Ndiani anoziva? Isu kana nzvimbo-nguva?
Metaphysics? Masayendisiti mazhinji anotya kuti fungidziro pamusoro pechimiro chendangariro nendangariro ndedzeiyi ndima yesayenzi inosanozivikanwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, chii, kana chisiri sayenzi, iko kutsvaga kwemuviri, kunyange quantum, hwaro hwekuziva, panzvimbo yekutsvaga tsanangudzo dzesimba?
1. Microtubules - Visualization
Kutora mashoko kubva muchinyorwa chaDecember cheNew Scientist, murapi wekuArizona Stuart Hameroff anga achitaura kwemakore kuti microtubules - maumbirwo ane fibrous ane dhayamita ye20-27 nm, akaumbwa semugumisiro wepolymerization yeprotein tubulin uye kuita se cytoskeleton inoumba sero, kusanganisira nerve cell (1) - iripo Quantum "superpositions"izvo zvinovabvumira kuti vave nemafomu maviri akasiyana panguva imwe chete. Imwe neimwe yemafomu aya inobatanidzwa nehumwe huwandu hweruzivo, kubatem, muchiitiko ichi kuchengetedza zvakapetwa kaviri data sezvazvingaita kubva mukunzwisisa kwekirasi kwegadziriro ino. Kana tikawedzera pane izvi chiitiko qubit entanglement, i.e. kupindirana kwezvimedu zvisiri padhuze, zvinoratidza muenzaniso wekushanda kwehuropi sekombuta yequantuminotsanangurwa nenyanzvi yefizikisi yakakurumbira Roger Penrose. Hameroff akashandawo naye, nekudaro achitsanangura kumhanya kunoshamisa, kuchinjika uye kuita kwakasiyana-siyana kwehuropi.
2. Stuart Hameroff naRoger Penrose
Planck nyika yezviyero
Zvinoenderana nevatsigiri vedzidziso ye quantum pfungwa, dambudziko rekuziva rakabatana nechimiro chenzvimbo-nguva paPlanck scale. Kwenguva yekutanga izvi zvakaratidzwa nemasayendisiti ataurwa pamusoro apa - Penrose naHameroff (90) mumabasa avo pakutanga kwezana remakore rechipiri. Maererano navo, kana tichida kugamuchira dzidziso ye quantum yekuziva, saka tinofanira kusarudza nzvimbo iyo maitiro ehuwandu anoitika. Inogona kuva uropi - kubva pakuona kwe quantum theory, ina-dimensional space-time ine chimiro chayo chemukati pachiyero chiduku chisingafungidziki, chehurongwa hwe 10-35 mamita. (Planck urefu). Pamadaro akadaro, nzvimbo-nguva yakafanana nesiponji, mabhubhu ayo ane vhoriyamu
10-105 m3 (iyo atomu spatially ine inenge zana muzana quantum vacuum). Maererano neruzivo rwemazuva ano, vacuum yakadaro inovimbisa kugadzikana kwemaatomu. Kana kuziva zvakare kwakavakirwa pane iyo quantum vacuum, inogona kukanganisa zvimiro zvenyaya.
Kuvapo kwemamicrotubules muPenrose-Hameroff hypothesis inogadzirisa nzvimbo-nguva munzvimbo. Iye "anoziva" kuti tiri, uye anogona kutifurira nekushandura quantum states mu microtubules. Kubva pane izvi, mhedziso dzekunze dzinogona kutorwa. Somuenzaniso, zvakadaro shanduko dzese muchimiro chechinhu muchikamu chedu chenguva-yenguva, inogadzirwa nekuziva, pasina kunonoka munguva, nedzidziso inogona kunyorwa mune chero chikamu chenguva-yenguva, semuenzaniso, mune rimwe galaxy.
Hameroff anoonekwa munhaurirano dzakawanda dzenhau. Panpsychism dzidzisozvichibva pakufungidzira kuti pane imwe mhando yekuziva mune zvese zvakakupoteredza. Aya maonero echinyakare akadzoserwa muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX neSpinoza. Imwe pfungwa inotorwa ndeye panprotopsychizm - Muzivi David Chalmers akaunzwa. Akarigadzira sezita repfungwa yekuti kune "ambiguous" chisikwa, chinogona kuziva, asi kungove neruzivo rwechokwadi kana chaitwa kana kupatsanurwa. Semuyenzaniso, kana protoconscious masangano akabatiswa kana kusvikirwa nehuropi, anove achiziva uye anopfumisa neural maitiro ane ruzivo. Sekureva kwaHameroff, masangano epanprotopsychic rimwe zuva anogona kutsanangurwa maererano nefizikisi yakakosha kune zvakasikwa (3).
