kunyanya munguva yechando. wo, viscosity inogona kuwedzerwa nekugara uchityaira mudhorobha kutenderera (pamhepo yakaderera).

Sezvineiwo, viscosity inogona kudzikiswa (semuenzaniso, shandisa 5W-30 oiri pachinzvimbo cheinokurudzirwa 5W-40) kana mota ichiwanzo kutyaira nekumhanya kwazvo mumugwagwa mukuru, kana injini yekupisa yemukati inoshanda nekumhanya kwakaderera uye mitoro yakareruka (inoita. kwete kupisa).

Ndokumbira utarise kuti vagadziri vakasiyana veoiri vane yakafanana yakaziviswa viscosity vanogona kunyatso ratidza mhedzisiro dzakasiyana (izvi zvinokonzerwawo nehwaro hwaro uye density). Kuenzanisa viscosity yemafuta mumamiriro egaraji, unogona kutora midziyo miviri yakajeka uye uizadze kumusoro nemafuta akasiyana anoda kuenzaniswa. Wobva watora mabhora maviri ehuremu hwakafanana (kana zvimwe zvinhu, zviri nani zvechimiro chakakwenenzverwa) uye panguva imwe chete uzvinyudze mumachubhu ebvunzo akagadzirirwa. Oiri iyo bhora rinosvika pasi nekukurumidza rine yakaderera viscosity.

Zvinonyanya kufadza kuita zviedzo zvakadaro mumamiriro ekunze echando kuitira kuti unzwisise zviri nani kushanda kwemafuta emotokari munguva yechando. Kazhinji mafuta emhando yakaderera anotonhora atova -10 madhigirii celsius.

Kune mamwe maoiri e-viscosity akagadzirirwa einjini dzepamusoro, dzakadai seMobil 1 10W-60 "Yakanyatsogadzirirwa Mota 150,000 + km", yakagadzirirwa injini dzine makiromita anopfuura zviuru zana nemakumi mashanu emakiromita.

Sezvineiwo, iyo mafuta mashoma e-viscous anoshandiswa, iyo yakawanda inoenda kumarara. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti yakawanda yacho inoramba iri pamadziro emasilinda uye inopisa kunze. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika kana chikamu chepiston cheinjini yekupisa chemukati chakasakara zvakanyanya. Muchiitiko ichi, zvakakodzera kuchinja kune mamwe mafuta e-viscous.

Oiri ine viscosity inokurudzirwa neautomaker inofanirwa kushandiswa kana iyo injini sosi yakaderedzwa ne25%. Kana iyo pfuma yakaderera ne 25 ... 75%, zvino zviri nani kushandisa mafuta, iyo viscosity iyo imwe inokosha yakakwirira. Zvakanaka, kana injini yemoto yemukati iri mumamiriro ekugadzirisa, saka zviri nani kushandisa mafuta akawanda e-viscous, kana kushandisa zvinyorwa zvakakosha zvinoderedza utsi uye kuwedzera viscosity nekuda kwehupfu.

Pane bvunzo maererano neinoyerwa kuti mangani masekonzi pa zero tembiricha mushure mekutanga injini yekupisa yemukati, oiri kubva kuhurongwa inosvika kune camshaft. Zvibereko zvayo ndezvizvi:

• 0W-30 - 2,8 masekondi;
• 5W-40 - 8 masekondi;
• 10W-40 - 28 masekondi;
• 15W-40 - 48 sec.

Zvinoenderana neruzivo urwu, mafuta ane viscosity ye10W-40 haasanganisirwe mumafuta anokurudzirwa emichina yakawanda yemazuva ano, kunyanya ayo ane maviri camshafts uye yakawandisa valve chitima. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune pombi-injector injini dzedhiziri kubva kuVolkswagen yakagadzirwa pamberi paJune 2006. Pane zvakajeka viscosity kushivirira kwe0W-30 uye kushivirira kwe506.01. Nekuwedzera kwe viscosity, semuenzaniso, kusvika ku5W-40 munguva yechando, camshafts inogona kuremara nyore nyore.

Mafuta ane yakaderera-kupisa viscosity ye10W haadiwe kushandisa kuchamhembe latitudes, asi chete pakati uye kumaodzanyemba mitsetse yenyika!

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, maAsia (asiwo mamwe eEuropean) automakers vakatanga kuyedza nemafuta akaderera-viscosity. Semuenzaniso, iyo imwechete yemotokari modhi inogona kuve neyakasiyana mafuta ekushivirira. Saka, pamusika wemuJapan wepamusha, inogona kuva 5W-20 kana 0W-20, uye yeEurope (kusanganisira musika weRussia) - 5W-30 kana 5W-40. Nei izvi zviri kuitika?

