Kusarudzika uye kusarudzwa kwemafuta emota, viscosity index

Kune akawanda marudzi emafuta emota ane akasiyana paramita, ayo akavharidzirwa muzviratidzo. Kuti usarudze mafuta akakodzera einjini, unofanirwa kunzwisisa kuti chii chakavigwa kuseri kwealphanumeric set, chii chinoshandiswa uye kuti mafuta aya ane maitiro api.

Asi isu tichanzwisisa zvese zvakadzama munyaya ino.

Ndeipi basa remafuta mumotokari

Basa rekutanga reoiri yeinjini raive rekuzora majenari e crankshaft, kubvisa kusakara kubva-zvigadzirwa, uye kudzikira tembiricha nekutiza mvura ichipinda mujini.

Muindasitiri yemazuva ano yemotokari, mabasa emagetsi emota akawedzera kuoneka uye maumbirwo achinja kuitira kuitwa kwemabasa matsva.

Basic mabasa einjini mafuta:

• kuchengetedzwa kwezvikamu uye nzvimbo dzekushanda kubva pakukakavadzana nekuda kwekuumbwa kwefirimu yakaonda yakagadzikana pavari;
• kudzivirira ngura;
• kutonhora kweinjini nekudonhedza mvura inoshanda mune sump iri pazasi peinjini;
• kubviswa kwema mechanical kupfeka tsvina kubva munzvimbo dzekuwedzera friction;
• kubviswa kwezvigadzirwa zvekupisa kwemusanganiswa wemafuta, senge soot, soot nezvimwe.

CHOKWADI PAMUSORO PE MAFUTA Chikamu 1. Zvakavanzika zvevanogadzira oiri.

Zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvinowedzerwa kune chikamu chikuru chemafuta ejini, izvo zvinogona kubvisa tsvina, kuchengetedza firimu yakaumbwa pakukwesha zvikamu, uye kuita mamwe mabasa.

Maoiri emota anokamurwa sei

Vagadziri veinjini vanosarudza oiri yeinjini uye zvinodiwa kwavari, zvichienderana nemaitiro ekugadzira uye mamiriro ekushanda.

Iwe unogona kuzadza mune isiri-yepakutanga mota zvinwiwa, asi uchifunga nezve mhando yemhando uye mapoka emhando, zvinokurudzirwa nemugadziri. Mafuta akanyatsosarudzwa asiri epakutanga anosangana nezvose zvinodiwa nemugadziri haisi chikonzero chekuramba kugadziriswa kwewaranti kana injini yakundikana.

SAE

Kurongeka kwemafuta einjini dzinozivikanwa pasi rese ndeye SAE - viscosity gradation zvichienderana neambient tembiricha iyo injini inoshanda.

Nekuchinja kwekupisa kwekunze, viscosity yemvura inoshanda inoshanduka; pakudzika kwakadzika, kuitira kushanda kweinjini yakakwana, oiri inofanira kuramba iri mvura yakakwana, uye pakupisa kwakanyanya, gobvu zvakakwana kudzivirira injini.

Maererano neSAE zviyero, mafuta einjini akakamurwa kuita makirasi gumi nemanomwe kubva pa0W kusvika 60W.

Pakati padzo pane masere echando (nhamba dzokutanga ndi0; 2,5; 5; 7,5; 10; 15; 20; 25) uye pfumbamwe nokuda kwokushanda muchirimo (2; 5; 7,5; 10; 20; 30; 40; 50) ; 60).

Kupatsanurwa kwenhamba dzose dzeW kunoratidza mashandisirwo emamiriro ekunze emvura yemota.

Iwo anonyanya kufarirwa e-viscosity indices muRussia kune inotonhora injini kutanga (manhamba ekutanga tembiricha) ndeaya:

• 0W pasi -35°C;
• 5W до -30°C;
• 10W до -25°C;
• 15W до -20°C;
• 20W kusvika -15 ° C.

