Kupera uye Kupfuura: Kuderera kweSainzi. Uku ndiko kuguma kwenzira here kana kuti kungofa?

Higgs boson? Iyi idzidziso ye60s, iyo ikozvino yakasimbiswa chete nekuedza. Mafungu egiravhiti? Iyi ndiyo pfungwa yaAlbert Einstein yemakore zana apfuura. Kucherekedza kwakadaro kwakaitwa naJohn Horgan mubhuku rake The End of Science.

Bhuku raHorgan harisi rekutanga uye kwete chete. Zvakawanda zvakanyorwa nezve "kuguma kwesainzi". Maererano nemafungiro anowanzo kuwanikwa mavari, nhasi tinongogadzirisa uye kuedza kusimbisa dzidziso dzekare. Isu hatisi kuwana chero chinhu chakakosha uye chitsva munguva yedu.

zvipingamupinyi pazivo

Kwemakore akawanda, muPolish wezvakasikwa uye wefizikisi ainetseka nezve miganhu yekuvandudzwa kwesainzi, Prof. Michal Tempczyk. Mumabhuku nezvinyorwa zvakabudiswa mupepanhau resainzi, anobvunza mubvunzo - tichawana munguva pfupi iri kutevera zivo yakakwana yakadaro zvokuti imwe zivo haidiwi here? Uku kunongedzera, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuna Horgan, asi Pole inopedzisa kwete zvakanyanya nezve kupera kwesainzi, asi nezve. kuparadzwa kwechinyakare paradigms.

Sezvineiwo, pfungwa yekupera kwesainzi yakangofanana, kana isiri yakawanda, mukupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. Kunyanya hunhu aive manzwi enyanzvi dzefizikisi ekuti kumwe kusimukira kwaigona kutarisirwa chete muchimiro chekugadzirisa nzvimbo dzinotevedzana dzedesimali muhuwandu hunozivikanwa. Pakarepo mushure mekutaura uku kwakauya Einstein uye relativistic physics, shanduko muchimiro chePlanck's quantum hypothesis nebasa raNiels Bohr. Maererano naProf. Tempcik, mamiriro anhasi haana kumbosiyana nezvaanga ari mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Mazhinji maparadigms akashanda kwemakumi emakore ari kutarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvebudiriro. Panguva imwe cheteyo, sepakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, miuyo yakawanda yokuedza inooneka isingakarirwi uye hatigoni kuitsanangura zvizere.

Cosmology yehukama hunokosha kuisa zvipingamupinyi munzira yezivo. Nekune rumwe rutivi, mukuru ndeokuti, mhedzisiro yatisingakwanise kuongorora nemazvo. Maererano nevanoongorora, zvikamu zvakawanda zvinogona kuvanzwa mumhinduro yeEinstein equation, iyo inongozivikanwa chikamu chiduku kwatiri, semuenzaniso, iyo nzvimbo yakakomberedzwa pedyo nehukuru, kutsauka kwechiedza chechiedza chinopfuura pedyo neZuva. yakakura zvakapetwa kaviri sezvinotevera kubva mudzidziso yaNewton, kana kuti nguva yakarebeswa musimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi uye idi rokuti nguva yechadenga inomonereka nezvinhu zvehukuru hunowirirana.

Niels Bohr naAlbert Einstein

Chirevo chekuti tinogona kungoona 5% yepasirese nekuti mamwe ese isimba rakasviba uye rima guru rinoonekwa nemasayendisiti mazhinji seanonyadzisa. Kune vamwe, iri idambudziko guru - kune avo vari kutsvaga nzira itsva dzekuyedza, uye dzidziso.

Matambudziko akatarisana nemasvomhu emazuva ano ari kuoma kunzwisisa zvekuti, kunze kwekunge tagona nzira dzekudzidzisa dzakakosha kana kugadzira dzidziso itsva, dziri nyore kunzwisisa, tichatofanira kungotenda kuti equation yemasvomhu iripo, uye ndizvo zvazviri. , inocherekedzwa mumicheto yebhuku racho muna 1637, yakabvumikiswa bedzi muna 1996 pamapeji 120 (!), ichishandisa makombiyuta nokuda kwemabasa okubvisa zvine mufungo, uye yakasimbiswa nenhevedzano yeInternational Union nenyanzvi dzemasvomhu shanu dzakasarudzwa munyika yose. Maererano nekubvumirana kwavo, uchapupu hwakarurama. Nyanzvi dzeMasvomhu dziri kuramba dzichitaura kuti matambudziko makuru mumunda wavo haagone kugadziriswa pasina simba rakakura rekugadzirisa remakomputa makuru, ayo asati atombovapo.

Muchirevo chekuderera kwemoyo, inodzidzisa nhoroondo yezvakawanikwa naMax Planck. Asati aunza iyo quantum hypothesis, akaedza kubatanidza matavi maviri: thermodynamics uye electromagnetic mwaranzi, kubva kuMaxwell's equations. Akazviita zvakanaka. Maformula akapihwa naPlanck pakupera kwezana ramakore re1900th akatsanangura zvakanyatsocherechedzwa kugoverwa kwesimba remwaranzi zvichienderana nehurefu hwayo. Zvisinei, muna Gumiguru XNUMX, data yekuedza yakaonekwa yakasiyana neimwe kubva kuPlanck's thermodynamic-electromagnetic theory. Planck haana kuzodzivirira nzira yake yetsika uye akasarudza dzidziso itsva yaaifanira kutanga nayo kuvapo kwechikamu chesimba (quantum). Uku ndiko kwaiva kutanga kwefizikisi itsva, kunyange zvazvo Planck pachake asina kubvuma migumisiro yechimurenga chaakanga atanga.