Point ndechokuti viscosity inosarudzwa zvinoenderana nedhizaini uye zvinhu zvekugadzirwa kwezvikamu zveinjini, zvinoti, kumisikidzwa kwepiston, kuoma kwemhete.. Saka, kune yakaderera-viscosity oiri (michina yemusika wepamusha weJapan), piston inogadzirwa neakakosha anti-friction coating. iyo piston inewo yakasiyana "barrel" angle, yakasiyana "skirt" curvature. Zvisinei, izvi zvinogona kuzivikanwa chete nerubatsiro rwezvishandiso zvakakosha.

Asi chii chinogona kutariswa neziso (kubvisa boka repiston) ndechekuti maICE akagadzirirwa mafuta akaderera-viscosity, mhete dzekumanikidza dzakapfava, dzinobuda zvishoma, uye kazhinji dzinogona kukotamiswa nemaoko. Uye iyi HAISI muchato wefekitari! Kana iri mhete yemafuta, ine zvishoma kuomarara kwe base scraper blades, mapistoni ane maburi mashoma uye akaonda. Sezvingatarisirwa, kana 5W-40 kana 5W-50 oiri akadururwa muinjini yakadaro, ipapo mafuta haangozorambidzi injini kazhinji, asi anopinda mukamuri yekupisa nemhedzisiro yese inotevera.

Saizvozvo, maJapan ari kuyedza kugadzira mota dzavo dzekunze dzinoenderana nezvinodiwa neEurope. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune dhizaini yemota, yakagadzirirwa kushanda nemafuta akawanda e-viscous.

kazhinji, kuwedzera kwepamusoro-tembiricha viscosity nekirasi imwe kubva kune inokurudzirwa nemugadziri (somuenzaniso, 40 pachinzvimbo che30) haikanganisi injini yekupisa kwemukati neimwe nzira, uye inobvumirwa kazhinji (kunze kwekunge zvinyorwa zvichitaura zvakasiyana) .

Zvinodiwa zvemazuva ano zveEuro IV - VI

Zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvemazuva ano zvehushamwari hwezvakatipoteredza, vagadziri vemotokari vakatanga kushongedza mota dzavo neyakaomesesa epoust gasi yekuchenesa system. Saka, inosanganisira imwe kana maviri catalysts uye chetatu (yechipiri) catalyst munzvimbo ye silencer (iyo inonzi barium filter). Zvisinei, nhasi motokari dzakadaro dzinenge dzisingasviki munyika dzeCIS, asi izvi zvakanaka, nokuti, kutanga, zvakaoma kwavari kuwana mafuta (zvinenge zvichidhura zvikuru), uye chechipiri, motokari dzakadaro dzinoda pamhando yemafuta. .

Injini dzepeturu dzakadaro dzinoda mafuta akafanana neanjiniya edhiziri ane chidimbu chesefa, kureva, yakaderera madota (Low SAPS). Naizvozvo, kana mota yako isina kuomeswa neyakaomesesa exhaust filtration system, saka zviri nani kushandisa yakazara-madota, yakazara-viscosity oiri (kunze kwekunge mirairo ichitaura zvakajeka neimwe nzira). Sezvo yakazara madota mafirita kudzivirira zviri nani injini yekupisa yemukati kubva pakupfeka!

Diesel injini dzine particulate mafirita

Kune injini dzedhiziri dzakashongedzerwa mafirita, pane zvinopesana, mafuta akadzika-madota (ACEA A5 / B5) anofanira kushandiswa. it Chinosungirwa chinodiwa, hapana chimwe chinogona kuzadzwa mukati! Zvikasadaro, sefa ichakurumidza kutadza. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nezvinhu zviviri. Chekutanga ndechekuti kana mafuta akazara-ash akashandiswa mune system ine particulate sefa, iyo sefa ichakurumidza kuvhara, nekuti semhedzisiro yekupisa kwemafuta, yakawanda isingabatike soot nemadota zvinosara, izvo zvinopinda mukati. sefa.

Ichokwadi chechipiri ndechokuti zvimwe zvezvinhu izvo sefa inogadzirwa (kureva, platinum) haibvumiri migumisiro yezvigadzirwa zvinopisa zvemafuta akazara-ash. Uye izvi, zvakare, zvinotungamira mukukundikana nekukurumidza kwesefa.

