Bumbiro reUS uye Kugadziriswa Kweruzivo - Hupenyu Hunoshamisa hwaHerman Hollerith

Dambudziko rose rakatanga muna 1787 muPhiladelphia, apo vapanduki vaichimbova makoroni eBritish vakaedza kugadzira Bumbiro reUS. Paive nematambudziko neizvi - dzimwe nyika dzaive hombe, dzimwe diki, uye yaive yekumisa mitemo inonzwisisika yekumiririra kwavo. Muna Chikunguru (mushure memwedzi yakati wandei yekukakavadzana) chibvumirano chakasvika, chakanzi "Great Compromise". Chimwe chezvisungo zvechibvumirano ichi chaive chisungo chekuti makore gumi ega ega munyika dzese dzemuUS kuverengerwa kwakadzama kwehuwandu hwevanhu kwaizoitwa, pachitariswa huwandu hwevamiriri vematunhu mumasangano ehurumende.

Panguva iyoyo, zvaisaita sedambudziko guru. Census yekutanga yakadai muna 1790 yakaverengera vagari 3, uye rondedzero yekuverenga yaive nemibvunzo mishoma - pakanga pasina matambudziko nekugadziriswa kwehuwandu hwemhedzisiro. Macalculator aibata neizvi zviri nyore.

Nenguva isipi zvakava pachena kuti zvose mavambo akanaka neakaipa. Huwandu hweUS hwakakura nekukurumidza: kubva pacensus kuenda pacensus neinosvika makumi matatu neshanu muzana. Muna 35, vagari vanopfuura mamirioni makumi matatu nerimwe vakaverengerwa - uye panguva imwe chete iyo fomu yakatanga kuvhuvhuta zvekuti Congress yaitofanira kudzikamisa nhamba yemibvunzo yaibvumidzwa kubvunzwa kusvika zana kuitira kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti gwaro remibvunzo rinogona kugadziriswa. hurongwa hwe data yakagamuchirwa. Census ya1860 yakave yakaoma sehope huru: bhiri rakapfuura mamirioni makumi mashanu, uye zvakatora makore manomwe kupfupisa mhedzisiro. Rondedzero inotevera, yakagadzirirwa 31, yakanga yatove isingagoneki pasi pemamiriro aya. Bumbiro reUS, gwaro rinoera revanhu vekuAmerica, riri munjodzi huru.

Dambudziko rakacherechedzwa kare uye kuyedza kurigadzirisa kwakatosvika kare muna 1870, apo mumwe Colonel Seaton akateta mudziyo waiita kuti zvikwanise kukurumidza kuita basa remacalculator nekugadzira chidimbu chidiki chayo. Pasinei nekuita kushoma - Seaton akagamuchira $ 25 kubva kuCongress yemudziyo wake, uyo panguva iyoyo waiva mukuru.

Makore mapfumbamwe mushure mekugadzirwa kwaSeaton, akapedza kudzidza paColumbia University, murume wechidiki aida kubudirira, mwanakomana wemuAustria akatamira kuUnited States ainzi Herman Hollerith, akaberekwa muna 1860. aive nemari inoshamisa - nerubatsiro rweongororo dzakasiyana dzenhamba. Akabva atanga kushanda paMassachusetts Institute of Technology ine mukurumbira semudzidzisi weMechanical engineering, ndokuzotora basa kufederal patent office. Apa akatanga kufunga nezve kuvandudza basa revanotora census, kwaaive pasina kupokana akakurudzirwa nemamiriro maviri: ukuru hweSeaton's premium uye chokwadi chekuti makwikwi akaziviswa ekugadzirisa census ya1890. Anenge akunda mumakwikwi aya anogona kuvimba nemari yakawanda.

