Ndiani akagadzira motokari yekutanga uye yakagadzirwa rini?
Henry Ford anowanzo gamuchira chikwereti chemutsetse wekutanga wegungano uye kugadzirwa kwakawanda kweModel T mota muna 1908.
Ndiani akagadzira motokari yekutanga? Mhinduro inogamuchirwa navose ndiKarl Benz wokuGermany, uye vanhu vanoshandira kambani yakakura kubva pazita rake, Mercedes-Benz, havaneti kukuudza.
Zvakadaro, ndakamira muMercedes-Benz Museum muStuttgart, ndinonzwa kutya uye kushamisika kukuru pandinoona mota yekutanga pasirese mune nyama yakajeka. Chokwadi, izwi rekuti "ngoro isina bhiza" yakashandiswa panguva iyoyo inoita seyakakodzera, asi yaive mota yeBenz, yakapihwa mvumo muna 1886, yakawana kuzivikanwa seyokutanga mota yakamboitwa, kunyangwe dzimwe mota dzemumugwagwa dzakatangira basa rake nemakore mazhinji. .
Sei zvakadaro, uye Benz inokodzera kukudzwa here nekuvaka mota yekare kudarika nyika?
Inowedzera mafuta kumoto wekupokana pamusoro pemotokari yekutanga
Zvinogona, hongu, kupokana kuti shasha ine tarenda inozivikanwa kushamwari dzake saLeo akafanoisa Benz mukugadzira mota yekutanga nemazana emakore.
Pakati pezvakawanda zvinoshamisa zvakagadzirwa naLeonardo da Vinci mukuru pakanga pane kugadzirwa kwemotokari yekutanga yenyika inozvifambisa yega (isina mabhiza).
Kubata kwake kwehungwaru, kwakadhonzwa neruoko rwake muna 1495, kwaive kwakaremerwa uye kwaifanira kuvharwa kusati kwasimuka, asi kwaive kwakaomarara uye, sezvazvakazoitika, zvaigoneka.
Muna 2004, boka kubva kuInstitute neMuseum yeNhoroondo yeSainzi muFlorence vakashandisa hurongwa hwakadzama hwaDa Vinci kugadzira modhi yakazara, uye chokwadi, "mota yaLeonardo" yakanyatsoshanda.
Zvinotonyanya kushamisa ndezvekuti dhizaini yechinyakare inosanganisira mbiru yekutanga yenyika uye rack uye pinion system, hwaro hwekuti tichiri kutyaira sei mota dzedu nhasi.
Kutaura chokwadi, zvakadaro, Leonardo angangove asina kumbosvika pakuisa pfungwa yake yemuenzaniso kuti ibudirire - kutaura zvazviri, zvingadai zvakave zvisingaite nemidziyo yaaive nayo panguva iyoyo - kana kuikwira mudhorobha. Akatombokanganwa kubatidza zvigaro.
Uye, kana zvasvika kumotokari dzemazuva ano dzinozivikanwa zvikuru dzatinoziva nezvadzo nhasi, chimwe chinhu chinokosha chakanga chisipo kubva mumotokari yake iyo Benz yaigona kuzvirumbidza nayo; yekutanga yemukati injini yekupisa uye saka yekutanga peturu mota.
Yakanga iri kushandiswa kwemafuta aya uye kugadzirwa kweinjini iyo yakazopedzisira yakunda mujaho wekugadzira ngoro dzekutanga dzepasirese dzisina bhiza, uye ndicho chikonzero nei muGerman ari kuwana kuzivikanwa kunyangwe hazvo muFrench ainzi Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot akavaka yekutanga. motokari yemugwagwa inozvifambisa yega, iyo yaive tirakita ine mavhiri matatu ekushandiswa nemauto, kutanga muna 1769. Hongu yaikwanisa kusvika 4 km/h chete uye yaisava mota chaiyo, asi chikuru chaiita kuti ishaye chinzvimbo chezita remumba ndechekuti kunyura kwayo kwaimhanya mhanya, izvo zvakaita kuti ikure. chitima chepasi.
Ramba uchifunga kuti Automobile Club yeFrance ichiri kutenda Cugnot semusiki wemota yekutanga. Tres French.
Saizvozvovo, Robert Anderson anofuratira chirevo chekuti ndiye akagadzira mota yekutanga pasirese nekuti muchina wake unozvifambisa wega, wakavakwa kuScotland kuma1830s, yaive "ngoro yemagetsi" kwete injini inobatidza mukati.
