Hondo yechipiri yeCaen: Chikunguru 1944

Cromwell we7th Army Division. desert rats; zuva rekutanga rekushanda kweGoodwood, Chikunguru 18, 1944. Dambudziko nemichina yerudzi urwu yaive, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuti silhouette yavo yeangular yakafanana nematangi eGerman, izvo zvakakonzera kukanganisa kunouraya.

Mushure meinenge mwedzi yekurwa muNormandy, Caen yaive ichiri nzvimbo yekukwezva mativi ese. Kudzivirira kubuda kweAllied kubani rekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweguta, maGerman akange aunganidza mazhinji emapoka ezvombo pane iyi chikamu chekumberi.

Pazuva rekupedzisira raJune 1944, General Montgomery, mukuru we21st Army Group, akapedza Operation Epsom. Akanyura mumutsara wekudzivirira weGerman kumadokero kweCaen, akakwevera vese SS Panzer Corps muhondo. Kurutivi rwekumabvazuva kwechikomo, muvengi weBritish aive wechigumi nembiri SS Panzer Corps, Obergruppenführer Dietrich, panguva iyoyo akaumbwa nekubuda ropa asi achiri kurwisa 12st SS Panzer Division. "Hitler Youth" nerejint yematangi egirinadhi (SS-Pz.Gren.Rgt 1), iyo yaive myard yakananga kumberi kuCaen 1. SS-Pz.Div. "Leibstandarte". Kubva kumaodzanyemba nekumadokero, kurwiswa kweBritish kwakadzoserwa shure naII. SS-Pz.Korps Gruppenführer Bittrich sechikamu chegumi che SS-Pz.Div. "Hohenstaufen" uye yechipiri SS Panzer Division. "Frundsberg", iyo Kampfgruppe Weidinger mabheti maviri akasimbiswa egrenadier e9th SS Panzer Division. "Das Reich". Zvino mauto aya akanga achiedza kuwanazve nzvimbo yakanga yarasika.

Ichi chiitiko chaive sezvakafungirwa naMontgomery. Kubva pakutanga, chirongwa chake chemushandirapamwe weNormandy chaive chekusunga chengetedzo yezvombo yeRommel kuCaen kudzamara maAmerican agadzirira kurwisa kubva kumavirira uye munzvimbo yakakura kubva kumashure. Yaive, zvakadaro, mutambo unozivikanwa nemoto, nekuti maGerman haana kugumira pakuzvidzivirira kwakasimba. Montgomery akaraira Anglo-Canadian 2nd Army kuti vaenderere mberi nekuedza kwavo kubata Caen uye kushandisa yakanyanya kumanikidza kumisa mauto evavengi. Panguva imwe cheteyo, taifanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti rutivi rwedu rwokumabvazuva rwairamba rwakatsiga. Muvengi aive zvino ave nemauto makuru kwazvo muchikamu cheCaen uye aigona kuvashandisa kudzoreredza kurwisa kukuru. Naizvozvo, zvaive zvakakosha kuhurongwa hwese hwekuita kuti 2nd Army haina kutikanda kure nekumwe kugumburwa.

Churchill Crocodile, akashongedzerwa neanopisa moto, akavhundutsa varwi veGerman.

Chii chinowanzo kuratidzwa mumabhuku sekutevedzana kwekuedza kusingabudiriri kubata Caen waive mutambo une njodzi nevakwikwidzi vakashonga veTatu Reich. Lieutenant General Dempsey, mukuru we2nd Army, akashoropodzwa nekukasira kudzoka kubva pachikomo 112 chaive chine hunyanzvi uye kubviswa kwematangi kumahombekombe ekuchamhembe kweRwizi rweOdon. Zviitiko zveChikunguru 1 zvakaratidza, zvisinei, kuti yaive yechokwadi sei njodzi yekuti maGerman aizoparadza bhiriji repamusoro reOdon, rakatorwa semhedzisiro yeOperation Epsom, nekurwisa kwakasimba. Mambakwedza, 9th SS Panzer Division. Hohenstaufen uye Battle Group Weidinger yakarwisa kumahombekombe ekuchamhembe kwerwizi mukuedza kudzoreredza Rore. Kurwa kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi kwezuva rose. Iyo 49th "West Riding" Infantry Division, inozivikanwa se "Polar Bears", yakaramba nekuda kwebere riri muchiratidzo cheyuniti. Pakupedzisira, kurwiswa kweGermany kwakakundikana nekuda kwemoto wezvombo. Masikati, Obersturmbannführer Otto Meyer, mukuru weSS-Pz.Rgt. 9 (hondo yehondo yeboka "Hohenstaufen"), akapedzisa mushumo wake wekushanda kudzimbahwe nemashoko kubva kuDante: Siya tariro yose inouya pano.