Nuances yekushivirira - Kusangana kana Kubvumidzwa

Pamusoro pakanga patova neruzivo rwekuti zvinodikanwa kushandisa maoiri eaya mabhureki ane mvumo kubva kune chaiwo vanogadzira mota. Zvisinei, pane hunyengeri pano. Kune mazwi maviri echiRungu - Meets uye Yakabvumidzwa. Muchiitiko chekutanga, kambani yemafuta inotaura kuti zvigadzirwa zvayo zvinosangana zvizere nezvinodiwa zveimwe mhando yemuchina. Asi ichi chirevo kubva kumugadziri wemafuta, kwete iyo automaker zvachose! Anogona kunge asiri kutombozviziva. Ndinoreva, imhando yekushambadzira.

Muenzaniso wezvakanyorwa Mvumo pagaba

Izwi rekuti Kubvumidzwa rinoturikirwa muchiRussia seyakasimbiswa, yakatenderwa. Kureva kuti, aive automaker akaita bvunzo dzakakodzera murabhoritari uye akafunga kuti mafuta chaiwo akakodzera maICE avanoburitsa. Kutaura zvazviri, kutsvakurudza kwakadaro kunodhura mamiriyoni emadhora, ndicho chikonzero vagadziri vemotokari vanowanzochengetedza mari. Saka, mafuta mamwe chete angave akaedzwa, uye mumabhurocha ekushambadzira unogona kuwana ruzivo rwekuti mutsara wose wakaedzwa. Nekudaro, mune iyi kesi, kutarisa ruzivo kuri nyore. Iwe unongoda kuenda kune webhusaiti yepamutemo yeautomaker uye uwane ruzivo rwekuti ndeapi mafuta uye ndeapi modhi kune mvumo yakakodzera.

Vagadziri veEuropean uye vepasirese vanoita bvunzo dzemakemikari emafuta muchokwadi, vachishandisa michina yemurabhoritari uye matekinoroji. Vagadziri vedzimba, kune rumwe rutivi, vanotevedzera nzira yekushomeka, kureva kuti, vanongotaurirana nevagadziri vemafuta. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kutenda mukushivirira kwemakambani epamba nekuchenjerera (nechinangwa chekurwisa kushambadzira, hatingadudze zita remugadziri wemotokari anozivikanwa uye mumwe mugadziri wemafuta epamba anobatirana nenzira iyi).

Mafuta ekuchengetedza magetsi

Mafuta anonzi "anoponesa simba" anogona kuwanikwa pamusika. Ndiko kuti, muchirevo, ivo vakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza kushandiswa kwemafuta. Izvi zvinowanikwa nekuderedza kupisa kwepamusoro viscosity. Iko kune chiratidzo chakadaro - Kupisa kwepamusoro / Kukwirira shear viscosity (HT / HS). Uye ndeyemafuta anochengetedza simba ari pakati pe2,9 kusvika 3,5 MPa•s. Nekudaro, zvinozivikanwa kuti kuderera kwe viscosity kunotungamirira kune hurombo hwepamusoro kudzivirira kwemukati mejini injini zvikamu. Naizvozvo, haugone kuzvizadza chero kupi zvako! Ivo vanogona chete kushandiswa muICEs dzakagadzirirwa ivo.

Semuenzaniso, vagadziri vemotokari vakaita seBMW neMercedes-Benz havakurudzire kushandiswa kwemafuta anochengetedza simba. Asi vazhinji vanogadzira mota dzeJapan, pane kudaro, vanoomerera pakushandisa kwavo. Naizvozvo, ruzivo rwekuwedzera rwekuti zvinokwanisika kuzadza mafuta anochengetedza simba mukati meinjini yekupisa yemotokari yako inofanira kuwanikwa mugwaro rekushandisa kana hunyanzvi hweimwe mota.

Nzira yekunzwisisa sei kuti iyi ndiyo mafuta ekuchengetedza simba pamberi pako? Kuti uite izvi, unofanirwa kushandisa zviyero zveACEA. Saka, mafuta airatidza A1 neA5 yeinjini dzepeturu uye B1 neB5 yeinjini dzedhiziri dzinoshandisa simba. Zvimwe (A3, B3, B4) zvakajairika. Ndokumbira utarise kuti chikamu cheACEA A1/B1 chakamiswa kubva 2016 sezvo chichinzi chisisashandiswe. Kana iri ACEA A5 / B5, zvinorambidzwa zvakananga kuvashandisa mumaICE emamwe magadzirirwo! Mamiriro acho akafanana nechikamu C1. Parizvino, inoonekwa sechinyakare, ndiko kuti, haina kugadzirwa, uye yakanyanya kushoma kutengeswa.

