Comet de Havilland

Comet 4C (9V-BAS) muMalaysia-Singapore Airlines mavara; Hong Kong Airport - Kai Tak, Chivabvu 1966

Ndege yekutanga pasi rose ine jeti inotakura vanhu yaive British de Havilland DH-106 Comet. Ndege yakasimuka musi waChikunguru 27, 1949, uye makore maviri gare gare yakaita kubhururuka kwayo kwekutanga. Yakanga iri ndege yepamusoro-soro uye kudada kweBritish aviation industry. Zvinosuruvarisa, semugumisiro wetsaona dzakatevedzana, chitupa chekufamba nendege chakabviswa uye de Havilland DH-106 Comet yakamiswa zvachose. Chete mushure mekugadzirisazve midziyo ndege yakadzokera kubasa, ikava ndege yakachengeteka.

Iwo maXNUMX aive epamusoro pekuvandudzwa kweinjini dzepiston dzendege. Zvisinei, mikana mishoma yebudiriro yavo yakaparira kudikanwa kwekugadzira rudzi rutsva rwegwenya remagetsi, iro raizobvumira ndege dzekurukurirano kuti dzisvike pakumhanya kwepamusoro uye kubhururuka kwakakwirira. Kuvandudzwa kweinjini dzejeti dzegasi kwakava hwaro hwekugadzirwa kwendege inotakura vanhu mavaigona kushandiswa.

Komisheni yaIshe Brabazon

Muna 1942, pakatanga hurumende yeBritain, komisheni yezvendege chaiyo yakaumbwa ichitungamirirwa naLord Brabazon weTara, inowanzozivikanwa seDare reBrabazon. Basa rake raive rekugadzira zvinodiwa pakuvandudzwa kwekufambiswa kwendege mushure mehondo, kusanganisira kuzivikanwa kwemhando dzendege dzinovimbisa. Tsanangudzo dzemamwe marudzi emichina dzakagadzirwa muna 1943. Izvo zvinodiwa, zvakasarudzwa Rudzi I, zvine chekuita nekuvakwa kwendege huru yevatakuri ve100, ine huwandu hwendege hwevanhu zviuru zvisere. km. Zvichienderana nemafungiro aya, Bristol 8 Brabazon yakagadzirwa muna 1949, asi kukura kwayo kwakamira padanho rekuvaka prototype. Nyaya yezvinodiwa zveType II yaive dhizaini yendege yepakati-kati, iyo Type IIA injini yepiston uye Type IIB injini yeturboprop. Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti Type IIA tsanangudzo yakashandiswa kugadzira mapatya-injini AS.167 Airsped Ambassadors, yakavakwa pakati pe57 ne1947. (1953 makopi), uye Type IIB - Vickers Viscount, yakagadzirwa muna 23-1949. (1963 makopi).

Kufanana neRudzi rwechitatu, ndege huru yepakati-kati-inofambiswa nepropeller yaizovakwa kuti ishandise nzira muHumambo hweBritain. Kuvandudzwa kweinjini dzejeti kwakatungamira kubuda kwechirongwa cheType III tichifarira chirongwa cheType IV nerudzi urwu rwekufambisa. Akatsigirwa nenhengo yekomisheni Geoffrey de Havilland, ane kambani yakabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwekutanga British turbojet injini uye jet fighters (Gloster Meteor uye de Havilland DH-100 Vampire).

Kubhururuka kwekutanga kweDH-106 Comet communications ndege kwakaitika musi waChikunguru 27, 1949. Kuchena kwemitsara yeaerodynamic yendege uye "inopenya" nzvimbo yakakwenenzverwa inocherechedzwa.

Kutevedzera kometi DH-106

Kurudziro dzekomiti yakakurumidza kuve nyaya yekugadzira uye kuongororwa kwekugadzira munzvimbo zhinji dzeUK. Iyo Type IV pfungwa yakagadziridzwa ne de Havilland consortium, iyo yaive nendege inoshanda uye mafekitori einjini aero uye mahofisi ekugadzira. Zvidyarwa izvi zvakaongorora zvinodiwa neType IV uye ndokuita nhanho yakawanda yekunatsiridza neinochinja-chinja tekinoroji uye maitiro ekushanda.