Zdj. 1 Herman Hollerith

Mafungiro aHollerith aive matsva uye, saka, akarova chirevo chebullseye. Kutanga, akasarudza kutanga magetsi, ayo akanga asina munhu akanga ambofunga nezvawo pamberi pake. Pfungwa yechipiri yaive yekutora tepi yebepa yakanyatso perforated, iyo yaifanira kupepetwa pakati pemabatirwo emuchina uye nekudaro ipfupi pazvaidiwa kutumira kuverenga kune imwe mudziyo. Pfungwa yekupedzisira pakutanga yakazova so-so. Zvakanga zvisiri nyore kupaza tepi, iyo tepi pachayo "yaida" kubvarura, kufamba kwayo kwaifanira kunge kwakatsetseka zvakanyanya?

Mugadziri, pasinei nezvipingamupinyi zvepakutanga, haana kurega. Akatsiva ribhoni nemakadhi epepa makobvu aimboshandiswa pakuruka, uye ndicho chaiva chikuru chenyaya.

Mepu yepfungwa yake? Zviyero zvinonzwisisika zve 13,7 ne 7,5 cm? pakutanga yaive ne204 perforation points. Misanganiswa yakakodzera yeiyi perforations ine coded mhinduro kumibvunzo pafomu recensus; izvi zvakaita kuti pave netsamba: kadhi rimwe - remibvunzo yekuverenga vanhu. Hollerith akagadzirawo—kana kuti chaizvoizvo akavandudza zvikuru—chishandiso chokurovera pasina kukanganisa kwekadhi rakadaro, uye nokukurumidza zvikuru akavandudza kadhi racho pacharo, achiwedzera nhamba yemakomba kusvika ku240. Zvisinei, dhizaini yayo inokosha zvikuru yaiva yemagetsi? • Ndeipi yakagadzirisa ruzivo rwakaverengwa kubva pakaboora uye nekuwedzera kuronga makadhi akasvetuka mumapaketi ane maitiro akafanana. Saka, nekusarudza, semuenzaniso, avo vane hukama nevarume kubva kumakadhi ese, vaigona kuzorongerwa zvinoenderana nemaitiro akadai sekuti, basa, dzidzo, nezvimwe.

Iyo yakagadzirwa - iyo yakaoma yese yemichina, yakazonzi "kuverenga uye kuongorora" - yakagadzirira muna 1884. Kuti aite kuti ive yakawanda kupfuura pepa chete, Hollerith akakwereta $2500, akamugadzirira teti yekuyedza, uye munaGunyana 23 wegore iro akaburitsa chikumbiro chemvumo chaida kuti aite mupfumi uye mumwe wevanhu vane mukurumbira pasi rose. Kubva 1887, michina yakawana basa ravo rekutanga: vakatanga kushandiswa muuto rekurapa reUS kuchengetedza nhamba dzehutano hwevashandi veUS Army. Zvese izvi pamwe chete zvakatanga kuunza muvambi mari inosekesa yemadhora zviuru gumi pagore?

Mufananidzo 2 Hollerith akarova kadhi

Zvisinei, injiniya wechidiki akaramba achifunga nezvezvinhu. Chokwadi, maverengero ehuwandu hwezvinhu zvaidiwa pakutanga pakuona pane kusakwezva: anodarika matani mazana mana nemakumi mashanu emakadhi ega aizodiwa pakuverengwa kwevanhu.

Makwikwi akaziviswa neCensus Bureau anga asiri nyore uye aive nenhanho inoshanda. Vatori vechikamu vayo vaifanira kugadzirisa pamidziyo yavo huwandu hukuru hwedata hwakatounganidzwa panguva yakare census, uye kuratidza kuti vaizowana mibairo inowirirana nekukurumidza kupfuura vakavatangira. Maparamita maviri aifanirwa kuve akasarudzika: nguva yekuverenga uye chokwadi.

Makwikwi acho akanga asiri echinyakare. William S. Hunt naCharles F. Pidgeon vakamira pedyo naHollerith mumutambo wekusarudza. Ivo vese vaishandisa dhizare subsystems, asi hwaro hwavo hwaive hwekuverengera-akagadzirwa nemaoko.

Michina yaHollerith yakaparadza makwikwi. Vakazove 8-10 nguva nekukurumidza uye kakawanda zvakanyanya. Census Bureau yakaraira muvambi kuhaya makiti makumi mashanu nenhanhatu kubva kwaari nemari inosvika zviuru makumi mashanu nezvitanhatu zvemadhora pagore. Yakanga isati iri rombo rakakura, asi mari yacho yakabvumira Hollerith kushanda murunyararo.

