Hukama hwemvura - chikamu 1

Inorganic makomisheni kazhinji haabatanidzwe nehunyoro, nepo organic komisheni zvichipesana. Mushure mezvose, yekare matombo akaoma, uye ekupedzisira anobva kuzvisikwa zvipenyu zvemvura. Zvisinei, batano dzakapararira hadzina chokuita nechokwadi. Muchiitiko ichi, zvakafanana: mvura inogona kusvinwa kubva mumatombo, uye organic compounds inogona kuoma zvikuru.

Mvura chinhu chinowanikwa kwose kwose paNyika, uye hazvishamisi kuti inogona kuwanikwa mune mamwe makemikoro zvakare. Dzimwe nguva iyo yakasununguka yakabatana navo, yakavharirwa mukati mavo, inozviratidza mune yakadzikama fomu kana pachena inovaka chimiro chemakristasi.

Zvinhu zvekutanga kutanga. Pakutanga…

…kunyorova

Mishonga yakawanda yemakemikari inowanzotora mvura kubva munharaunda yavo - semuenzaniso, iyo inozivikanwa yetafura yemunyu, iyo inowanzosangana pamwe chete mumhepo inopisa uye ine hunyoro yekicheni. Zvinhu zvakadai zvine hygroscopic uye mwando wazvinokonzeresa hygroscopic mvura. Zvisineyi, munyu wepatafura unoda hunyoro hwepamusoro hwakakwana (ona bhokisi: Mvura iri mumhepo yakawanda sei?) kusunga mhute yemvura. Zvichakadaro, mugwenga mune zvinhu zvinogona kutora mvura kubva kune zvakatipoteredza.

Mvura yakawanda sei mumhepo?

Kunyorova chaiko huwandu hwemhute yemvura iri muchikamu chehuwandu hwemhepo patembiricha yakapihwa. Somuenzaniso, pa 0 ° С mu 1 m³ Mumhepo inogona kuva nepamusoro (kuitira kuti pave pasina condensation) inenge 5 g yemvura, pa20 ° C - inenge 17 g yemvura, uye pa40 ° C - kupfuura 50 g. Mukicheni inodziya kana imba yekugezera, saka iyi yakanyorova.

Relative Humidity ireshiyo yehuwandu hwemhute yemvura pachikamu chevhoriyamu yemhepo kusvika pachiyero chepamusoro pane imwe tembiricha (inotaridzwa sechikamu).

Chiyedzo chinotevera chinoda sodium NaOH kana potassium hydroxide KOH. Isa piritsi remusanganiswa (sezvavanotengeswa) pagirazi rekutarisa uye usiye mumhepo kwechinguva. Nenguva isipi iwe uchaona kuti lozenge inotanga kuvharwa nemadonhwe emvura, uye inopararira. Iyi ndiyo mhedzisiro yehygroscopicity yeNaOH kana KOH. Nekuisa sampuli mumakamuri akasiyana eimba, unogona kuenzanisa hunyoro hwenzvimbo idzi (1).

1. Kunaya kweNaOH pagirazi rewachi (kuruboshwe) uye mvura yakafanana mushure memaawa mashoma mumhepo (kurudyi).

2. Murabhoritari desiccator ine silicone gel (mufananidzo: Wikimedia/Hgrobe)

Chemist, uye kwete ivo chete, vanogadzirisa dambudziko rekunyorova kwechinhu. Hygroscopic mvura iko kusvibiswa kusingafadzi nemusanganiswa wemakemikari, uye zvinyorwa zvayo, uyezve, hazvina kugadzikana. Izvi zvinoita kuti zviome kuyera huwandu hwe reagent inodiwa pakuita. Mhinduro, hongu, ndeyekuomesa chinhu. Pachiyero cheindasitiri, izvi zvinoitika mumakamuri anopisa, ndiko kuti, mune yakawedzera vhezheni yehovhoni yemba.

Muma laboratori, kuwedzera kune magetsi emagetsi (zvakare, ovheni), exykatory (uyewo kuchengetedza kwemareagents akatoomeswa). Aya ndiwo midziyo yegirazi, yakavharwa zvakasimba, pasi payo pane yakanyanya hygroscopic substance (2). Basa rayo nderokutora unyoro kubva mumucheka wakaoma uye kuchengetedza hunyoro mukati me desiccator pasi.

Mienzaniso ye desiccants: Anhydrous CaCl munyu.₂ Ini MgSO₄, phosphorus (V) oxides P₄O₁₀ uye calcium CaO uye silica gel (silica gel). Iwe zvakare uchawana iyo yekupedzisira muchimiro che desiccant sachets akaiswa mumaindasitiri uye echikafu kurongedza (3).