Diki nehombe inoputsika
Roger Penrose, zvakare, zvichienderana nedzidziso yaKurt Gödel, inoratidza kuti zvimwe zviito zvinoitwa nepfungwa hazvigoneke. Zvinoratidza izvozvo iwe haugone kutsanangura pfungwa dzevanhu algorithmically, uye kutsanangura kuti kusakwana, iwe unofanirwa kutarisa kudonha kweiyo quantum wave basa uye quantum gravity. Makore mashoma apfuura, Penrose akashamisika kana panogona kunge paine quantum superposition yekuchaja kana kuburitswa neuroni. Akafunga kuti neuron yaigona kuenzana nequantum computer iri muuropi. Mabhiti mukombuta yekare anogara ari "pa" kana "kudzima", "zero" kana "imwe". Kune rumwe rutivi, quantum makomputa anoshanda nequbits, iyo inogona panguva imwe chete iri mune superposition ye "zero" uye "imwe".
Penrose anotenda izvozvo huremu hwakaenzana nekukombama kwenguva. Zvakakwana kufungidzira nzvimbo-nguva muchimiro chakareruka semapepa maviri-dimensional pepa. Ese mativi matatu enzvimbo akatsikirirwa paakisi x, ukuwo nguva ichirongwa paakisi y. Huremu huri panzvimbo imwe ipeji rakakomberedzwa kune rimwe divi, uye huremu mune imwe nzvimbo inokombamira kune rimwe divi. Chiripo ndechekuti huremu, nzvimbo, kana kuti nyika inowirirana neimwe kukombama muiyo yakakosha geometry yenguva-yenguva inotaridza chisiko chose pamwero muduku zvikuru. Nokudaro, humwe huremu muhukuru hunoreva kupeta mumativi maviri kana anopfuura panguva imwe chete, izvo zvakaenzana nebubble, bulge, kana kupatsanurwa munzvimbo-nguva geometry. Mukuwirirana nerondedzero yenyika dzakawanda, apo ikoku kunoitika, chisiko chapose pose chitsva chinogona kuvapo—mapeji enguva yomuchadenga anosiyana ndokuwadzanyurika chimwe nechimwe.
Penrose anobvumirana kusvika pamwero wakati nechiono ichi. Zvisinei, ane chokwadi chokuti bubble harina kugadzikana, ndiko kuti, rinowira mune imwe kana imwe nyika mushure menguva yakatarwa, iyo iri mune imwe hukama nechiyero chekuparadzanisa kana ukuru hwenguva-yenguva yebubble. Naizvozvo, hapana chikonzero chekugamuchira nyika zhinji, asi nzvimbo diki chete umo chadenga chedu chakatsemuka. Achishandisa nheyo yekusava nechokwadi, nyanzvi yefizikiki yakawana kuti kuparadzana kukuru kuchaputsika nokukurumidza, uye duku zvishoma nezvishoma. Saka morekuru duku, rakadai seatomu, rinogona kuramba riri panzvimbo yakakwirira kwenguva refu zvikuru, toti makore mamiriyoni gumi. Asi chisikwa chihombe senge kilogiramu katsi inogona kungogara mu superposition kwemasekonzi 10-10, saka isu hatiwanzo kuona katsi mune superposition.
Isu tinoziva kuti maitiro ehuropi anogara kubva kumakumi kusvika kumazana emamilliseconds. Semuenzaniso, neoscillations ine frequency ye40 Hz, nguva yavo, i.e., iyo nguva, ndeye 25 milliseconds. Iyo alpha rhythm pa electroencephalogram ndeye 100 milliseconds. Iyi nguva chiyero chinoda misa nanograms mune superposition. Panyaya ye microtubules mu superposition, 120 mabhiriyoni tubulins aizodiwa, i.e. nhamba yavo i20 XNUMX. neurons, inova nhamba yakakodzera yeuroni yezviitiko zvepfungwa.