Kuti iite chirongwa ichi, mhinduro dzakasiyana dzakatsvakwa, kubva payakavharwa kaviri vhezheni yeakakura murwi, kuburikidza nekumisikidzwa kwe "dhadha" uye nhete isina muswe ine mapapiro akakomberedzwa, uye ichipera nendege yekutaurirana. Saka, yekutanga dhizaini yepakati-1943 yaive yakawedzera vhezheni yeDH-100 Vampire. Yaifanirwa kunge iri ndege inomhanya-mhanya ine kabhini yakamanikidzwa kutakura vatakuri vatanhatu pamwe ne450 kg yetsamba uye huwandu hwe1120 km. Yakanga iine dhizaini yeaerodynamic yakafanana neDH-100 (two-beam fuselage ine central gondola), uye magetsi emagetsi aive matatu de Havilland Goblin jet engines. Iwo akavakirwa mumashure fuselage, nacelles uye mhepo inotora mumabhesi emapapiro.

Kwapera gore, chirongwa chemutyairi-mail ndege mu "dhadha" aerodynamic system ine injini mumashure fuselage (pakurudziro yeBOAC mutsetse, basa rakanga richiitwa pane yakasarudzika vhezheni). Zvisinei, muna 1945, basa rakanga richiitwa kugadzira ndege ine simba rezvigaro zve 24-36, mu "flying wing" aerodynamic system. Vatakuri vakaiswa pakati pebapiro, uye gwenya remagetsi raive neina Ghost injini. Aive magadzirirwo aDe Havilland uye akange atoshandiswa muBritish jet fighters (seVampire).

Iyo yakagamuchirwa dhizaini dhizaini yaive yakashinga yehunyanzvi chirongwa, kupedzwa kwacho kwaida kuvakwa kweyekuyedza jet ndege de Havilland DH-108 Swallow. Munguva yekuyedzwa kwakanyanya, iyo aerodynamic system yakagadziridzwa zvishoma nezvishoma, semhedzisiro iyo airframe yakatora chimiro chekirasi yakaderera bapiro ine injini ina pazasi pemapapiro. Basa rekugadzira rakapedzwa pakupera kwaNyamavhuvhu naGunyana 1946, uye ndege yakagamuchira zita reHavilland DH-106.

Kuvaka uye kuyedzwa kweprototypes

Pana September 4, 1946, British Ministry of Supply yakasaina chibvumirano chekuvaka prototypes maviri, akasarudzwa G-5-1 uye G-5-2 (odha Nha. 22/46). Pakutanga, pakupera kwa1944, BOAC (British Overseas Airways Corporation) yakaronga zvainoda kune makumi maviri neshanu ndege, asi yakasarudza kuodha ndege sere, uye mushure mekugamuchirwa kweBritish South American Airways line, izvi zvakawedzerwa kusvika gumi.

Basa rekugadzira pane prototypes pa de Havilland fekitori muHatfield (kuchamhembe kweLondon) rakatanga kuitwa muchivande. Vagadziri vakatarisana nematambudziko akawanda, akadai se: simba re hermetic cabin structure; kubhururuka munzvimbo dzakakwirira uye nekumhanya kukuru; kuneta kwezvinhu uye kuramba kupisa kweaerodynamic (anozivikanwa mugadziri wendege yePoland Stanislav Praus akapinda mubasa rekugadzira). Sezvo ndege itsva yakanga iri mberi kwenguva yayo maererano nemhinduro dzeunyanzvi, zvirongwa zvakawanda zvekutsvakurudza zvakatangwa kuti vawane hwaro hwesainzi hunodiwa.

Injini itsva dzakaedzwa mushure mekunge dzaiswa paAvro 683 Lancacastrian bomber (iyo Avro 683 power plant yaive nejeti mbiri nemapiston enjini) uye pane de Havilland DH-100 Vampire, TG278 yakanyatsogadzirirwa kubhururuka kwepamusoro-soro. Iyo hydraulic control system yakaedzwa paLancaster PP755 ndege, uye zvinhu zvayo zvega zvakaedzwa paDH-108 Swallow uye DH-103 Hornet. An Airspeed Horsa kumhara glider yakashandiswa kuyedza maonero kubva mucockpit, iyo yakagadziridzwa inotungamira kumucheto kwebapiro reDH-106 ndege. Iyo yakamanikidzwa, yakakwirira-kuyerera refueling system (tani imwe yemafuta paminiti) yakagadzirwa neFlight Refueling Ltd. Kugadzirisa kudzidziswa kwevashandi uye kutumwa, de Havilland akagadzira dhizaini uye dhizaini yevatyairi yakafanana neyakatoshandiswa pane yakakurumbira Lockheed Constellation ndege. Midziyo yeCockpit yaisanganisira maviri ekudzora masisitimu emutungamiriri nemukuru wekutanga, ukuwo injiniya wendege aidzora kuisirwa kukuru, kusanganisira hydraulic, mafuta uye air conditioning.

