Mineral mafuta
Zviri mukati
Mineral oiri ine mineral base, sezvo iri chigadzirwa chepetroleum mavambo uye inogadzirwa ne distillation yemafuta emafuta. It inoratidzirwa nekusagadzikana kwemaitiro ayo uye yakakwirira volatility. Mineral oils inogonawo kugadzirwa kubva muzvirimwa zvemaindasitiri.
Sezvo tekinoroji yekugadzirwa kwe "mineral water" iri nyore, mutengo wemafuta akadaro wakaderera zvakanyanya pane ekugadzira mafuta.
Mune chimiro chayo chakachena, maoiri emamineral haawanikwe, sezvo achigona kuve neinodiwa yekuzora zvivakwa chete pa "kamuri" tembiricha pasina mitoro inorema. Naizvozvo, muICE inoshandiswa chete nekudzikamisa additives, kuitira kuti mafuta ashande zvakanaka.
Izvi zvinowedzera zvinowedzerwa kumafuta ekutanga, uye zvinobatsira kuwedzera anti-corrosion, anti-wear, uye detergent zvimiro zvemineral mota oiri. Mushure mezvose, maitiro ekuita kwemafuta emamineral mavambo haatenderi kumira zvakanyanya tembiricha, iwo inonyura nokukurumidza mumamiriro okunze anotonhora, uye kana ichifashaira, inovhara injini yekupisa mukati nezvigadzirwa zvinopisa. Nekuda kweaya maitiro, mineral oiri yemota, kuwedzera kune hwaro pachayo, ine anenge 12% ekuwedzera. Yepamusoro-soro yemaminerari oiri inofanirwa kugadzirwa kubva kune yakanaka petroleum zvigadzirwa uye kuve nehupamhi hwekucheneswa.
Kuumbwa kwemineral oil
"Mineral mvura", iyo inoshandiswa semafuta, ine chinyorwa ichi:
- Alkaline uye cyclic parafini.
- Cyclanes - 75-80%, aromatics - 10-15% uye cyclano-anonhuhwirira hydrocarbons - 5-15%.
- Huwandu hushoma hweunsaturated uye alkane hydrocarbons.
Mineral mota oiri zvakare ine okisijeni nesarufa zvinobva kune mahydrocarbons, pamwe netar-asphalt makomisheni. Asi zvese izvi zvinosanganiswa hazvibatanidzwe muhwaro hwemafuta ekuzora einjini dzinopisa mukati muhuwandu hwakatsanangurwa pamusoro, nekuti ivo vanoenda kucheneswa kwakadzika.
Pamusoro peiyo mineral water base pachayo yezvakasiyana-siyana viscosities, mafuta anewo akasiyana seti ekuwedzera, ayo, kunze kwekuvandudza mashandiro ekutanga, zvakare anokanganisa. Sezvo tembiricha yakanyanya kuvakanganisa, zvinowedzerwa zvinopera nokukurumidza, semugumisiro wekuti mafuta anoshandura maitiro ayo. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya kune yakakwirira mileage injini.
Viscosity yemafuta emaminerari
Kwete chete mumafuta emaminerari, asiwo mune mamwe mafuta (synthetics, semi-synthetics), viscosity ndiyo inonyanya kukosha. Mumafuta einjini, semafuta mazhinji uye mafuta ekuzora, viscosity inoshanduka nekushisa (iyo yakaderera, iyo yakawanda iyo mafuta inova viscous uye zvinopesana). Kune yakajairika kushanda kweinjini yekupisa kwemukati, haifanirwe kunge yakakwira kana kuderera pane imwe kukosha, ndiko kuti, kana uchitanga injini inotonhora pazasi-zero tembiricha, viscosity yemafuta haifanire kunge yakakwira. Uye mumwaka unopisa, paunotanga injini inopisa, mafuta haafaniri kunge ari mvura yakawanda kuitira kuti ape firimu yakasimba uye kumanikidzwa kwakakodzera pakati pezvikamu zvekukwesha.
Injini yemafuta ine chaiyo viscosity index. chiratidzo ichi chinoratidza kuvimba viscosity pakuchinja tembiricha.
Iyo viscosity indekisi yeoiri inhamba isina dimensionless (nhamba chete) isingayerwe mune chero mayuniti. Iyi nhamba inoratidza "degree of dilution" yemafuta, uye iyo yakakwira iyi index, inowedzera tembiricha iyo zvakajairika kushanda kweinjini.
Girafu ye kinematic viscosity yemamineral mafuta inopesana nekushisa.
Mumafuta emaminerari umo pasina viscosity additives, iyo index value inotangira kubva ku85 kusvika ku100, uye ine additives inogona kusvika kusvika 120. A low viscosity index inoratidza kutanga kusina kunaka kwejini inopisa mukati mukati mekushisa kwakadzika uye kusachengetedza kupfeka. pakupisa kukuru.