Ehe, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti Karl Benz anga asiri iye wekutanga kuuya neinjini. Kare muna 1680, imwe nyanzvi yefizikisi yechiDutch yainzi Christian Huygens yakauya nepfungwa yeinjini yekupisa mukati, uye pamwe chinhu chakanaka chaasina kumbovaka, nekuti chirongwa chake chaive chekuisimbisa nepfuti.
Uye kunyange Karl Benz akabatsirwa nemumwe murume ane zita rinozivikanwa nevateveri veMercedes-Benz (kana kuti Daimler Benz, sekudanwa kwaaiitwa), Gottlieb Daimler, uyo muna 1885 akagadzira injini yemazuva ano yekutanga pasi rose ine silinda imwe chete, yakatwasuka uye peturu inobayiwa nekabureta . Akatoibatanidza kune imwe mhando yemuchina unonzi Reitwagen ("inotasva ngoro"). Injini yayo yakanga yakafanana zvikuru nejini-cylinder, maviri-stroke injini yepeturu iyo yaizofambiswa nemotokari yakabvumirwa naKarl Benz gore raitevera.
Benz, injiniya wemichina, anotora chikamu cheshumba chechikwereti chekugadzira mota yekutanga yenyika inopisa mukati memoto, zvakanyanya nekuti ndiye akatanga kuisa patent yechinhu chakadaro, iyo yaakagamuchira muna Ndira 29, 1886. .
Kuti ape mutero kuna mudhara Carl, akapawo patent yake spark plugs, transmission system, throttle body dhizaini uye radiator.
Nepo yepakutanga Benz Patent Motorwagen yaive mota ine mavhiri matatu yaiita senge ngoro yenguva iyoyo, bhiza richitsiviwa nevhiri remberi (nemavhiri maviri akakura chaizvo asi matete kumashure), Benz yakakurumidza kurivandudza. purojekiti yekugadzira mota chaiyo ine mavhiri mana panosvika 1891.
Mukutanga kwezana ramakore, Benz & Cie, iyo yaakavamba, yakave yakakura kwazvo kugadzira mota munyika.
Kubva ipapo?
Mubvunzo wekuti mota yekutanga yakagadzirwa rinhi une nharo setsanangudzo. Zvechokwadi Gottlieb Daimler anotaura nezvezita iri, sezvo asina kuumba injini yekutanga iyi chete, asiwo shanduro yakavandudzwa zvikuru muna 1889 ine V-yakaumbwa nechina-stroke twin-cylinder injini iri pedyo zvikuru nekugadzirwa kuchiri kushandiswa nhasi kupfuura. imwe-cylinder unit paBenz Patent Motorwagen.
Muna 1927, Daimler naBenz vakabatana kuti vaumbe Daimler Group, iro rimwe zuva raizozova Mercedes-Benz.
Chikwereti chinofanirawo kupihwa kune veFrench: Panhard naLevassor muna 1889, uyezve Peugeot muna 1891, vakave vekutanga kugadzira mota dzepasirese, zvichireva kuti havana kungovaka prototypes, vakatovaka mota dzese ndokudzitengesa.
MaGermany akakurumidza kubata uye akavakurira, hongu, asi zvakadaro, inyaya yakanaka inonzwisisika yekuti hauwanzonzwa Peugeot rap nezve chimwe chinhu.
Mota yekutanga kugadzirwa-yakawanda mupfungwa yemazuva ano yaive 1901 Curved Dash Oldsmobile, yakavakwa muDetroit naRansom Eli Olds, uyo akauya nepfungwa yemutsetse wekusangana kwemotokari ndokutanga Motor City.
Iye ane mukurumbira Henry Ford anowanzo kuwana chikwereti chemutsetse wekutanga wegungano uye kugadzirwa kwakawanda kwemotokari neModel T yake yakakurumbira muna 1908.
Zvaakagadzira yaive yakavandudzwa uye yakakurisa vhezheni yemutsetse wekubatanidza wakavakirwa pamabhandi ekutakura, zvichideredza zvakanyanya mutengo wekugadzira uye nguva yekugadzira mota, nekukurumidza kuita Ford ive yakakura kugadzira mota pasirese.
Pakasvika 1917, motokari dzinoshamisa dzeModel T dzine mamiriyoni 15 dzakanga dzavakwa, uye chishuvo chedu chemotokari chemazuva ano chakanga chichiwedzera.