Mafuta einjini yebhokisi

Injini yebhokisi inoiswa pamhando dzakawanda dzemotokari dzemazuva ano, semuenzaniso, paanenge ese mamodheru eJapan automaker Subaru. Iyo mota ine inonakidza uye yakakosha dhizaini, saka kusarudzwa kwemafuta kwairi kwakakosha.

Chinhu chekutanga kucherechedza - ACEA A1/A5 simba rekuchengetedza zvinwiwa hazvikurudzirwe kune Subaru boxer injini. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kweinjini, mitoro yakawedzera pa crankshaft, yakamanikana crankshaft magazini, uye mutoro wakakura munzvimbo yezvikamu. Naizvozvo, maererano neiyo ACEA chiyero, ipapo zviri nani kuzadza mafuta ane kukosha kweA3, kureva kuti, kuitira kuti iyo yakataurwa High tembiricha/High shear viscosity reshiyo ive pamusoro pekukosha kwe3,5 MPa•s. Sarudza ACEA A3/B3 (ACEA A3/B4 yekuzadza haina kukurudzirwa).

Vatengesi veAmerican Subaru pawebhusaiti yavo yepamutemo vanoshuma kuti pasi pemamiriro akaomarara ekufambisa kwemotokari, unofanirwa kushandura mafuta ega ega ega ega ega ega tangi remafuta. Kana kushandiswa kwemarara kuchipfuura litita imwe pamakiromita 2000, ipapo imwe injini yekuongorora inofanira kuitwa.

Scheme yekushanda kwebhokisi remukati rinopisa injini

Kana iri viscosity, zvese zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwekuora kwemota, pamwe nemuenzaniso wayo. Icho chokwadi ndechekuti yekutanga mabhokisi ejini anosiyana kubva kune avo matsva muhukuru hwemachinjiko emuchinjiko wenzira dzemafuta. Mune maICE ekare, iwo akawedzera, mune zvitsva, zvichiteerana, akamanikana. Naizvozvo, hazvidiwe kudira yakawandisa viscous mafuta mubhokisi remukati rinopisa injini yemhando nyowani. Mamiriro acho anowedzera kana paine turbine. Iyo haidi zvakare viscous lubricant kuti itonhodze.

Nokudaro, mhedziso inogona kuitwa sezvinotevera: kutanga kune zvose, farira kukurudzirwa kweautomaker. Vazhinji vevaridzi vemotokari vane ruzivo vemotokari dzakadaro vanozadza injini itsva nemafuta ane viscosity ye0W-20 kana 5W-30 (inoti, inoenderana neSubaru FB20 / FB25 injini). Kana injini ine yakakwira mileage kana mutyairi anoomerera kune yakasanganiswa yekutyaira maitiro, saka zviri nani kuzadza chimwe chinhu chine viscosity ye5W-40 kana 5W-50.

Mune injini dzinopisa dzemukati dzemotokari dzemitambo dzakadai seSubaru WRX, zvakakosha kushandisa mafuta ekugadzira.

Injini dzekuuraya mafuta

Parizvino, kune mazana emagadzirirwo akasiyana einjini dzinopisa mukati munyika. Vamwe vanhu vanoda kuzadza mafuta kakawanda, vamwe zvishoma. Uye dhizaini yeinjini inokanganisawo nguva yekutsiva. Pane ruzivo rwekuti ndeapi chaiwo emhando dzeICE "anouraya" mafuta akadirwa mukati mawo, ndosaka munhu anofarira mota achimanikidzwa kudzikisa zvakanyanya nguva yekuitsiva.

Saka, DVSm yakadai inosanganisira:

