Iye ane mukurumbira murwi weRAF Supermarine Spitfire, chikamu 2
Ikozvino yakachengetedzwa kopi yeSpitfire XVIIE mukubhururuka. Ndege iyi ndeyeHondo yeBritain Memorial Flight uye ine zita reNo. 74 Squadron RAF.
Apo prototype, yakasarudzwa K5, yakabhururuka muna Kurume 1936, 5054, apo zita reSpitfire rakanga risati razivikanwa, uye apo mugadziri Reginald Mitchell akatanga kuuraya zvishoma nezvishoma kenza yekoloni, zvaitozivikanwa kuti ndege ine simba guru yaizoonekwa. Zvisinei, chii chakazoitika, kuti ndege iyi yakabhururuka muHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, pasina kurasikirwa nehuwandu hwayo, yakanga isingatarisirwi nemunhu.
Iyo prototype haina kuita ndege yayo yechipiri nekukurumidza. Iyo yakagadziriswa-pitch propeller yakatsiviwa neimwe yakagadziridzwa yekumhanya kwakakwira, zvivharo zvegiya rekumhara zvakaiswa, uye giya rekumhara pacharo rakavhurwa. Ndege yakaiswa pama lifts uye mavhiri ekuchenesa mavhiri akaedzwa. Iyo prototype uye yekutanga Spitfire I ye174 yakatevedzana yaive nehydraulically retractable undercarriage ine manual pressure pump kupeta uye kuwedzera undercarriage. Kutanga nezvikamu zana nemakumi manomwe neshanu, yakatsiviwa nepombi inofambiswa neinjini ine simba guru re 175 atm (68 psi). Paive zvakare nekuburitswa kwechimbichimbi kwegiya rekumhara kubva kucarbon dioxide cylinder iri mucockpit padivi pe starboard. Chirevo chakakosha chakanyorwa kuti "emergency chete" chakakonzera kubaya kamwe chete kwevharuvhu yecylinder yakavharwa uye kuburitswa kwegiya rekumhara rine yakatsikiswa kabhoni dioxide, pasina mukana wekudzoreredza giya rekumhara mushure mekuburitswa kwechimbichimbi.
Pakutanga, vagadziri vakaunza zviratidzo zvechiedza chete zvekusunungurwa uye kuvhara kwegiyo rekumhara, asi pakukumbira kwevatyairi vendege, chiratidzo chemagetsi chakaonekwa, icho chinonzi. masoja pamapapiro (zvimiti zviduku zvakabuda pamusoro pepamusoro pebapiro). Pane ese maSpitfires, iyo hydraulic system yaishandiswa chete kudzoreredza uye kuwedzera giya rekumhara. Flaps, mabhureki emavhiri, kurodhazve kwemaoko madiki, uye pakazogadziridzwa gare gare, iyo compressor yakachinjirwa kune yakakwirira giya nepneumatic system. Compressor yakaiswa kune injini, iyo yakagadzira 21 atm (300 psi) yemhepo yakamanikidzwa. Nevharuvhu yakakosha, iyi yakaderedzwa kusvika ku15 atm (220 psi) yemaflaps, zvombo uye compressor, uye kusvika 6 atm (90 psi) yemabhureki evhiri. Kutendeuka kwendege pasi kwakaitwa nekusiyanisa braking action, i.e. kudzvanya chidhiraivho kuenda kuruboshwe uye kudzvanya mabhureki vhiri rekuruboshwe chete.
Kudzokera kune chassis, iyo K5054 yakashandisa siredhi yekumashure, iyo yakatsiviwa nevhiri pane yakajairwa Spitfire I. Nekune rimwe divi, garwe rinoputika pamuenzaniso rakatsauka 57° kuti ringomhara. Tanga paSpitfire (zvese zvinogadziridzwa) zvakaitwa pasina flaps. Sezvo ndege yacho yakanga ine mutsara weaerodynamic wakachena uye wakanyatsokwana (chiyero chekusimudza kudhonza coefficient), K5054 yakaswedera pedyo nekumhara nekona isina kudzika, sezvo ndege yakakurumidza kudzika. Kana yangoiswa kunze, yaiwanzo "kuyangarara" nekurasikirwa kushoma kwekumhanya, kunyangwe injini yakanga ichiita basa. Naizvozvo, pakugadzira ndege, zvakakurudzirwa kuwedzera kutsauka kweiyo flaps kusvika 87 °, nepo ivo vakaita rakakura braking basa. Zvivakwa zvekumhara zvakave nani.