Kurwisa kweBritish kwakadzoreredza mutsara wepamberi kune nzira yayo yekare. Vadziri vemoto veChurchill Crocodile vakakuvadza magirinedhi akavanda muheji, avo vakazouraiwa nemauto aiperekedza matangi. Nguva pfupi hondo yapera, mumwe Lord Howe-Hau, uyo akatepfenyura mashoko anoparadzirwa omutauro wechiRungu paredhiyo yeGermany, akafonera 49th Infantry Division. "Mabhucha" uye akazivisa kuti kubva zvino zvichienda mberi, mauto akabatwa ane polar bere bheji aizopfurwa pakarepo. VaGermany vakachengeta shoko ravo. Mumwe mukuru nevarume vaviri kubva ku1st/Tyneside Scots (1st Battalion, Tyneside Scots) vakanyangarika vari patrol mazuva mashoma gare gare pasina mubvunzo vakaurayiwa. Mitumbi yavo yakawanikwa mukamuri yepasi penhare yeJuvigny.

Munguva yeHondo yeRohr, iyo 10th SS Panzer Division. "Frundsberg" yakatangazve kurwiswa kwebhiriji kumahombekombe ekumaodzanyemba kweOdon. MaGerman akatora musha weBaron kwenguva pfupi, asi pano vakadzorwa nekurwisa ndokudzokera kuseri kweChikomo 112, vachipfurwa nepfuti munzira. MaBritish patrols akashuma kuti vanenge 300-400 SS varume vakafira pamawere ekuchamhembe. Mativi ese ari maviri akatambura kurasikirwa kukuru zuva iroro (1 musoja akafa muna 132nd/Tyneside Scots), asi kumaGerman ainyanya kurema. Kampfgruppe Weidinger, akarasikirwa nevarwi mazana matanhatu nemakumi mana nevaviri, kusanganisira 642 vakaurayiwa, akabviswa muhondo yeCaen uye akadzoserwa kumba kwake ("Das Reich"). Imwe yehurumende yeHohenstaufen division (SS-Pz.Gren.Rgt. 108) musi waJuly 20 yakaderedzwa ne1 grenadiers, kusanganisira 328 yakaurayiwa. Boka rose, kubva pavakapinda muhondo munaJune 51 kusvika manheru e29 Chikunguru, vakanyora kurasikirwa kwevakawanda sevarwi ve2 uye 1145 Panthers, 16 PzKpfw IVs uye 10 StuGs.

Uyu waiva mutengo weGermany "kubudirira kwekudzivirira". MaGermany akanga asisina pfungwa dzipi nedzipi dzokuti ndiani akanga achikunda iyi hondo inoparadza. Von Schweppenburg, mukuru wePanzer Group West, akarayira kuti mapoka ezvombo abviswe kubva mumhando yezvombo zvehondo.

Aitsigirwa navon Rundstedt, mukuru-mukuru weuto reGermany muWestern Europe. Hitler akabva adzinga zvose zviri zviviri. Ipapo Rommel (mukuru weHondo Boka B, shamwari yaMontgomery kune rimwe divi) akaseka - sezvazvakazoitika sechiporofita - ini ndaitevera pane rondedzero.

inonzi carpet

Achiongorora mamiriro ezvinhu mumazuva ekutanga aChikunguru, Montgomery akati: nhandare yehondo muNormandy yakanga yave kutotora chimiro chaidiwa kuti iparadze kumberi kudivi rekumadokero. Ndaitarisira kutanga kuvhiyiwa uku musi wa3 Chikunguru, asi zviri kuitika mumamiriro ezvinhu zvakaratidza kuti fungidziro idzi dzaive netarisiro zvakanyanya. Kutaura zvazviri, kubudirira kwakauya chete July 25. Ehe, kunonoka kudivi rekumadokero kwakakanganisa zvakananga zviito zve2nd Army. Aifanira kuisa dzvinyiriro huru pamuvengi sezvinobvira kuti arambe ari kumabvazuva.