3. Silicone gel kuchengetedza chikafu uye zvigadzirwa zveindasitiri kubva kunyoro.

Mazhinji dehumidifiers anogona kuvandudzwa kana atora mvura yakawandisa - ingodziya iwo.

Panewo kusvibiswa kwemakemikari. mvura yemubhodhoro. Inopinda mumakristasi panguva yekukura kwavo nokukurumidza uye inogadzira nzvimbo dzakazadzwa nemhinduro kubva kune iyo crystal yakaumbwa, yakakomberedzwa nechisimba. Iwe unogona kubvisa mabhubhu emvura mukristaro nekunyungudutsa kombi uye nekuidzokorora, asi panguva ino pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu anononoka kukura kwekristaro. Ipapo mamorekuru anozo “neatly” anogara mucrystal lattice, achisiya pasina mapundu.

mvura yakavanzwa

Mune mamwe makomisheni, mvura iripo mune yakadzikama fomu, asi kemisiti inokwanisa kuibvisa kubva kwavari. Zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti iwe uchasunungura mvura kubva kune chero oksijeni-hydrogen compound pasi pemamiriro akakodzera. Iwe unozoita kuti ipe mvura nekudziya kana nekuita kwechimwe chinhu chinotora mvura zvakanyanya. Mvura muhukama hwakadaro mvura yebumbiro. Edza nzira dzese dzekubvisa makemikari.

4. Mhupo yemvura inodzika muchubhu yekuedza kana makemikari apera mvura.

Dururirai imwe soda mubhobho rekuedza, i.e. sodium bicarbonate NaHCO.₃. Iwe unogona kuiwana muchitoro chegirosari, uye inoshandiswa mukicheni, semuenzaniso. sechinhu chinovirisa pakubika (asi chine zvimwe zvakawanda zvinoshandiswa).

Isa chubhu yekuyedza mumurazvo wembambo pakona inoita 45° nekuvhura kwekubuda kwakatarisana newe. Iyi ndiyo imwe yenheyo dzehutsanana hwema laboratori uye kuchengeteka - iyi ndiyo nzira yaunozvidzivirira nayo muchiitiko chekusunungurwa kamwe kamwe kwechinhu chinopisa kubva kune test tube.

Kupisa hakusi kusimba, kuita kunotanga pa60 ° C (yakakwana methylated spirit burner kana kenduru yakakwana). Ramba wakatarira pamusoro pemudziyo. Kana chubhu yakareba zvakakwana, madonhwe emvura anotanga kuungana panobuda (4). Kana iwe usingavaone, isa girazi rinotonhora rewachi pamusoro pekubuda kwechubhu - mhute yemvura inoburitswa panguva yekuora kwesoda inonyungudika pairi (chiratidzo D pamusoro pemuseve chinoratidza kupisa kwechinhu):

5. Hose yakasviba inobuda mugirazi.

Chechipiri gaseous chigadzirwa, carbon dioxide, inogona kuonekwa uchishandisa lime mvura, i.e. saturated solution calcium hydroxide Sa (ON)₂. Kusagadzikana kwayo kunokonzerwa nekunaya kwecalcium carbonate kunoratidza kuvepo kweCO₂. Zvakakwana kutora donho remushonga pane bhaguette uye uiise pamagumo e test tube. Kana iwe usina calcium hydroxide, ita lime mvura nekuwedzera mhinduro yeNaOH kune chero mvura-inonyungudika calcium salt solution.

Mukuedza kunotevera, iwe uchashandisa inotevera kicheni reagent - yenguva dzose shuga, kureva, sucrose C.₁₂H2₂O₁₁. Iwe unozoda zvakare yakagadziriswa mhinduro ye sulfuric acid H₂SO₄.

Ini ndinokurumidza kukuyeuchidza nezvemitemo yekushanda neiyi ine njodzi reagent: magirovhosi erubha uye magirazi anodiwa, uye kuedza kunoitwa patirayi yepurasitiki kana kuputira kwepurasitiki.

Dururira shuga mudiki hafu yebeaker zvakanyanya semudziyo wakazara. Iye zvino dururira mumhinduro ye sulfuric acid muhuwandu hwakaenzana nehafu yeshuga yakadururwa. Kurudzira zviri mukati negirazi tsvimbo kuitira kuti asidhi iparadzirwe zvakaenzana muhuwandu. Hapana chinoitika kwechinguva, asi kamwe kamwe shuga inotanga kusviba, zvino inoshanduka dema, uye pakupedzisira inotanga "kusiya" mudziyo.