Yekutanga vhezheni, iyo Spitfire IA, yaive yakapakatira sere 7,7 mm Browning muchina pfuti ine pfuti inokwana mazana matatu ekutenderera pakm uye yaifambiswa neinjini ye300 hp Merlin II kana III.
Mushure mekutarisa nzira yekudzosera uye kudzoreredza giya rekumhara, ndege yaive yagadzirira kubhururuka zvakare. Musi waKurume 10 na11, ndege yechipiri neyechitatu dzakaitwa pairi negiya rekumhara rakadzoswa. Panguva iyoyo, Eastleigh Corporate Airport padyo neSouthampton yakashanyirwa naAir Marshal Hugh Dowding, uyo panguva iyoyo aive nhengo yeAir Ministry's Air Board se "Air Supply and Research Member", musi wa 1 Chikunguru 1936 ndipo paakatora ichangobva kuumbwa RAF Fighter Command. Akafadzwa zvikuru nendege, achiziva kukwanisa kwayo kwepamusoro, kunyange zvazvo akatsoropodza maonero evarombo kubva ku cockpit pasi. MuK5054, mutyairi akagara pazasi, pasi peiyo fairing, yakanyorwa muratidziro yehump kuseri kwegomba, iyo fairing yakanga isati yave ne "pale" hunhu hweSpitfire.
Nenguva isipi, kutanga musi wa24 Kurume, dzimwe ndege dzepaK5054 dzakaitwa naC. Resident (Lieutenant) George Pickering, anozivikanwa nekugadzira zvishwe pachikepe cheWalrus chinobhururuka, dzimwe nguva achitanganura, kusvika pakusatya kwaMitchell, kubva paurefu hwemamita 100. Akanga ari akanakisa mutyairi, uye prototype yemurwi mutsva haina kumuomera. Musi waKubvumbi 2, 1936, K5054 yakapihwa mvumo yekuyedza ndege, saka ndege imwe neimwe yakanga isisaedze. Izvi zvakabvumira vamwe vatyairi vendege kuibhururuka.
Munguva yekuedzwa, matambudziko akazarurwa neine pedo-prototype injini yaisada kutanga, saka mushure mendege dzinoverengeka yakatsiviwa neimwe. Iyo yekutanga Merlin C yakanyatso gadzira 990 hp. Mushure mekutsiva injini, kuyedzwa kweiyo prototype, kunyanya maererano nekuita kwendege, kwakaenderera nekuwedzera kaviri. Panguva yekuyedzwa, hapana kukanganisa kukuru kwakawanikwa, kunze kwekunge chidzoreso chaive chakawandisa uye chakafamba nekureruka kwakanyanya pakumhanya kwese. Kumhanya kweiyo prototype yaive ye550 km / h, kunyangwe zvakawanda zvaitarisirwa, asi Mitchell akatenda kuti kumhanya kwacho kwaizowedzera nekuvandudzwa kwakarongwa. Mukutanga kwaApril, K5054 yakaendeswa kuFarborough kunoongororwa wing resonance. Zvakazoitika kuti flutter yakaitika zvakare zvishoma kupfuura zvaitarisirwa, saka iyo prototype dive kumhanya yakaganhurwa kusvika 610 km / h.
K9 yakadzokera kuEastleigh musi wa5054 Kubvumbi uye yakaendeswa kunzvimbo inochengeterwa zvinhu zuva rakatevera kuti igadziriswe mushure mekuedzwa kwekutanga. Chokutanga pane zvose, runyanga rwerudhi rwakaderedzwa, chimiro chekuguma kwe vertical stabilizer chakachinjwa zvishoma, nzvimbo yekutora mhepo kune carburetor yakawedzerwa, uye injini yemagetsi yakasimbiswa. . Pakutanga, ndege yacho yakanga yakapendwa yebhuruu. Nekuda kwekushandiswa kwevapendi kubva kuDerby, kubva kuRolls-Royce (mota), kutsvedzereka kwakasarudzika kwepamusoro kwakawanikwa.
Musi waMay 11, 1936, mushure mekugadzirisa, ndege yakatorwa zvakare kumhepo naGeoffrey K. Quill. Zvakazoitika kuti ndege, mushure mekuenzanisa zviri nani kwevhiri, ikozvino yave kunakidza kubhururuka. Simba pamapedali rakanga zvino rakati kurei kupfuura pamubato, zvichibatsira kuchengetedza kurongeka kwakafanira. Chirevo chekudzora chakava chakasimba zvese zviri muchinjika (ailerons) uye longitudinal (elevator) nzira nekumhanya kwakanyanya, izvo zvaive zvakajairika.