Nhamba dzechipiri dzakajairika dzema indices muRussia dzinoratidza tembiricha yekunze ndeye:

• 30 +25°C;
• 40 kubva +30 ° C kusvika +45 ° C (zvichienderana nenhamba dzekutanga - pa 0W + 30 ° C, pa 5W + 35 ° C, pa 10W + 35 ° C, pa 15W uye 20W + 45 ° C).

Mumwaka wechando wakadzikama uye kwete kupisa kwezhizha, zvinokurudzirwa kuzadza mafuta e10W, sezvo ari pasi rose, akakodzera motokari dzakawanda. Munguva inotonhora zvikuru, mvura inoshanda ine index ye0W kana 5W inofanira kuzadzwa mukati.

Injini dzemazuva ano dzine mileage isingasviki 50% yezvirongwa zvakarongwa zvinoda oiri ine yakaderera viscosity.

API

API kupatsanurwa kunoreva kuparara kwemvura inoshanda muzvikamu zviviri - "S" yeinjini dzepeturu uye "C" yeinjini dzedhiziri. Pamafuta emota akakodzera ese peturu uye dizeli injini, kutara kaviri kuburikidza nechikamu kunoshandiswa, semuenzaniso, SF / CH.

Tevere kunouya kupatsanurwa zvinoenderana nedanho rekuita (tsamba yechipiri). Iyo inoenderera iyo yechipiri tsamba mukurongeka muarufabheti, ari nani einjini mafuta anovimbisa kushanda kwemota uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwemvura pakurasa.

Makirasi emafuta emuchina weinjini dzepeturu nemhando zvichienderana negore rekugadzira:

• SN yeinjini dzemotokari dzemazuva ano dzine kirasi yepamusoro yezvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedza simba;
• SM kubvira 2004;
• SL kubvira 2000;
• SJ kubvira 1996;
• SH kubvira 1993

SN kirasi mafuta anokurudzirwa kutsiva ekutanga.

Makirasi emagetsi emota einjini dzedhiziri nemhando zvichienderana negore rekugadzira:

• CJ kubvira 2006, kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwakanyanya kwezvakatipoteredza kubva kune zvinokuvadza zvinobuda mumhepo;
• CL kubvira 2002, tichifunga nezvezvakatipoteredza zviyero zve2002, uye nekupera kwePLUS yakaunzwa muna 2004 nekuwedzera kwezvakatipoteredza zvinodiwa muna 2004;
• CH kubvira 1998, yekushanda nekumhanya kwakanyanya, tichifunga nezvezvakatipoteredza zviyero zve1998;
• CG kubvira 1995, nokuda kwemamiriro ekushanda pasi pemitoro yakawedzerwa uye modes-speed modes;
• CF-2 nokuti injini kwete zvakananga jekiseni kubva 1994 zvichienda mberi, CF-4 kubva 1990 zvichienda mberi. nokuda kweinjini dzinoshanda mu-high-speed modes;
• CE kubvira 1993 kumamiriro ekushanda pasi pemitoro yakakwirira.

Nhamba 2 kana 4 kuburikidza nehyphen inoratidza injini yemakumbo maviri kana mana. Motokari dzose dzemazuva ano dzine injini yechina-stroke.

Mota zvinwiwa zvemakirasi SM uye SN akakodzera kune turbocharged injini.

KUTI

Iyo ACEA classification ndiyo yeEuropean analogue yeAPI.

Muchinyorwa chazvino cha2012, mafuta einjini akakamurwa kuita zvikamu:

• A/B peturu (A) uye dhiziri (B) injini;
• C yedhiziri uye peturu injini ine yakawedzera kirasi yezvakatipoteredza uye kuvapo kwemafirita akasarudzika uye anoshandura anoshandura;
• E yeinjini dzedhiziri dzemotokari dzinorema.