• BMW N57S l6. Matatu litre turbodiesel. Nekukurumidza kwazvo anogara alkaline nhamba. Nekuda kweizvozvo, nguva yekuchinja oiri inopfupikiswa.
• BMW N63. Iyi injini yemoto yemukati zvakare, nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwayo, inokurumidza kuparadza mvura yekuzora, ichidzikisa nhamba yehwaro uye kuwedzera viscosity.
• Hyundai/KIA G4FC. Injini ine diki crankcase, saka lubricant inopera nekukurumidza, iyo alkaline nhamba inonyura, nitration uye oxidation inooneka. Nguva yekutsiva inoderedzwa.
• Hyundai / KIA G4KD, G4KE. Pano, kunyange vhoriyamu yakakura, kuchine kurasikirwa nekukurumidza kwemafuta ekuita kwayo maitiro.
• Hyundai/KIA G4ED. Zvakafanana nepfungwa yapfuura.
• Mazda MZR L8. Zvakafanana neaya apfuura, inoisa nhamba yealkaline uye inopfupisa nguva yekutsiva.
• Mazda SkyActiv-G 2.0L (PE-VPS). Iyi ICE inoshanda paAtkinson cycle. mafuta anopinda mu crankcase, zvichiita kuti mafuta akurumidze kurasikirwa neviscosity. Nekuda kweizvi, nguva yekutsiva inopfupiswa.
• Mitsubishi 4B12. Yakajairwa ina-cylinder peturu ICE, iyo, zvisinei, haingokurumidzi kuderedza nhamba yekutanga, asiwo inosimudzira nitration uye oxidation. Izvi zvakafanana zvinogona kutaurwa nezve mamwe akafanana mukati combustion injini ye4B1x akatevedzana (4V10, 4V11).
• Mitsubishi 4A92... Zvakafanana neyakapfuura.
• Mitsubishi 6B31... Zvakafanana neyakapfuura.
• Mitsubishi 4D56. Injini yedhiziri inozadza mafuta ne soot nekukurumidza. Sezvingatarisirwa, izvi zvinowedzera viscosity, uye lubricant inoda kuchinjwa kazhinji.
• Opel Z18XER. Kana iwe uchigara uchishandisa mota paunenge uchityaira mudhorobha modhi, ipapo nhamba yepasi inodonha nekukurumidza.
• Subaru EJ253. Injini yekupisa yemukati ndeye boxer, inoisa nhamba yekutanga nekukurumidza, ndosaka ichikurudzirwa kudzikisa mileage yekutsiviwa kusvika 5000 makiromita.
• Toyota 1NZ-FE. Yakavakwa pane yakakosha VVT-i system. Iine diki crankcase ine volume ye 3,7 litres chete. Nekuda kweizvi, zvinokurudzirwa kushandura mafuta ega ega 5000 makiromita.
• Toyota 1GR-FE. Gasoline ICE V6 zvakare inoderedza nhamba yekutanga, inosimudzira nitration uye oxidation.
• Toyota 2AZ-FE. Uyewo yakagadzirwa maererano neVVT-i system. Inoderedza nhamba yealkaline, inosimudzira nitration uye oxidation. Mukuwedzera, kune kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwemarara.
• Toyota 1NZ-FXE. Yakaiswa paToyota Prius. Inoshanda maererano neAtkinson musimboti, saka inozadza mafuta nemafuta, nekuda kweiyo viscosity yayo inoderera.
• VW 1.2 TSI CBZB. Iine crankcase ine vhoriyamu diki, pamwe neiyo turbine. Nekuda kweizvi, iyo alkaline nhamba inokurumidza kuderera, nitration uye oxidation inoitika.
• VW 1.8 TFSI CJEB. Iine turbine uye jekiseni rakananga. Zvidzidzo zverabhoritari zvakaratidza kuti mota iyi inokurumidza "kuuraya" mafuta.

Sezvingatarisirwa, rondedzero iyi iri kure nekukwana, saka kana iwe uchiziva dzimwe injini dzinoparadza zvakanyanya mafuta matsva, tinokukoka iwe kuti utaure pane izvi.

Pamusoro pezvo, zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti mazhinji maICE ema1990 (uye kunyangwe ekutanga) anoshatisa mafuta zvakanyanya. kureva, izvi zvinoshanda kune injini dzinosangana neyekare Euro-2 yezvakatipoteredza mwero.

Mafuta emotokari itsva uye dzakashandiswa

Sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, mamiriro emotokari itsva uye yakashandiswa ICE inogona kunge yakasiyana zvikuru. Asi vagadziri vemafuta vemazuva ano vanogadzira mafomu akakosha kwavari. Mazhinji emazuva ano ma ICE madhizaini ane matete emafuta ndima, saka anoda kuzadzwa neakaderera-viscosity oiri. Sezvineiwo, nekufamba kwenguva, mota inopera, uye mikaha pakati pezvikamu zvayo zvega inowedzera. Naizvozvo, zvakakodzera kudururira mamwe viscous lubricating fluid mavari.