Munguva yekuedzwa muna Chivabvu 14 nekumhanya kwe615 km / h mukunyura, semhedzisiro yekudengenyeka kubva pasi pebapiro rekuruboshwe, giya rekumhara rakabuda, iro rakarova kumashure kwefuselage. Zvisinei, kukuvara kwacho kwaiva kuduku uye kwakagadziriswa nokukurumidza. Zvichakadaro, RAF yakatanga kudzvanya kuti prototype itumirwe kunoongororwa nekukurumidza kuMartlesham Heath, ipapo nzvimbo yeAircraft and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE; padhuze neIpswich, makiromita zana nemakumi maviri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweLondon). uyo musi wa120 Gunyana 9 akachinjirwa kuBoscombe Down.
Kunyangwe mushure mekupenda nekugadzirisa, K5054 yakasvika pakumhanya kwepamusoro kwe540 km / h munhanho yekubhururuka. Zvakazoitika, zvisinei, kuti propeller ndiyo yaive nemhosva, matipi ayo aipfuura kumhanya kwekunzwika, kurasikirwa nekubudirira. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo, matsva akagadzirwa, ane chimiro chakavandudzwa uye dhayamita duku zvishoma, nekudaro, musi waMay 15, yakasvika kubhururuka kubhururuka kwe560 km / h. Uku kwaive kuvandudzwa kwechokwadi uye kwakajeka pamusoro pe530 km/h yakawanikwa nemakwikwi eHawker Hurricane, iyo yaive nyore nyore kugadzira ruzhinji. Zvisinei, Mitchell iye zvino akafunga kuti ndege yacho yaigona kuendeswa kuA&AEE kuMartlesham Heath kunoongororwa. Musi waMay 15, ndege yacho yakasvika pakakwirira mamita 9150, mushure mokunge yakadzorerwa kune hangar kuti igadzirire kuendeswa.
Sezvo pakanga pasina pfuti dzeBrowning dzakakwana, panzvimbo pacho vakange vaine ballast mumapapiro endege vachivatevedzera, asi izvi zvakaita kuti zvisakwanisike kuedza zvombo. Asi Ministry of Aviation muna Chivabvu 22 yakabvuma kuendeswa kweiyo prototype mune iyi fomu. Pakupedzisira, musi waMay 26, Joseph "Mutt" Summers akaendesa K5054 kuMartlesham Heath.
RAF kuongorora
Yaive tsika yakajairika apo mutyairi wefekitori akaendesa ndege itsva kuA&AEE, yakatanga kuyerwa nekutariswa apo mutyairi weRAF aigadzirira kubhururuka, achiongorora maitiro ayo. Kazhinji, ndege yekutanga yakaitika anenge mazuva gumi mushure mekusununguka. Zvisinei, munyaya yeK10, Ministry of Aviation yakagamuchira murairo wekuti iende nayo mumhepo. Ndicho chikonzero, mushure mekusvika, ndege yakawedzerwa mafuta, uye "Mutt" Summers akaratidza mutungamiri. J. Humphrey Edwards-Jones akawana nzvimbo yekuchinja kwakasiyana-siyana muimba yeimba uye akamupa mazano.
Kubhururuka kwekutanga kweiyo ndege itsva yakaitwa muna Chivabvu 26, 1936, zuva rimwechete iro prototype yakaunzwa kuMartlesham Heath. Aive mutyairi weRAF wekutanga kubhururutsa prototype fighter. Paakadzika, akanzi afonere veAir Ministry nekukasika. Major General (Air Vice-Marshal) Sir Wilfrid Freeman vakabvunza: Handidi kukubvunzai zvese, uye chokwadi hamusati maziva zvese. Asi ini ndinoda kubvunza, iwe unofungei, mutyairi wechidiki anokwanisa here kushandisa muchina wepamusoro-soro wetekinoroji? Uku ndiko kwaive kunetseka kukuru kweRoyal Air Force - ndege yacho yanyanya kufambira mberi? Edwards-Jones akapindura achisimbisa. Zvichipa kuti mutyairi wacho anyatsodzidziswa mukushandiswa kwegiya rekumhara rinodzoreka uye maflaps. Zvakanaka, chaive chimwe chinhu chitsva, vatyairi vendege vaifanira kujaira kutambanudza giya rekumhara vasati vamhara, pamwe nemaflaps kuti varerutse nzira nekumhanya kwakaderera.