Yekutanga prototype (isina pendi) yakabudiswa kunze kwechitoro chegungano muHatfield musi waChikunguru 25, 1949. Mazuva maviri gare gare, musi waChikunguru 27, yakabhururuka, iyo yakavawo rwendo rwokutanga rwendege inotakura vanhu ine gwenya rakadaro remagetsi kuenda kuMir. Zvakatora maminetsi makumi matatu nerimwe, uye mukuru wechikwata aive mukuru weRoyal Air Force, mukuru wevatyairi vebvunzo vekambani Capt. John Cunningham. Mumwe mutyairi wendege aive Harold Waters, uye vashandi vaisanganisira matatu mainjiniya: John Wilson (avionics), Frank Reynolds (hydraulics) naTony Fairbrother. Kubhururuka uku kwakaratidza kutanga kwepurogiramu yemwedzi yakawanda yekuongorora zvikwanisiro. Miedzo yendege itsva yakaitwa nesimba guru, uye mumavhiki maviri okutanga maiva ne31 vavo, vachisvika nguva yokubhururuka kwemaawa gumi nemashanu.

Iyo ndege yakashanduka kuve inodzoreka mukati mese kumhanya siyana, kukwira kwaive 11 m, uye yekumhara yaive 000 km / h. MunaGunyana 160, iyo prototype yakanyoreswa seG-ALVG ndokuzotora chikamu muFarnborough Air Show. Munguva yekuedzwa, basa remazuva ano rakaitwa kuvandudza dhizaini yeairframe. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, iyo yekutanga chassis dhizaini ine rimwe hombe rekutakura vhiri rakanga risingakodzere mota dzekugadzira (iyo bapiro midzi dhizaini yaive chipingamupinyi). Kubva pano, kubva munaDecember 1949, miedzo yakaitwa pachesi ine mavhiri maviri, uye kwemwedzi inoverengeka bogie ine mavhiri mana ine mavhiri madiki. Iyo mana-mavhiri bogie chassis system yakazove yakajairwa mukugadzirwa kwakatevedzana.

Panguva yekuedza ndege, akaisa zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvakange zvisingawanikwe nedzimwe nzira dzekutaurirana uye ndege dzehondo. Somuenzaniso, musi waOctober 25, 1949, John Cunningham, pamwe chete nevashandi vevatatu uye kutakura vanhu 36, vakadzokera kuLondon-Tripoli nendege yakareba 4677 km, ine avhareji yekumhanya ye726 km / h uye kureba kwemamita 11 000. Nguva yekubhururuka yaive maawa matanhatu 6 maminetsi (tisingasanganisi nguva yekumhara kwepakati muTripoli) uye yaive pfupi kaviri pane ndege yeDouglas DC-36 neAvro York piston inoshanda munzira iyi. Imwe ndege muna Kukadzi 4, yakaitwa muBritish Isles neAtlantic Ocean, yakasvika pakubhururuka kwemaawa mashanu maminitsi makumi matatu uye sirin'i ye1950 m, uye paBrighton-Edinburgh ndege (5 km) avhareji yekumhanya yaive 30 km / h. Ndege dziri munzira dzepasi rose dzakarongerwa basa rayo dzakava chiziviso chakanaka kune ndege, i.e. muna March 12 kubva kuLondon kuenda kuRoma (maawa maviri), uye muna April kusvika kuCairo (maawa mashanu).

Pakati pe-1950s, prototype yakaedzwa munzvimbo dzinopisa muNairobi neKhartoum, uye munaGunyana vakapinda mukuratidzira muFarnborough (aive wekutanga mushandisi weBOAC mutsara). Mushure mekuratidzira, ndege iyi yakange yakashongedzerwa ongororo yekuwedzera mafuta mundege uye yakapedza mavhiki akati wandei ichiita bvunzo dzakadaro. Vakazoratidza kuva vasina kunaka uye maererano neizvi vakaramba kuivandudza. Muna Chivabvu 1951, maSprite boosters akaedzwa paHatfield Airport. Dzakaiswa pedyo nepombi dzepombi dzeinjini kuti dziwedzere simba pakusimuka kubva panzvimbo yakakwirira kana munzvimbo dzinopisa. Miedzo yakasimbisa zvirinani kutora kwekuita, asi nekuda kwekunyanya kusimba kweiyo propellant uye inotarisirwa kubata matambudziko, haina kushandiswa.