Mune mitsetse yevazhinji vagadziri vemazuva ano emafuta emota kune akakosha magadzirirwo einjini "akaneta" emukati, kureva, ayo ane mileage yakakwira. Muenzaniso wemakomboni akadaro ndiyo ine mukurumbira wakashata Liqui Moly Asia-America. Yakagadzirirwa mota dzakashandiswa dzinopinda mumusika wepamba kubva kuAsia, Europe neAmerica. Kazhinji, mafuta aya ane high kinematic viscosity, semuenzaniso, XW-40, XW-50 uye kunyange XW-60 (X chiratidzo che dynamic viscosity).

Nekudaro, nekupfeka kwakakosha painjini yekupisa yemukati, zvichiri nani kusashandisa mafuta akakora, asi kuongorora injini yekupisa yemukati uye kuigadzirisa. Uye viscous lubricating fluids inogona kushandiswa chete seyero yenguva pfupi.

Mamiriro ekushanda akaoma

Pamagaba emamwe mabhureki (mhando) yemafuta emota pane kunyorwa - kweinjini dzinopisa dzinoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Zvisinei, havasi vatyairi vose vanoziva zviri mungozi. Saka, iwo akanyanya kushanda mamiriro emota anosanganisira:

• kutyaira mumakomo kana mumigwagwa yakaipa pamusoro penzvimbo dzakaipa;
• kukweva dzimwe mota kana turera;
• kutyaira kakawanda mumigwagwa, kunyanya munguva yekudziya;
• shanda nekumhanya kukuru (kupfuura 4000 ... 5000 rpm) kwenguva yakareba;
• mitambo yekutyaira modhi (kusanganisira mu "sport" modhi pane otomatiki kutapurirana);
• kushandisa motokari mukupisa zvikuru kana kutonhora zvikuru;
• kushanda kwemotokari kana uchifamba nzendo pfupi pasina kudziyisa mafuta (kunyanya ichokwadi kune tembiricha yakaipa yemhepo);
• kushandiswa kwemafuta akaderera octane/cetane;
• tuning (kumanikidza) mukati memoto injini;
• kutsvedza kwenguva refu;
• yakaderera mafuta mwero mu crankcase;
• kufamba kwenguva refu mukuperekedzwa kwekumuka (kutonhora kwakashata kwemota).

Kana muchina wacho uchiwanzoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma ekushanda, zvino zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa peturu ine octane rating ye 98, uye dizeli mafuta ane cetane rating ye 51. Kana iri mafuta, mushure mekuongorora mamiriro ejini inopisa mukati. uye kunyanya kana pane zviratidzo zvekushanda kweinjini mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma ) zvakakodzera kuchinja kune mafuta akazara akazara, zvisinei, kuva nepamusoro API tsanangudzo yekirasi, asi ine viscosity yakafanana. Zvisinei, kana injini inopisa mukati iine mileage yakakomba, ipapo viscosity inogona kutorwa imwe kirasi yepamusoro (somuenzaniso, panzvimbo yeyakamboshandiswa SAE 0W-30, unogona kuzadza SAE 0 / 5W-40). Asi munyaya iyi, iwe unoda kuderedza kuwanda kwekuchinja kwemafuta.

Mushure mangani km kuti uchinje mafuta mukati meinjini yekupisa

Iyo injini yekuchinja mafuta nguva inofanirwa kutariswa zvichienderana nemamiriro ekushanda, mileage yemotokari, mhando yezvinobatika uye zvakare zvinhu zvinomwe. Frequency 7-8 zviuru km. general indicator Verenga zvakawanda

 

Ndapota cherechedza kuti kushandiswa kwemazuva ano e-low-viscosity oiri muICEs kushanda pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma haisi nguva dzose inokurudzirwa (kunyanya kana yakaderera-mhando yemafuta inoshandiswa uye nguva yekuchinja yemafuta inodarika). Semuenzaniso, ACEA A5 / B5 oiri inoderedza iyo yakazara sosi yeinjini yekupisa yemukati kana ichishanda pane yakaderera-mhando yemafuta epamba (mafuta edhiziri). Izvi zvinoratidzwa nekuona kweVolvo dhiziri injini ine yakajairika jekiseni renjanji. Zviwanikwa zvavo zvese zvinodonha nehafu.