Makirasi uye hunhu hukuru zvinoenderana neyazvino edition:

•  A1/B1 yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa mupeturu uye dizeli injini dzemotokari dzinotakura vanhu, nguva yakawedzerwa yekudonhedza, yakaderera coefficient yekupokana;
• A3/B3 yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa mune yakanyanya kukurumidza kukurumidza peturu uye dizeli injini dzemotokari dzinotakura vanhu, yakawedzera nguva yekudonha, yakaoma mamiriro ekushanda, ese-mamiriro ekunze;
• A3/B4 yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa mune yakanyanya kukurumidza peturu uye dizeli injini, hupfumi hwemafuta;
• A5/B5 yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa mune yakaremerwa peturu uye dizeli injini dzemotokari dzinotakura vanhu, yakawedzera kutsiva nguva;
• C1 neC2 inodururwa muinjini dzedhiziri uye peturu dzemotokari dzinotakura vanhu, dzakashongedzerwa mafirita uye matatu-nzira inoshandura, yakaderera coefficient yekupokana, hupfumi hwemafuta uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwemafirita uye zvinokonzeresa, zvakasiyana mune zviri mukati mezvimwe zvinowedzera. ;
• C3 neC4 dzakagadzirirwa yakanyanya kukurumidza dhiziri uye peturu injini dzemotokari dzevatakuri, dzakashongedzerwa mafirita ane mafirita uye matatu-nzira inoshandura, inowedzera hupenyu hweiyo particulate sefa uye catalyst, inosiyana muhuwandu hwekuwedzera;
• E6 yakagadzirirwa inorema-basa dizeli injini dzemarori, akashongedzerwa ne-particulate mafirita uye anoshandura, yakawedzera kutsiva nguva;
• E7 yakagadzirirwa injini dzedhiziri dzemarori anoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara, akashongedzerwa masisitimu ekudzokorodza ane maconverter, asina mafirita, yakawedzerwa nguva yekutsiva;
• E9 yakagadzirirwa akanyanya emazuva ano injini dzedhiziri dzine mutoro wakawedzera uye zvakanyanya kuomesesa zvinodiwa kwezvakatipoteredza, zvese zvine uye pasina chidimbu chefirita, yakawedzerwa nguva yekutsiva.

ILSAC

Iyo ILSAC injini yemhando yemafuta yakagadzirirwa kubvumidza uye marezenisi ekushanda zvinwiwa zveinjini dzemotokari dzinotakura dzakagadzirwa muUSA neJapan.

Zvimiro zvemushini zvinwiwa zvinoenderana ne ILSAC kupatsanura:

• kuchengetedza simba;
• kuderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta;
• low viscosity;
• kuramba kubuda furo;
• low volatility;
• dziviriro kubva pakuvhara kwevashanduri vecatalytic nekuda kwekuderera kwe phosphorus.

Makirasi emhando yepamusoro uye gore rekusuma:

• GF-1 legacy class, inoenderana neAPI SH, maererano ne viscosity index SAE 0W, 5W, 10W pachipiri nhamba 30, 40, 50, 60;
• GF-2 kubvira 1996, commensurate ne API SJ, maererano viscosity index SAE 0W, 5W, 10W ine nhamba yechipiri 20, 30, 40, 50, 60;
• GF-3 kubvira 2001, inofananidzwa neAPI SL, musiyano kubva kuGF-2 uye API SJ inovandudzwa anti-wear uye anti-oxidation performance uye simba rekuchengetedza parameters;
• GF-4 kubvira 2004 inopindirana ne API SM ine simba rinoshanda kushanda uye kunatsiridza kuchenesa uye antioxidant zvinhu, maererano neSAE indices - 0W-20, 0W-30, 5W-20, 5W-30, 10W-30, inopindirana ne catalytic converters;
• GF-5 kubvira 2010 inosiyana kubva kuGF-4 mukuwedzera kwesimba uye anti-kupfeka zvivakwa uye kuenderana neese kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza masisitimu.