Census ya1890 yakasvika. Kubudirira kwekiti yeHollerith kwaityisa: vhiki nhanhatu (!) mushure mekuverenga kwakaitwa nevanoda kusvika 50 vakabvunzurudza, zvakanga zvatozivikanwa kuti vagari ve000 vaigara muUnited States. Somugumisiro wekuputsika kwehurumende, bumbiro remitemo rakaponeswa.

Mubairo wekupedzisira wemuvaki mushure mekupera kwecensus wakasvika kumari "inorema" ye750. Mukuwedzera kune hupfumi hwake, kubudirira uku kwakaunza Hollerith mukurumbira mukuru, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, akazvitsaurira nyaya yose kwaari, achizivisa kutanga kwenguva itsva yekombiyuta: nguva yemagetsi. Columbia University yakaona bepa remuchina wake rakaenzana nedissertation yake ikamupa Ph.D.

Mufananidzo 3 Sorter

Uye ipapo Hollerith, atova nemirairo inonakidza yekunze mune yake portfolio, akatanga diki femu inonzi Tabulating Machine Company (TM Co.); zvinoratidzika kuti akatokanganwa kuinyora zviri pamutemo, izvo, zvisinei, zvakanga zvisingakoshi panguva iyoyo. Iyo kambani yaingofanirwa kuunganidza seti yemichina yakapihwa neve subcontractors uye kuigadzirira kutengeswa kana kurenda.

Zvirimwa zveHollerith zvakakurumidza kushanda munyika dzinoverengeka. Chokutanga pane zvose, muAustria, iyo yakaona mumwe munhu muvambi uye akatanga kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvake; kunze kwekuti pano, achishandisa tsvina yemutemo zvinyoro, akanyimwa patent, kuitira kuti mari yake yakazove yakaderera zvikuru pane yaitarisirwa. Muna 1892 michina yaHollerith yakaita census muCanada, muna 1893 imwe nyanzvi yekurima yekuverenga muUnited States, ndokubva vaenda kuNorway, Italy uye pakupedzisira kuRussia, uko muna 1895 vakaita nhamba yekutanga uye yekupedzisira munhoroondo pasi pehurumende yetsarist. Zviremera: inotevera yakaitwa chete nevaBolshevik muna 1926.

Mufananidzo 4 Hollerith muchina seti, rongedza kurudyi

Muhoro wemuvambi wakakura kunyangwe kukopa uye nekunzvenga kodzero dzake dzesimba - asi ndizvo zvakaitawo mari yake, sezvo akapa hunenge hupfumi hwake kukugadzirwa kutsva. Saka akararama zvakapfava zvikuru, asina manyawi. Akashanda nesimba uye akanga asina hanya noutano hwake; vanachiremba vakamurayira kuganhurira zvikuru mabasa ake. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, akatengesa kambani kuTM Co uye akawana $ 1,2 miriyoni yezvikamu zvake. Akanga ari miriyoni uye kambani yakabatanidzwa nevamwe vana kuti vave CTR - Hollerith akava nhengo yebhodhi uye unyanzvi hwemazano ane $ 20 yegore negore; Akasiya bhodhi revatungamiriri muna 000 uye akasiya kambani makore mashanu gare gare. Musi waJune 1914, 14, mushure memamwe makore mashanu, kambani yake yakashandura zvakare zita rayo - kune iyo inozivikanwa zvikuru kusvika nhasi kumakondinendi ose. Zita: International Business Machines. IBM.

Pakati paNovember 1929, Herman Hollerith akabatwa nechando uye musi waNovember 17, mushure mehosha yemwoyo, akafira kumba kwake kuWashington. Rufu rwake rwakangotaurwa muchidimbu mumapepanhau. Mumwe wavo akasanganisa zita IBM. Nhasi, mushure mekukanganisa kwakadaro, mupepeti-mukuru aizorasikirwa nebasa rake.