Kana iri yekushandiswa kwemafuta ari nyore kubuda SAE 0W-30 ACEA A5 / B5 munyika dzeCIS (kunyanya nedhiziri ICEs), pane dambudziko rakafanana, iro nderekuti munzvimbo yepost-Soviet pane zvishoma zviteshi zvemafuta uko iwe. inogona kuzadza mafuta emhando yepamusoro yeEuro standard -5. Uye nekuda kwekuti mafuta emazuva ano akaderera-viscosity akabatanidzwa nemafuta emhando yakaderera, izvi zvinotungamirira kukuputika kwakakomba kwemafuta uye mafuta akawanda emarara. Nekuda kweizvi, nzara yemafuta yeinjini yekupisa yemukati uye kupfeka kwayo kwakakosha kunogona kucherechedzwa.

saka, mhinduro yakanakisa mune iyi kesi ingave kushandisa yakaderera-ash injini mafuta Low SAPs - ACEA C4 uye Mid SAPs - ACEA C3 kana C5, viscosity SAE 0W-30 uye SAE 0W-40 ye peturu injini uye SAE 0 / 5W- 40 yeinjini dzedhiziri ine particulate sefa kana uchishandisa mafuta emhando yepamusoro. Zvichienderana neizvi, zvakakosha kudzikisa kuwanda kwekutsiva kwete chete injini yemafuta nemafuta sefa, asiwo mhepo sefa (kureva, kaviri kakawanda sezvainoratidzwa kumamiriro ekushanda kwemotokari muEuropean Union).

Nokudaro, muRussian Federation nedzimwe nyika dzemashure eSoviet, zvakakodzera kushandisa mafuta epakati uye akaderera ane ACEA C3 uye C4 tsanangudzo pamwe chete neEuro-5 mafuta. Nenzira iyi, zvinokwanisika kuwana kuderedzwa kwekupfeka kwezvinhu zvecylinder-piston boka uye crank mechanism, pamwe nekuchengetedza piston uye mhete yakachena.

Mafuta e turbo injini

Kune turbocharged yemukati injini yekupisa, oiri inowanzo siyana zvishoma kubva kune yakajairwa "aspirated". Funga nezvenyaya iyi paunosarudza mafuta eiyo yakakurumbira TSI injini yekupisa yemukati, inogadzirwa neVAG kune mamwe maVolkswagen uye Skoda modhi. Aya ndiwo injini dzepeturu dzine mapatya turbocharging uye hurongwa hwe "layered" jekiseni remafuta.

Zvakakosha kucherechedza. kuti kune marudzi akati wandei emaICE akadaro ane vhoriyamu ye1 kusvika ku3 malita muhuwandu, pamwe nezvizvarwa zvakati wandei. Kusarudzwa kwemafuta ejini zvakananga kunobva pane izvi. Zvizvarwa zvekutanga zvaive nekushivirira kwakaderera (kureva 502/505), uye yechipiri chizvarwa mota (yakaburitswa kubva 2013 uye gare gare) yatova ne504/507 mvumo.

Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, mafuta akaderera-ash (Low SAPS) anogona kushandiswa chete nepamusoro-soro mafuta (iyo inowanzova dambudziko kunyika dzeCIS). Kana zvisina kudaro, kuchengetedzwa kwezvikamu zvejini kubva kumativi emafuta kunoderedzwa kusvika "kwete". Tichisiya izvo, tinogona kutaura izvi: kana uine chokwadi chekuti uri kudira mafuta emhando yepamusoro mutangi, saka unofanirwa kushandisa mafuta ane 504/507 mvumo (zvechokwadi, kana izvi zvisingapokane nekurudziro yakananga yemugadziri. ) Kana peturu inoshandiswa isiri yakanaka (kana kuti hauna chokwadi nazvo), zviri nani kuzadza iyo iri nyore uye isingadhuri mafuta 502/505.

Kana iri viscosity, zvinotanga kudikanwa kuti uenderere mberi kubva kune zvinodiwa neautomaker. Kazhinji, vatyairi vepamba vanozadza injini dzinopisa dzemotokari dzavo nemafuta ane viscosity ye5W-30 uye 5W-40. Usadira mafuta akakora kwazvo (aine high-temperature viscosity ye40 kana kupfuura) mu turbocharged yemukati injini yekupisa. Zvikasadaro, iyo turbine yekutonhodza system inoputswa.

Sarudzo yeoiri yeinjini yeinjini dzinopisa mukati pane gasi

Vatyairi vazhinji vanoshongedza mota dzavo nemidziyo yeLPG kuitira kuchengetedza mafuta. Zvisinei, panguva imwe chete, havasi vose vanoziva kuti kana motokari ichimhanya pamafuta egasi, saka zvinokosha kuti zviverengerwe pakusarudza mafuta ejini kune injini inopisa mukati.