ГОСТ

Kurongeka kwemafuta einjini maererano neGOST 17479.1 yakatanga kugamuchirwa muUSSR muna 1985, asi tichifunga nezvekuchinja muindasitiri yemotokari uye zvinodiwa kwezvakatipoteredza, iyo yazvino kudzokorora yaive muna 2015.

Kusarudzwa kwemafuta emuchina zvinoenderana neGOST zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nenyika dzese

Zvichienderana nemunda wekushandisa, mafuta emuchina akakamurwa kuita mapoka kubva kuA kusvika kuE.

Nzira yekusarudza mafuta ejini yakakodzera

Vagadziri vemotokari vanoratidza iyo inokurudzirwa mafuta einjini uye kushivirira kwayo mumirairo yekushandisa. Zvinokwanisika kusarudza mafuta maererano nemaitiro akafanana, uchiramba uri pasi pewaranti. Nemaitiro akakodzera ekusarudzwa kwemafuta, maitiro emafuta asiri epakutanga haazove akaderera kune yekutanga, uye mune dzimwe nguva anoapfuura.

Nzira yekusarudza mafuta ejini yakakodzera

Mafuta anofanirwa kusarudzwa maererano neSAE (viscosity) uye API (nemhando yeinjini uye gore rekugadzira) zvikamu. Inokurudzirwa kushivirira kwezvikamu izvi zvinofanirwa kutsanangurwa mumirayiridzo.

Zvinokurudzira zvekusarudzwa kwemafuta emota ne viscosity:

• ine motokari mileage isingasviki makumi maviri neshanu muzana yechipikirwa chinoshandiswa (injini itsva), inodiwa kuzadza SAE 25W-10 kana 40W-5 mota oiri, zvisinei nemwaka;
• muinjini yehunyanzvi inonzwika (mileage 26-74% yeyakavimbiswa sosi), inokurudzirwa kuzadza mafuta emota ine viscosity ye10W-40, 15W-40 - mumwaka unodziya, ine viscosity ye5W-30, 10W-30 - mumwaka unotonhora, pasinei nemwaka - 5W-40;
• muinjini yekare (mileage inopfuura 76% yechipikirwa chisimbiso), zvinodikanwa kuzadza mafuta emota ane viscosity ye15W-40, 20W-40 - mumwaka unodziya, uye 5W-40, 10W-40 - munguva yechando, pasinei nemwaka - 5W-40.

Zvinoenderana neiyo API kupatsanura, mota dzemota dzinofanirwa kusarudzwa mukirasi SM kana SN yemazuva ano enjini dzepeturu, yeinjini dzedhiziri dzisina kudzika pane CL-4 PLUS kana CJ-4 yemota dzine EURO-4 uye EURO-5 makirasi ezvakatipoteredza.

Chii chinokanganisa sarudzo isiriyo yemafuta einjini

Oiri yeinjini isina kusarudzwa mune dzimwe nguva njodzi inokonzeresa dambudziko guru remota.

Oiri yekunyepedzera kana yakaderera-mhando yeinjini inogona kutungamira, pakuipisisa, kubatwa kweinjini, uye zvakanyanya, kusvika pakuwedzera kunoonekwa kwekushandiswa kwemafuta uye kusviba kwayo padiki mileage, kuumbwa kwemadhipoziti muinjini uye kuderedza mileage yakarongwa. .

Kana iwe ukazadza injini nemafuta ine viscosity yakaderera pane inokurudzirwa nemugadziri, izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kuwedzera kushandiswa kwemafuta ejini, nekuda kwekuti icharamba iri pamadziro uye kuwedzera marara. Kana iyo viscosity yemafuta yakakwirira kudarika yakakurudzirwa nemugadziri, ipapo kupfekedzwa kwemafuta scraper zvindori kuchawedzera nekuda kwekuumbwa kwefirimu yakanyanyisa pamabasa ekushanda.

Kusarudzwa kwakakodzera uye kutengwa kwemafuta emhando yepamusoro kunobvumira injini kuti ibude isiri pasi peiyo sosi yakaiswa nevagadziri.