Cassini. Kupera kwechinangwa chikuru, chikamu 1
Cassini inopinda munzira yeSaturn.
Musi waGunyana 15, 2017 na11:55 a.m., masaini ekupedzisira kubva kuCassini spacecraft akasvika paNyika. Izvi zvakaitika makore anoda kusvika makumi maviri mushure mekunge abva paPasi uye akapedza makore anopfuura gumi nematatu pedyo neSaturn. Tsvakiridzo iyi yakapinda mukati memhepo yakapoteredza pasi ndokupisa, ichitumira ruzivo rwakasiyana rwesainzi kusvika paminiti yekupedzisira.
Munguva yebasa rayo, Cassini yakavhara chinhambwe chemakiromita mabhiriyoni 7,9, yakagamuchira uye yakauraya mirairo yemamiriyoni maviri nehafu, uye injini dzayo dzakagadzira 360 manouvers. Yakawana mwedzi mitanhatu yaimbozivikanwa yeSaturn, yakatora 453 mifananidzo yemhepo yaro, mhete, nemwedzi, uye yakapa 048 gigabytes yeruzivo rwesainzi kubva mairi mapepa esainzi 635 akabudiswa pakupera kwemishoni.
Saturn munhamba
Nyika yechitanhatu yesolar system yaizivikanwa kare. Kunyangwe iri kure nemakiromita bhiriyoni imwe nechidimbu kubva kuZuva, kureba zvakapetwa kagumi pane Nyika, inonyatso kuoneka neziso. Iine chikwereti ichi nehukuru hwayo - radius yepasi yakakura nekapfumbamwe kupfuura yepasi uye i58 km. Kune rumwe rutivi, hukuru hweSaturn hunokwana makumi mapfumbamwe neshanu pahuremu hwePasi (232 × 95 kg), zvinoreva kuti chiyero chepakati chepasi chinongova 5,68 g / cm1026, iyo ishoma kudarika iyo yemvura, iyo zvinoreva kuti Saturn ndeimwe kubva kune gasi hofori. Pakati penyika pane simbi diki-silicate core, iyo inoita 0,687% yehukuru hweSaturn. Iyo yakakomberedzwa negobvu remvura yesimbi uye ipapo molecular hydrogen ine diki musanganiswa wehelium. Iyi nhanho inoramba ichipfuura ichienda kune gaseous state, i.e. mumhepo. Inosanganisira inenge yehydrogen chete (3%) uye helium (20%). Chikamu chakasara chemisa chinoverengerwa ne methane, ammonia uye mvura. Mukati menyika inopisa, inopenya ka96,3 simba rakawanda munzvimbo kupfuura yainogamuchira kubva kuZuva. Iyo nzira yekuumbwa kwayo haisati yanyatsojekeswa. Nyika, inotenderera paaxis yayo mumaawa angangoita 3,25 (kutenderera hakuna kufanana, sezvo Saturn isiri muviri wakasimba), inogadzira simba remagineti rakasimba zvishoma kupfuura iro rePasi (2,5 μT).
Maonero ekutanga
Nekuvakwa kweteresikopu yekutanga naGalileo (1610), ruzivo rwedu rweSaturn rwakachinja kwekutanga - chigadzirwa chisina kukwana chakaratidza mufananidzo wepasi ne "nzeve". Iyi pfungwa inoshamisa yekuti Saturn inyika ine katatu yave iripo kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi mashanu. VaChristian Huygens chete, vachishandisa zviridzwa zvemberi zvakanyanya, vakasvika pamhedziso yekuti pasi rakakomberedzwa nerin'i diki diki diki inotenderera pasirese mundege yayo yeequatorial. Maonero ake kwenguva yakareba akakonzera kusavimbika kunoshamisa, kungoongorora kwakadzama kwaGian Domenico Cassini kwakaratidza kuti Huygens aive chokwadi. Mukuwedzera, Cassini akawana gaka muchimiro chemhete muna 50, pamwe chete nemasatelliti ayo mana (yekutanga, yainzi Titan, yakawanikwa naHuygens muna 1675). Makumi emakore akatevera akapera nekuwanikwa kweatsva, madiki echisikigo ma satellite epasi, pamwe netsanangudzo yakadzama yemhete dzayo, umo mapeji akatevera akawanikwa, nepo isu takatadza kudzidza chero chinhu chitsva pamusoro pemamiriro epasi pacharo. . . Kubudirira munzvimbo iyi kwakakonzerwa chete nekuzvarwa kwendege dzemuchadenga uye kutanga kweongororo yepedyo yemapuraneti.
Ndege nhatu
Chitundumuseremusere chekutanga chekuongorora Saturn pedyo chaive Pioneer 11, chakasvika paSaturn musi waGunyana 1, 1979 chiri chinhambwe chemakiromita 20 900 kubva panzvimbo inooneka yemhepo uye chakatumira data nemifananidzo yehurongwa hwayo. Chishamiso chikuru chaive ukuru uye chimiro chakaoma kwazvo chemhete dzayo, uye magineti yepasi yakawanikwa zvakare. Izvi zvakakonzera kusanganisirwa kwemavoyager probes muchirongwa chakakura kudarika chakamborongwa chendege chekuyedza magadzirirwo ese ari maviri. Voyager 1 yakasvika Saturn musi wa12 Mbudzi 1980, makiromita angangoita 124 000 kubva pamusoro pemakore, uye Voyager 2 musi waNyamavhuvhu 26, 1981, pachinhambwe chingangoita 101 km kubva kumuganhu wemuchadenga. Vanoongorora vakawana mwedzi mitsva, kusanganisira iyo inonzi Mwedzi yeVafudzi, iyo inodzora kufamba kwezvikamu zvemhete, inopa mafoto ayo ichiratidza zvakadzama zvakadzama nezvechimiro chayo, uye, kekutanga, mapikicha akakwirira-resolution akawanda emasatelliti echisikigo epasi. Zvakazoitika kuti Saturnian system inzvimbo inonakidza kwazvo yekutsvagisa sainzi, iyo inofanirwa kuitwa kwete panguva yekufamba rwendo rupfupi, asi seyakakosha basa rekuferefeta iro rinogona kuita izvi kwenguva yakareba kubva mukutenderera kwepasi.
Pfungwa basa
Kare muna 1977, NASA yakatanga basa rekufungidzira pachinangwa chakadaro kuSaturn, chinodaidzwa kuti Saturn Twin Probe, ine zvinhu zvitatu: Saturn orbiter, probe yemhepo yemuchadenga, uye probe yemuchadenga kana lander paTitan. Muna Chikumi 1982, Space Science Committee yeEuropean Science Foundation neAmerican Council on Space Sciences vakaumba boka rekushanda rakabatana kuti riongorore mikana yekudyidzana pakati peUS neEurope mundima yekutsvagisa mapuraneti. Kwapera mwedzi, ESA yakazivisa kudanwa kwevasayendisiti vekuEurope kuti vatumire zvikumbiro zvemisheni yemuchadenga mune ramangwana. Nekuda kweizvozvo, muna Mbudzi 1982, Daniel Gauthier naWing Yip vakapa kuESA chikumbiro, chakasainwawo nemamwe masayendisiti makumi maviri nenomwe, kune basa rinonzi Cassini, rinosanganisira Saturn orbiter uye Titan probe, vachipa kuti vazviite pamwe chete. pamwe NASA.