Mienzaniso yakarongwa, chii chinotevera?

Horgan, mubhuku rake, akabvunzurudza vamiririri vekutanga sangano renyika yesayenzi, vanhu vakadai saStephen Hawking, Roger Penrose, Richard Feynman, Francis Crick, Richard Dawkins naFrancis Fukuyama. Mafungiro akasiyana-siyana akataurwa muhurukuro idzi akanga akakura, asi - izvo zvakakosha - hapana mumwe wevatauriri akafunga kuti mubvunzo wekuguma kwesayenzi hauna maturo.

Kune vakadai saSheldon Glashow, anohwina Mubairo weNobel mumunda wezvikamu zvekutanga uye co-muvambi weanodaidzwa kudaro. Standard Model yeElementary Particlesvasingataure nezvekupera kwekudzidza, asi kudzidza sechibayiro chekubudirira kwemunhu. Somuenzaniso, zvichava zvakaoma kuti nyanzvi dzefizikisi kukurumidza kudzokorora kubudirira kwakadaro se "kuronga" Muenzaniso. Mukutsvaga chimwe chinhu chitsva uye chinonakidza, mafizikisi edzidziso akazvipira kune chido dzidziso yetambo. Nekudaro, sezvo izvi zvisingaite chokwadi, mushure mekufarisa, kusava netariro kunotanga kuvakurira.

Yakajairika modhi senge Rubik's Cube

Dennis Overbye, anozivikanwa mukurumbira sainzi, anopa mubhuku rake dimikira rinosekesa raMwari semuimbi wedombo wecosmic achigadzira zvakasikwa nekuridza gitare rake re XNUMX-dimensional superstring. Ndinoshamisika kana Mwari vachivandudza kana kutamba mimhanzi, munyori anobvunza.

inotsanangura magadzirirwo uye kushanduka kweNyika, inewo zvayo, ichipa tsananguro inogutsa chose nekururama kwezvikamu zvishoma zvesekondi kubva ipapo. rudzi rwekutanga. Zvisinei, tine mukana here wokusvika pazvikonzero zvokupedzisira uye zvinokosha zvemavambo eChisiko Chapose pose uye kutsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu aivapo panguva iyoyo? Ndipo pano apo cosmology inosangana nenzvimbo ine hazy uko kubhuya kwehunhu hwe superstring dzidziso inonzwika. Uye, hongu, inotangawo kuwana hunhu hwe "theology". Mumakore gumi nemaviri apfuura kana makore apfuura, pfungwa dzinoverengeka dzepakutanga dzakabuda maererano nenguva dzekutanga, pfungwa dzine chekuita neinonzi. quantum cosmology. Zvisinei, dzidziso idzi ndedzekufungidzira chete. Vazhinji vezve cosmologist havana tariro nezve mukana wekuyedzwa kwemazano aya uye vanoona mimwe miganhu yekugona kwedu kwekuziva.

Sekureva kwenyanzvi yefizikisi Howard Georgi, isu tinofanira kutoziva cosmology sesainzi muhurongwa hwayo hwese, seyakajairwa modhi yezvikamu zvekutanga uye quarks. Anoona basa re quantum cosmology, pamwe nemawormholes ayo, vacheche uye vacheche universes, kuva mhando inoshamisa. ngano dzesainziyakanaka sedzimwe ngano dzese dzekusika. Maonero akasiyana anobatwa neavo vanotenda zvakasimba muchirevo chekushanda pa quantum cosmology uye vanoshandisa huchenjeri hwavo hwose kune izvi.

Karavhani inoenderera mberi.

Zvichida "kuguma kwesainzi" mafungiro ndiwo mhedzisiro yetarisiro yakawandisa yatakaisa pairi. Nyika yemazuva ano inoda "revolution", "budiriro" uye mhinduro dzechokwadi kumibvunzo mikuru. Isu tinotenda kuti sainzi yedu yakagadziridzwa zvakakwana kuti titarisire mhinduro dzakadai. Zvisinei, sainzi haina kumbopa pfungwa yekupedzisira. Pasinei neizvi, kwemazana emakore yakasundira vanhu mberi uye inogara ichibudisa ruzivo rutsva pamusoro pezvinhu zvose. Isu takashandisa uye tinonakidzwa nemhedzisiro yekuvandudzwa kwayo, tinotyaira mota, kubhururuka ndege, kushandisa Indaneti. Nyaya shoma dzapfuura takanyora mu "MT" nezve physics, iyo, maererano nevamwe, yakasvika kumagumo. Zvinogoneka, zvisinei, kuti isu hatisi zvakanyanya pa "kupera kwesainzi" sepakupera kwekukanganisa. Kana hongu, saka uchafanirwa kudzokera kumashure zvishoma uye kungofamba uchidzika neimwe mugwagwa.