Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk
Iyo F-117A chiratidzo chehukuru hweAmerican tekinoroji munguva yeCold War.
Iyo F-117A Nighthawk yakavakwa naLockheed mukupindura kuUnited States Air Force (USAF) kudiwa kwepuratifomu inokwanisa kuverevedza kupinda mumhepo yevavengi masisitimu. Ndege yakasarudzika yakagadzirwa, iyo, nekuda kwechimiro chayo chisina kujairika uye ine mukurumbira kurwa, yakapinda munhoroondo yekubhururuka kwemauto zvachose. F-117A yakaratidza kuva yekutanga yakaderera kuoneka (VLO) ndege, inowanzonzi "stealth".
Chiitiko cheHondo yeYom Kippur (hondo pakati peIsrael neArab coalition muna 1973) yakaratidza kuti ndege yakanga yava kutanga kurasikirwa nemakwikwi ayo "asingagumi" nemaitiro ekudzivirira mhepo. Yemagetsi jamming masisitimu uye nzira yekudzivirira zviteshi zveradar ne "kufumura" electromagnetic dipoles yaive nezvaisingakwanisi uye haina kupa chivharo chakakwana chendege. Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) yatanga kufunga nezve mukana we "bypass" yakakwana. Pfungwa itsva yaisanganisira kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yekudzikisa inoshanda radar reflection surface (Radar Cross Section - RCS) yendege kusvika pamwero unodzivirira kuonekwa kwayo kunobudirira nezviteshi zveradar.
Kuvaka #82 yeLockheed chirimwa muBurbank, California. Ndege iyi yakaputirwa nemicrowave-inobata coating uye pendi yegrey.
Muna 1974, DARPA yakatanga chirongwa chisina kurongwa chinonzi Project Harvey. Zita rayo rakanga risiri netsaona - raireva firimu "Harvey" muna 1950, hunhu hukuru hwacho hwaive tsuro isingaonekwe ingangoita mamita maviri kureba. Sekureva kwemimwe mishumo, chirongwa ichi chaive chisina zita repamutemo risati ratanga "Iva neBlue" nhanho. Imwe yemapurogiramu ePentagon panguva iyoyo yainzi Harvey, asi yaive nehungwaru. Zvinogoneka kuti kupararira kwezita rekuti "Projekti Harvey" kwakabatana nekuita disinformation kutenderedza zvakaitwa panguva iyoyo. Sechikamu chechirongwa cheDARPA, yakakumbira mhinduro dzetekinoroji kubatsira kudzikisa iyo RCS yeinogona kurwisa ndege. Makambani anotevera akakokwa kuti atore chikamu muchirongwa ichi: Northrop, McDonnell Douglas, General Dynamics, Fairchild naGrumman. Vatori vechikamu muchirongwa ichi vaifanirawo kuona kana vaine zviwanikwa zvakakwana uye maturusi ekuvaka inogoneka yekupedzisira-yakaderera RCS ndege.
Lockheed anga asiri pachirongwa cheDARPA nekuti kambani yanga isati yagadzira ndege yekurwira mumakore gumi uye zvakasarudzwa kuti ingangove isina ruzivo. Fairchild naGrumman vakabuda mushoo. General Dynamics yakapihwa kuti ivake matanho matsva emagetsi, ayo, zvisinei, akatadza kuita zvaitarisirwa neDARPA. McDonnell Douglas naNorthrop chete ndivo vakapa pfungwa dzine chekuita nekudzikisira radar inotarisisa nzvimbo uye vakaratidza mukana wekusimudzira uye prototyping. Pakupera kwa10, makambani ese ari maviri akagamuchira PLN 1974 imwe neimwe. USD zvibvumirano kuti uenderere mberi nebasa. Panguva ino, Air Force yakapinda purogiramu. Iyo inogadzira radar, Hughes Aircraft Company, yakapindawo mukuongorora kushanda kwemhinduro dzega.
Pakati pa1975, McDonnell Douglas akapa maverengero airatidza kuti radar yeradar yaizofanira kunge yakadzikira sei kuti iite "isingaonekwe" kumaradhi enguva iyoyo. Masvomhu aya akatorwa neDARPA neUSAF sehwaro hwekuongorora zvirongwa zveramangwana.
Lockheed inotanga kushanda
Panguva iyoyo, hutungamiriri hwaLockheed hwakaziva zviitiko zveDARPA. Ben Rich, uyo kubva muna Ndira 1975 anga ari mukuru wedhizaini yepamusoro inonzi "Skunk Works", akasarudza kutora chikamu muchirongwa. Akatsigirwa neaimbova mukuru weSkunks Works Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson, uyo akaenderera mberi achishanda semukuru wedhipatimendi wekupa mazano. Johnson akakumbira mvumo yakakosha kubva kuCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA) kuti iburitse tsvakiridzo dzine chekuita nezviyero zveradar cross chikamu cheLockheed A-12 uye SR-71 reconnaissance ndege uye D-21 reconnaissance drones. Zvinhu izvi zvakapihwa neDARPA sehumbowo hweruzivo rwekambani neRCS. DARPA yakabvuma kuisa Lockheed muchirongwa, asi panguva ino haachakwanisa kupinda muchibvumirano chemari naye. Kambani yakapinda muchirongwa ichi nekudyara mari yayo. Iyi yakanga iri rudzi rwekudzivisa kuna Lockheed, nokuti, kwete kusungwa nechibvumirano, haana kurega kodzero kune chero ipi zvayo yezvigadzirwa zvake zvekugadzirisa.
Lockheed mainjiniya anga achizeya neyakajairwa pfungwa yekudzikisa radar inoshanda yekuratidzira nzvimbo kwenguva yakati. Engineer Denis Overholser uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu Bill Schroeder akasvika pamhedziso yokuti kuratidzira kunobudirira kwemasaisai eradar kunogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekushandisa nzvimbo diki diki dzakafuratira sezvinobvira pamakona akasiyana. Vaizotungamira ma microwaves airatidzwa kuti asadzoke kune kwaibva, ndiko kuti, kune radar. Schroeder akagadzira equation yemasvomhu kuti averenge dhigirii reratidziro yemwaranzi kubva panzvimbo yetriangular yakati sandara. Kubva pane zvakawanikwa izvi, mutungamiriri weLockheed wekutsvakurudza, Dick Scherrer, akagadzira chimiro chepakutanga chendege, ine bapiro guru, rakarerekera uye fuselage yakawanda-ndege.