Yechipiri prototype G-5-2 ine mahwendefa ekunyoresa G-ALZK yakasimuka musi waChikunguru 27, 1950, mutungamiriri wevashandi aive zvakare Captain W. John Cunningham. Kuenzaniswa neyekutanga sampuli, yaive neyakasiyana dhizaini shanduko, uye kunze yaisiyana zvakanyanya muchimiro chechasisi huru. Mavhiri ega ega akafara nehupamhi hwepneumatic ye1675 mm akashandurwa kuita bhogi ine madiki mana, ayo anokwana zviri nyore muchikamu chebapiro uye akapa kumwe kunzwisisika kugoverwa kwehuremu hwendege munzira. Mukuwedzera, mapapiro acho akagadziridzwa, achiwedzera hunhu hwemamwe matangi emafuta pamberi peinotungamira kumucheto, uye itsva avionics masisitimu akaiswa. Iyi ndege yakabatana neyekutanga prototype uye yakabatana yakapedzisa chirongwa chekuyedza ndege.

Muna Kubvumbi 1951, yechipiri prototype yakapihwa kuBOAC kwenguva yemwedzi yakati wandei, kwayakaita chirongwa chemaawa mazana mashanu chekudzidzisa vashandi vendege paHoern Airport, uye yakashandiswawo pakuyedza mashandiro emidziyo (muchikamu chekupedzisira kuyedza kushanda panhandare dzendege dzendege dzinoverengeka dzekugadzira). Type certification qualification ndege dzakapera pakati paNdira 500, uye Chitupa chinoenderana neAirworthiness chakapihwa muna Ndira 1952, 22.

Iyo imwezve magumo eiyo prototypes aive anotevera. Pakupera kwaZvita 1952, G-ALVG yakanga ichiri kubhururuka nemapapiro akagadziridzwa akaiswa mamwe matangi emafuta, aine basa rekuongorora kukodzera kwavo. Kubva muna Chikunguru 1953, yakapinda miedzo yehupenyu inoparadza, uye mushure mekupedzwa kwayo yakabviswa uye yakabviswa kunyoreswa (November 6, 1953). Kune rimwe divi, iyo G-ALZK prototype yakabviswa mushure mekuedzwa kwapera. Fuselage yaro yakaendeswa kuFarnborough uyezve kune BAe chirimwa muWoodford, kwayakashandiswa kuenderera mberi nekuvandudzwa kwezvigadziriso zvekugadzira (semuenzaniso, Nimrod maritime patrol ndege).

Yekutanga kugadzira Comet 1, G-ALYP, uye maviri prototypes, G-ALVG uye G-ALZK, mukubhururuka kwekuratidzira.

Serial kugadzirwa kweComet 1/1A

De Havilland, zvichienderana nekuraira kubva kuBOAC yendege gumi pamutengo wakatarwa we250, akaita sarudzo ine njodzi yekuenda mukugadzirwa kwakatevedzana. Mugadziri akafungidzira kuti iyo inotevera mirairo yaizomuka kana ma prototypes aonekwa uye serial mota dzakapinda basa. Izvi zvakaitikawo. Pakatanga kuyedzwa prototype, Canadian Pacific Airlines (CPA) yakaraira ndege mbiri muna 1949, uye makore maviri gare gare ndege dzeFrance Union Aermaritime de Transport (UAT) neAir France dzakatenga nhatu. Mauto endege akafarirawo ndege, uye maviri ekutanga akarairwa neCanadian Air Force yeRoyal Canadian Air Force.

Ndege yekutanga yeComet 1 series (reg. G-ALYP, serial number 06003) yakaendeswa kuBOAC musi waApril 8, 1952, uye yekupedzisira yegumi yakarayirwa musi waSeptember 23, 1952 (G-ALYZ, serial number 06012). Nhamba 1). Ipapo mafekitori eHavilland akatanga kuzadzisa mirairo yekunze, uye ndege dzakagadzirwa dzakapihwa zita remhando: Comet 1952A. Muna October 06013, yekutanga ndege yakadaro yakaendeswa kuCanada Pacific Airlines (CF-CUM, no. 1953), uye muna January 06014, yechipiri (CF-CUN, no. 1). Ndege yeFrance yeUAT yakagamuchira zvitatu zveComet 1952A: Zvita 06015 (F-BGSA, c/n 1953); Kukadzi 06016 (F-BGSB, w/n 1953) uye Kubvumbi 06019 (F-BGSC, w/n 1953). Muna May 1, yekutanga Comet 5301A (tactical nhamba 06017, b / n 5302) yakaendeswa kune yeCanada mauto ndege, uye yechipiri mwedzi gare gare (06018, b / n XNUMX).