Chimwe chinangwa chezvigumbuso izvi yaive Carpiquet Airport, iri kumadokero kweCaen nemusha uri padyo wezita rimwe chetero. Mutungamiriri weCanadian 3rd Infantry Division, uyo akapiwa basa iri, akapa mumwe wevarwi vake vemauto, 8th Infantry Division. Yaiva nemabhatuni matatu: 1st / Royal (kubva kuThe Queen's Own Rifles yeCanada), 1st / North Shores (kubva kuNorth Shore New Brunswick Rgt) uye inotaura chiFrench 1st / Chauds (kubva kuRegiment de la Chaudiere). . Vakarairwa nebrig. Kenneth Blackader. Kwenguva yekuvhiyiwa, imwe battalion yevacheche - yekutanga / Winnipeg (kubva kuRoyal Winnipeg Fusiliers, chikamu che1th Infantry Regiment) - uye makambani matatu eOttawa Cameron Highlanders, chikamu "chinorema" battalion (inorema Vickers muchina. pfuti nepfuti) zvakaiswa pasi pemurairo wake.

Rutsigiro rwezvombo rwaizopihwa ne10th Armd Rgt (Fort Garry Horse) - imwe yeCanada regiments ye2 Armd Bde, ine mauto matatu (angangoita makumi matanhatu eShermans pamwe chete), pamwe nemapoka matatu ematangi akakosha (rimwe. imwe neimwe kubva kuChurchill AVRE, imwe Shermans Crab yekuchera migodhi uye Churchill Crocodile) kubva kuBritish 60th Army Division. Mukuwedzera, 79 field artillery regiments (anenge 21 pfuti) aifanira kutsigira kurwisa paCarpiquet, kuwedzera kune ndege uye zvikepe zveRoyal Navy. Iwo eCanada ekutanga nzvimbo mumusha weMarseilles aingova 760 km kubva pachinangwa chekushanda, kodhi-yakanzi "Windsor".

Mupikisi wavo ndiye akatanga battalion ye26th Panzer Grenadier Regiment yeHitler Youth Division (I./SS-Pz.Gren.Rgt. 26), kana kuti, izvo zvakasara pairi mushure meOp Operation Epsom, i.e. vanenge 150-200 masoja (panzvimbo ye1000). Nekudaro, nhandare yendege yaive yakashongedzerwa nemabunkers akasimba eLuftwaffe aipa chivharo kubva kumoto wepfuti, uye network yematanho ekongiri yaigona kushanda semigero. Uye zvakare, pakanga paine nzvimbo yakati sandara yenhandare yendege, yakatambanudzwa, mukati mechikamu che2 km, ichipa anti-tank pfuti. uye kumatangi akacherwa, munda wakanaka kwazvo wemoto. Bhatiri repfuti ina 8,8 cm anti-aircraft squadron rakaiswa kumucheto kwekumabvazuva kwenhandare yendege. Hitler Youth. Mukona yekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwenhandare yendege kune mashanu PzKpfw IVs kubva ku9th kambani yedhisheni tank regiment (9./SS-Pz.Rgt. 12). Rutsigiro rweArtillery, kunyangwe rwakaganhurirwa nekushaikwa kwezvombo, rwakapihwa neIII./SS-Pz howwitzers, art. 12 nerocket artillery regiment (Werfer-Rgt. 83) ine Nebelwerfer zvinovhura.