Standard SAE, basic viscosity ratings (rudzi rwe) mineral-based oiri inogona kuva: 10W-30, 10W-40 uye 15W-40. Idzi nhamba mbiri, dzakaparadzaniswa netsamba W, dzinoratidza huwandu hwekushisa umo mafuta aya anogona kushandiswa. Ndiko kuti, viscosity yayo, pane yakadzika tembiricha chikumbaridzo uye kune yepamusoro imwe, inofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakajairika kwemota.
Semuenzaniso, kana iri 10W40, ipapo tembiricha yayo yekushanda inobva -20 kusvika +35 ° C Celsius, uye pa +100 ° C viscosity yayo inofanira kuva 12,5-16,3 cSt. Saka, pakusarudza lubricant yeinjini inopisa mukati, unofanirwa kunzwisisa kuti mumineral motor mafuta, viscosity inoshanduka zvinopesana nekushisa - iyo yakakwirira kupisa kwemafuta, kuderera kwayo viscosity uye zvinopesana. Hunhu hwekutsamira uku hunosiyana zvichienderana nekuti ndezvipi zviwanikwa uye kuti ndeipi nzira yakashandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemafuta.
Pamusoro peViscosity Oil Additives
Ukobvu hwefirimu remafuta pakati penzvimbo dzekukweshana kunoenderana nekuona kwemafuta. Uye izvi, zvakare, zvinokanganisa kushanda kweinjini yekupisa kwemukati uye sosi yayo. Sezvatakakurukura pamusoro pekushisa kwekushisa kwe viscosity, high viscosity inoperekedzwa nehombe yefirimu yemafuta, uye sezvo viscosity yemafuta inoderera, iyo firimu ukobvu hunova hutete. Naizvozvo, kuitira kudzivirira kusapfeka kwezvimwe zvikamu (camshaft cam - pusher), zvinodikanwa kuwedzera anti-seize additives mukuwedzera kune viscous additives ku "mvura yemaminerari", sezvo zvisingaite kugadzira firimu remafuta rinodiwa. ukobvu muchikamu chakadaro.
Kuwedzera maitiro emineral oil
Kuwedzera kune ekutanga maitiro emamineral oiri, kune akati wandei mamwe.
- Flash point chiratidzo chezvimedu zvinofashaira zvishoma. chiratidzo ichi chinotarisa kushanduka kwemafuta panguva yekushanda. Mafuta emhando yakaderera ane yakaderera flash point, iyo inobatsira pakushandiswa kwemafuta kwakanyanya.
- Alkaline nhamba - inosarudza kugona kweoiri kudzikamisa acid inokuvadza uye kuramba madhipoziti nekuda kwezvinowedzera zvinoshanda.
- Pour point - chiratidzo chinotarisa tembiricha iyo mineral oiri inosimbisa uye inorasikirwa fluidity nekuda kweparafini crystallization.
- Acid nhamba - inoratidza kuvapo kwemafuta oxidation zvigadzirwa.
Kuipa uye zvakanakira mineral mota oiri
Izvo zvakanyanya kuipa kwemafuta emaminerari emota zvinosanganisira kusagadzikana kwezviyero pakupisa kwakasiyana, pamwe nekukurumidza oxidation uye kuparadzwa (kupisa kwezvinowedzera pakupisa kwakanyanya), izvo zvinokanganisa kushanda kweinjini yekupisa kwemukati. ASI mukana chete ndiwo mutengo.
Mamineral oiri, kazhinji, anoshandiswa semakanika mafuta ekuzora, kunyangwe hydrocracking mafuta, inowanikwa ne distillation uye kucheneswa kwakadzika pamwe nekuwedzera kwepakeji yekuwedzera, inoshandiswawo nemhando dzemazuva ano dzemuchina (somuenzaniso, Subaru) semafuta einjini dzinopisa mukati. Mafuta emamineral akadaro anoshanduka kuva padyo nemhando ye "synthetics", asi anokura nekukurumidza, achirasikirwa nehunhu hwayo. Nokudaro, iwe unofanirwa kuchinja mafuta kaviri kakawanda.
Mazano emugadziri wemotokari yekushandiswa kwemafuta anogona kuwanikwa mune zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi. Kunyange zvazvo vachiwanzoedza kudurura mafuta ekugadzira chete, inova hurongwa hwehukuru huri pamusoro pemvura yemaminerari, zvisinei, mutengo wacho wakakwirirawo. Zvakajairika mineral oil inoitirwa marudzi ekare einjini dzinopisa mukati, kana mumainjini ane yakakwira mileage uye chete mumwaka unodziya. Icho chinangwa chaicho chinotarirwa nekuiswa kwemhando yemhando.