Mushumo wehurumende wakasimbisa zvakaonekwa izvi. Inoti K5054 iri: iri nyore uye iri nyore kutyaira, haina kukanganisa kwakakomba. Marudhi akanyatso kuenzana kuti ape kukwana kwakakwana pakati pe maneuverability uye kupfura kugadzikana kwepuratifomu. Kusimuka uye kumhara ndizvo uye zviri nyore. Ndege dzekutanga dzeK5054 muA&AEE dzakasarudza mafambiro endege - musi waChikumi 3, 1936, Ministry of Air yakaraira mauto mazana matatu negumi erudzi urwu kubva kuVickers Supermarine, iro rakakura kwazvo reimwe rudzi rwendege yakaiswa mumakore makumi matatu. fekitari yeBritish ndege. Zvisinei, mazuva matatu gare gare, musi waChikumi 310, 30, rekodhi iyi yakaputswa zvakaipisisa - 6 Hurricane fighters vakarairwa kubva kuHawker plant. Nekuraira mhando mbiri dzendege nechinangwa chimwe chete, Royal Air Force yakadzivirira njodzi yekukundikana kweimwe yacho. Iyo Spitfire yaive nekuita zvirinani zvishoma, asi zvakare yaive yakaoma kugadzira, saka Dutu rinonyanya kushanda nesimba raigona kuendeswa kumayuniti akakura panguva imwe chete, ichimhanyisa shanduko yechizvarwa.
Musi waJune 4 ne6, kukurumidza kweK5054 kwakayerwa, kusvika 562 km / h pahupamhi hwemamita 5100. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvisinei, kukanganisa kuduku kwakawanda kwakaonekwa panguva yekuedzwa, iyo inofanira kubviswa kuitira kuti uwane murwi akazara. Chokutanga pane zvose, kutarisa kwakabhadharwa kune chifukidziro chechikwata, kuonekwa kwacho kwaifanira kuvandudzwa kuitira kutevedza zviri nani kwemuvengi panguva yekurwisana kwemhepo, kuonekwa kwemazuva ano kwakanga kwakakwana kune "zvakajairika" kutyaira ndege. Izvo zvakaonekwa zvakare kuti lifti pakumhanya kwakaderera inoshanda zvakanyanya, iyo panguva yeimwe yekumhara yakapotsa yakonzeresa njodzi - mumwe wevatyairi vebvunzo akarova huswa hwenhandare yendege nemuswe uchisvetuka nemhino pakona ye45 ° kumusoro. . Yakarongwa kudzikamisa huwandu hwekutsvedza kwechidzoreso, uye panguva imwe chete chengetedza rwendo rwezvimiti kuitira kuti kufamba kwetsvimbo kushandure kuita kushoma kwekufamba. Chimwe chinhu kufamba kunorema kweiyo radiator shutter nekumhanya kwakanyanya, iyo "kuoma" kwevhiri redhiraivha panguva yekumhanya-mhanya dive, kunetsa kuwana kune redhiyo technical service, nezvimwe.
Kuedzwa kuMartlesham Heath kwakaenderera mberi kusvika June 16, 1936, pakasvika Geoffrey Quill kuzotora K5054 kudzokera kuEastleigh, kufekitari. Panguva yekumhara, zvakazoitika kuti ndege yakashandisa mafuta akawanda. Zvaiva pachena kuti pane painge padeuka. Uye mazuva maviri gare gare, pana June 18, 1936, shoo duku yevatapi venhau nevoruzhinji yakarongwa paVickers Supermarine. Iyo kambani yaida kushambadza zvigadzirwa zvazvino, zvinosanganisira Wellesley bhomba prototypes uye ichangoburwa Wellington prototype, iyo Walrus amphibious prototype, Straner uye Scapa mabhoti anobhururuka atove mukugadzirwa. Ko kambani iyi yakapotsa Type 300, ramangwana Spitfire? Geoffrey Quill akafunga kuti sezvo Type 300 iine tangi remafuta makumi matatu nemaviri uye kubhururuka kwacho kunofanirwa kungotora maminetsi mashanu, nei? Zvakawanda hazvibude… Mutauriri weRolls-Royce Willoughby "Bill" Lappin akataura achipokana neizvi. Zvairatidza kuti aive right...
Pasina nguva Geoffrey Quill paakasimuka paK5054 mafuta akabva adzika kusvika zero. Injini yaigona kumira chero nguva. Mutyairi wendege akaita denderedzwa pane sipidhi shoma inodiwa kuti arambe ari mumhepo, ndokumhara zvakanaka. Sezvineiwo, hapana chakaitika, kunyangwe paive padhuze. Mushure mekutarisa injini, zvakaonekwa kuti haina kukuvadzwa zvakanyanya, asi yaifanira kutsiviwa. Mushure mekutsiviwa, K5054 yakakwira zvakare mumhepo musi wa23 Chikumi 1936.