Chirongwa chinogumbura chaive chemauto maviri, 1st / North Shores uye 1st / Chauds, kurwisa musha weCarpike uye hangars kuchamhembe kweairport. Munguva iyi, 1st/Winnipeg Division yaizotora kumucheto kwezasi kwenhandare yendege nenzvimbo dzayo dzekuvanda. Battalion yega yega yaitsigirwa neimwe Sherman Squadron yeFort Harry Horse Regiment uye tangi imwe yakatsaurirwa. Muchikamu chechipiri chekushanda, 1st / Queens yaifanira kupfuura nepakati peKarpike yakabatwa uye kubva ipapo yakarova kumucheto wekumabvazuva kwenhandare yendege, uko kwaiva nezvivako zvekudzivirira kufamba kwemhepo.

Manheru eJuly 3, nhandare yemhepo yakarwiswa nehondo yeHMS Rodney, ichifamba muGulf of Sensky. Kubva chinhambwe chingangoita makiromita makumi maviri nemana, akapfura mavhoriyamu gumi nemashanu kubva papfuti dzake pfumbamwe dze24-mm. Mambakwedza musi waChikunguru 15, vaCanada vakarwisa, vachitevera mhirizhonga inofamba. Iwo 410st / North Shores uye 4st / Chauds mauto akatora kuchamhembe kwenhandare yendege uye musha, uko vangangoita makumi mashanu Hitler Vechidiki magrenadiers vaidzivirira, pasina matambudziko.

Munguva iyi, 1st/Winnipeg Division yakatambura kurasikirwa kukuru kubva kudhaka uye pfuti moto sezvayaiswedera kune hangars kumucheto kwekumaodzanyemba kuburikidza nenyika yakazaruka. Nechinangwa chekugumbura, kunyangwe maChurchill-Makarwe haaigona kudzinga maGerman kubva munhare nevapfuri vavo, uye battalion yakadzokera kunzvimbo yavo yekutanga. Akaedza kechipiri masikati uye panguva ino akatarisana nekurwisa. Panthers ye 1st uye 2nd / SS-Pz.Rgt. 12 matangi akachengetwa munzvimbo dzekumadokero kweCaen akaparadzwa nechikwata chaiperekedza cheSherman, icho chakarasikirwa nematangi matanhatu pagumi nemashanu. Kamwe zvakare 15st/Winnipeg yadzoka kune square one. Pakupera kwezuva, 1th Infantry Regiment yakadzora musha uye chikamu chekuchamhembe kwenhandare yendege, nepo SS yaidzora matumba kumucheto wezasi uye zvivako kumabvazuva.

VaCanada vakarasikirwa nevarwi 377 (vakaurayiwa, vakakuvadzwa, vakashaika). Hondo iyi yakadyira maGerman magirinedhi zana nemakumi mashanu neshanu kubva kuI./SS-Pz.Gren.Rgt. 155, iyo yakaguma kuvapo. Kwasviba, usiku hwaJuly 26-4, SS-Pz.Gren.Rgt, yakagoverwa kuHitler Youth division, yakapinda muhondo yeKarpike. 5 (motorized rifle regiment yeLeibstandarte division). Battalion yake yechipiri yakatora zvinzvimbo kumucheto wekumabvazuva kwenhandare yendege. Panguva imwecheteyo, battalion yechitatu, yakatsigirwa nemakambani maviri ePanther (1st uye 1th / SS-Pz.Rgt. 4), yakarwisa musha weCarpiquet kubva kuchamhembe, kubva kurutivi rweFrankville. Akarasikirwa nevarwi ve12 ​​(zvikurukuru nekuda kwemoto weNebelwerfer uye pfuti yaifanira kumutsigira!) uye mambakwedza akadzokera shure kweCan Baie mugwagwa.

Kubudirira kwehafu yeOp Operation Windsor kwakakonzera kumwe kushatirwa mumusasa weAllied. Mamiriro acho akanga akafanana nehondo ye static trench ya1914-1918, iyo yakashungurudza zvikuru nzanga yeBritain. Kumwe kutsoropodza kwaive kwekuti panguva iyoyo mauto eAllied pasi muFrance haana chaaigona kuita kumisa kubhomba kweEngland nemaroketi eV-1 akadzingwa kubva mudunhu rePas de Calais. Eisenhower akayeuka kuti pane imwe nguva yekushanya kwaChurchill panguva iyi, Mutungamiriri weBritain akataura kuodzwa mwoyo kwake kukuru nemamiriro ezvinhu kuCaen.