Temperature Range. Mazhinji emafuta einjini anonzi nevagadziri vawo akanakira gasi-anopfurwa maICE ane tembiricha yemhando yekurongedza. Uye iyo nharo huru yekushandisa yakakosha mafuta ndeyekuti gasi rinopisa pane tembiricha yakakwira kupfuura peturu. Kutaura zvazviri, kupisa kwekushisa kwe petroli muokisijeni inenge +2000 ... + 2500 ° С, methane - +2050 ... + 2200 ° С, uye propane-butane - +2400 ... + 2700 ° С.

Nokudaro, varidzi vemotokari chete yepropane-butane vanofanira kunetseka pamusoro pehuwandu hwekushisa. Uye kunyange zvakadaro, chaizvoizvo, injini dzinopisa dzomukati hadziwanzosviki tembiricha yakaoma, kunyanya nguva dzose. Oiri yakanaka inogona kuchengetedza iyo yemukati injini yekupisa. Kana iwe uine HBO yakaiswa methane, saka hapana chekunetsekana nacho zvachose.

Ash content. Pamusana pekuti gasi rinopisa pakupisa kwepamusoro, kune ngozi yekuwedzera carbon deposits pamavharuvhu. Hazvibviri kutaura kuti yakawanda sei madota, sezvo zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda, kusanganisira kunaka kwemafuta uye injini yemafuta. Nekudaro, ngazvive izvo, kune ICE neLPG zviri nani kushandisa yakaderera-ash injini oiri. Ivo vane zvinyorwa pane canister nezve ACEA C4 kushivirira (iwe unogona zvakare kushandisa yepakati madota C5) kana iyo Low SAPS kunyorwa. Vanenge vese vanozivikanwa vagadziri vemafuta emota vane mafuta akaderera-ash mumutsara wavo.

Classification uye tolerances. Kana iwe ukaenzanisa zvakatemwa uye kushivirira kwevagadziri vemotokari pamagaba emafuta akaderera-ash uye akakosha "gasi", uchaona kuti iwo akafanana kana akafanana. Semuyenzaniso, kune maICE anoshanda angave pamethane kana papropane-butane, zvinokwana kutevedzera zvinotevera zvinotemwa:

• ACEA C3 kana yakakwirira (yakaderera madota mafuta);
• API SN / CF (zvisinei, mune iyi kesi, haugone kutarisa kushivirira kweAmerica, nekuti maererano nechikamu chavo hapana mafuta akaderera-ash, asi chete "medium ash" - Middle SAPS);
• BMW Longlife-04 (inosarudza, panogona kunge paine imwe yakafanana auto-mvumo).

Chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa chepasi-ash "gasi" oiri mutengo wavo wakakwira. Zvisinei, pakusarudza imwe kana imwe yemhando dzayo, unofanirwa kuyeuka kuti hapana chikonzero iwe unofanira kuderedza kirasi yemafuta ari kuzadzwa mukati kana ichienzaniswa neyakakurudzirwa nemugadziri wemotokari.

Kune akakosha maICE anoshanda chete pagasi (hapana peturu chikamu mavari), kushandiswa kwe "gasi" oiri inosungirwa. Mienzaniso ijini dzinopisa dzemukati dzemamwe modhi yemaforogo ekuchengetera zvinhu kana mota dzemajenareta emagetsi anomhanya pagasi rechisikigo.

Kazhinji, kana uchitsiva "gasi" mafuta, vatyairi vanocherechedza kuti ine mumvuri wakareruka pane wekare wekuzora mvura. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti gasi rine tsvina shoma kana ichienzaniswa nepeturu. Zvisinei izvi hazvireve kuti "gasi" oiri inoda kuchinjwa kazhinji! Muchokwadi, nekuda kwekuti izvo zvataurwa zvakasimba zvimedu mugasi zvidiki, saka madhizaini ekuwedzera anoita basa rawo nemazvo. Asi kana zviri zvekumanikidzika zvakanyanya uye zvekuwedzera hembe, zvinoshanda nenzira imwe chete kana injini yemoto inobatidza mukati ichimhanya papeturu. Ivo havangoratidzi kupfeka zvinoonekwa. Naizvozvo, nguva yekuchinja oiri kune ese gasi nepeturu inoramba yakafanana! saka, kuitira kuti urege kubhadhara kune yakakosha "gasi" oiri, iwe unogona chete kutenga yayo yakaderera-ash mumwe wake neakakodzera kushivirira.