Masayendisiti anotsanangura izvo zvine fungidziro zvinogona kuitika mukati mechiitiko chekuziva. Quantum komputa inoitika mumatubulins uye inotungamira kudonha zvinoenderana neiyo yekuderedza modhi yaRoger Penrose. Kuputsika kwega kwega kunoumba hwaro hwemaitiro matsva etubulin configurations, izvo zvinozoona kuti tubulins inodzora sei cellular inoshanda pa synapses, etc. Asi chero kuparara kwerudzi urwu kunoronga zvakare iyo yakakosha geometry yenguva-yenguva uye inovhura mukana kune kana activation ye masangano akaiswa padanho iri.
Penrose naHameroff vakatumidza muenzaniso wavo yakanyora chinangwa kuderedza (Orch-OR-) nekuti pane mhinduro pakati pebiology ne "harmony" kana "kuumbwa" kwehuwandu hwekuchinja. Sekuona kwavo, kune dzimwe nzira dzekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye nhanho dzekutaurirana dzinotsanangurwa nematunhu egelation mukati meiyo cytoplasm yakatenderedza mamicrotubules, inoitika angangoita 25 milliseconds. Kutevedzana kweizvi "zviitiko zvinoziva" zvinotungamira mukuumbwa kwerukova rwekuziva kwedu. Isu tinozviona sekuenderera mberi, sezvakangoita firimu rinoratidzika serinoenderera, kunyangwe richiramba rakatevedzana remafuremu akasiyana.
Kana kuti zvichida kunyange pasi
Nekudaro, vefizikisi vaive vasina chokwadi nezve quantum brain hypotheses. Kunyangwe pasi pema laboratori cryogenic mamiriro, kuchengetedza kuwirirana kwehuwandu hwematunhu kwenguva yakareba kupfuura zvikamu zvesekondi idambudziko rakakura. Zvakadini nenyama yeuropi inodziya uye yakanyorova?
Hameroff anotenda kuti kuitira kudzivirira kusabatana nekuda kwekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, quantum superposition inofanira kuramba iri yega. Zvinoita sezvingabvira zvikuru kuti kuzviparadzanisa kunogona kuitika mukati mesero mu cytoplasmuko, semuenzaniso, iyo yatotaurwa gelation yakatenderedza microtubules inogona kuvadzivirira. Mukuwedzera, ma microtubules maduku zvikuru pane neuroni uye akabatanidzwa sekristaro. Saizi yechiyero yakakosha nekuti inofungidzirwa kuti chidimbu chidiki, senge erekitironi, chinogona kunge chiri munzvimbo mbiri panguva imwe chete. Chinhu chikuru chinowana, kunowedzera kuoma murabhoritari kuita kuti ishande munzvimbo mbiri panguva imwe chete.
Zvisinei, maererano naMatthew Fisher weUniversity of California kuSanta Barbara, anokorwa mashoko munyaya imwe cheteyo yaDecember New Scientist, tine mukana wokugadzirisa chinetso chokutsinhirana bedzi kana tikadzika kusvika pamwero. atomic spins. Kunyanya, izvi zvinoreva kutenderera muatomu nuclei yephosphorus, inowanikwa mumamorekuru emakemikari emakemikari akakosha pakushanda kwehuropi. Fisher akacherekedza mamwe maitiro emakemikari muuropi ayo anotepfenyura anoburitsa phosphate ions munzvimbo dzakabatikana. Roger Penrose pachake akawana izvi zvakaonekwa zvichivimbisa, kunyangwe achiri kufarira iyo microtubule hypothesis.
4. Artificial intelligence - kuona
Hypotheses nezve quantum hwaro hwekuziva ine zvinofadza zvinokonzeresa kune tarisiro yekuvandudzwa kwehungwaru hwekugadzira. Mukufunga kwavo, isu hatina mukana wekuvaka yechokwadi inoziva AI (4) yakavakirwa classical, silicon uye transistor tekinoroji. Chete quantum makomputa - kwete yazvino kana chizvarwa chinotevera - ichavhura nzira ye "chaiyo", kana inoziva, yekugadzira uropi.