Akabva ayeuchidza mukuru wemauto kuti aiva nekodzero yekudzinga chero munhu ari pasi pake waaiona seasingagutsi, pasinei nechinzvimbo kana nyika. Yakanga iri chirevo chakajeka kuna Montgomery, uyo akaramba achisimbirira kuti zvese zvaifamba nenzira yazvo.

"VaBritish havasati vaita chero chinhu"

Eisenhower akaramba achiraira nekukurudzira mutungamiriri we21st Army Group, asi nhamba yevatsoropodzi yakakura. Akabatanidzwa naGeneral Patton, mukwikwidzi mukuru weMontgomery panguva yeHondo yeSicily, uyo akasvika muNormandy mukutanga kwaChikunguru aine muzinda wake wekutanga Mauto. Musi waChikunguru 1 akanyora mudhayari rake: Ndakadya naBradley naMontgomery. Tapedza kudya takaenda kutende rekurwa. Ikoko Montgomery akaita zvose zvaaigona kutitsanangurira chikonzero nei vaBritish vakanga vasina kuita chinhu kusvikira panguva ino. Ivo havasati vatora Caen kunyangwe iro guta raive chinangwa chavo cheD-Day.

Montgomery akaodzwa mwoyo nevaAmerica sezvavakanga vanavo. Pavakangobata Cherbourg (yakaitika muna Chikumi 29), aitarisira kuti vachakurumidza kupaza muchikamu chavo. Rimwe vhiki rakapfuura uye Hondo yavo yekutanga yakanga ichiri mumachakwi uye neruzhowa kuchamhembe kweSaint-Lô, uko mizhinji yemigwagwa yaifamba yakananga kumutsara wekurwisa. Zvakadaro, pakanga paine mauto ane mwero akatarisana neBradley - iyo 1th SS-Pz.Gren.Div. "Götz von Berlichingen" (tank grenadier division, iyo yaisanganisira rimwe battalion yetangi) uye yechipiri SS-Pz.Div. "Das Reich". Asi akarwisa pane yakafara pamberi, asina hanya nezvikumbiro zveMontgomery zvekurwisa "muGerman", nenzira yeGuderian - akasarudza pane imwe nzvimbo nzvimbo yake yegiravhiti ndokumurova kamwe uye zvachose.

Chiremba cheCannes, ichishandira chinangwa chayo, Montgomery akataura kuti, yaisafanirwa kugara kwenguva yakareba kudaro, uye nokudaro yakawedzera kunetsa kumauto eBritish-Canada. Dempsey yechipiri munda mberi kwaireva kuti pakanga pasina nzvimbo yakakwana yekuunza mauto matsva mukurwa. Kuita kuti zvinhu zvitonyanya kuipa, ungwaru hwakanyevera kuti apo mukuru mukuru weGermany akazoona kuti hapazovi nechisimba chechipiri chePas-de-Calais, vaizotanga kufambisa masimba akawanda zvikuru muNormandy kupfuura kare. Montgomery aiziva kuti aifanira kurova zvakare kumwe kuti arege kukanda mapfumo pasi. Iye pachake akati: “Zviri pachena kuti muvengi akanga achiwedzera kunetseka pamusoro pedivi rake rekumadokero, saka ndakanga ndakatsunga kupeta nhamburiko dzedu kuHondo yechipiri kuitira kudzivirira kutamiswa kwemamwe mauto akashongedzerwa nezvombo kurwisa maAmerica.

Chinangwa chechiitiko chinogumbura chaitevera chaive chekutora nzvimbo yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweCaen, pamwe nenzvimbo yenhoroondo yeguta, nekusundidzira muvengi kupfuura mutsetse weRwizi rweOrne kupinda munzvimbo dzakakura dzemaindasitiri (Faubourg de Vauxcelles). Mumwe anowana fungidziro yekuti Montgomery akafunga kurwisa saiti iyi chete kuti anyaradze vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti haasati atora Caen. Iri basa rakapihwa kumapoka matatu evacheche e115th Corps yaLieutenant General. Crocker, avo pamwe chete vakaverengera varwi vangangosvika 000.