Huru dema dema, risisataridzike seshuga chena, rinokambaira richibuda mugirazi senyoka iri mubhasikiti remafakirs. Chinhu chose chinodziya, makore emhute yemvura anooneka uye kunyange kuridza muridzo kunonzwika (iyiwo imhute yemvura inobuda mumitsero).

Chiitiko chacho chinokwezva, kubva muchikwata chezvinonzi. hose dzemakemikari (5). Iyo hygroscopicity yeaconcentrated solution yeH ndiyo inokonzeresa mhedzisiro inoonekwa.₂SO₄. Yakakura zvekuti mvura inopinda mhinduro kubva kune zvimwe zvinhu, mune iyi kesi sucrose:

Zvisaririra zveshuga dehydration zvakazadzwa nemhute yemvura (rangarira kuti kana uchisanganisa wakaiswa H.₂SO₄ kupisa kwakawanda kunobudiswa nemvura), izvo zvinokonzera kuwedzera kukuru kwehuwandu hwavo uye mhedzisiro yekusimudza huwandu kubva mugirazi.

Yakavharirwa mukristaro

6. Kupisa kwekristalline yemhangura sulfate (II) mune test tube. Kupera kwechidimbu kwemvura yemukomboni kunoonekwa.

Uye imwe mhando yemvura iri mumakemikari. Panguva ino inoratidzika zvakajeka (kusiyana nemvura yebumbiro remitemo), uye huwandu hwayo hunotsanangurwa zvakasimba (uye kwete husina maturo, sepamvura ye hygroscopic). Izvi mvura yecrystallizationchii chinopa ruvara kune makristasi - kana abviswa, anoparara kuita amorphous poda (iyo yauchaona mukuyedza, sezvinokodzera kemisiti).

Chengetedza pamakristasi ebhuruu ehydrated copper (II) sulfate CuSO₄×5₂Oo, imwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa marabhoritari reagents. Dururira diki diki makristasi muchubhu yekuyedza kana evaporator (yechipiri nzira iri nani, asi kana iri chikamu chidiki chekomboni, test tube inogonawo kushandiswa; zvimwe pane iyo mumwedzi). Zvinyoro tanga kupisa pamusoro pemoto unopisa (denatured doro rambi rinokwana).

Zunza chubhu nguva nenguva kure newe, kana kubvongodza baguette muevaporator yakaiswa mubato retripod (usazembere pamusoro pegirazi). Sezvo tembiricha inokwira, ruvara rwemunyu rwunotanga kupera, kutozosvikira rwava kuchena. Muchiitiko ichi, madonhwe emvura anounganidza muchikamu chepamusoro che test tube. Iyi ndiyo mvura inobviswa kubva mumakristasi emunyu (kuipisa muevaporator inoburitsa mvura nekuisa girazi rinotonhora rewachi pamusoro pemudziyo), iyo panguva iyi yakaparara kuita hupfu (6). Kupera kwemvura yemukomboni kunoitika mumatanho:

Kumwe kuwedzera kwetembiricha iri pamusoro pe650°C kunokonzera kuora kwemunyu unonzi anhydrous. Upfu chena anhydrous CuSO₄ chengeta mumudziyo wakasungwa zvakasimba (unogona kuisa bhegi rinotora unyoro mukati maro).

Iwe unogona kubvunza: tinoziva sei kuti kupera simba kwemvura kunoitika sekutsanangurwa kweiyo equations? Kana kuti sei hukama huchitevera nzira iyi? Iwe uchashanda pakuona huwandu hwemvura mumunyu uyu mwedzi unouya, zvino ndichapindura mubvunzo wekutanga. Nzira yatinogona kuona nayo shanduko muhuwandu hwechinhu nekuwedzera tembiricha inonzi Thermogravimetric analysis. Chinhu chekuedza chinoiswa pa pallet, iyo inonzi thermal balance, uye inopisa, kuverenga uremu hunochinja.

Ehe, nhasi thermobalances inonyora iyo data pachayo, panguva imwechete ichidhirowa girafu rinoenderana (7). Chimiro che curve yegirafu chinoratidza pane tembiricha "chimwe chinhu" chinoitika, semuenzaniso, chinhu chinoputika chinoburitswa kubva mukomboni (kurasikirwa kwehuremu) kana kusanganiswa negasi mumhepo (ipapo huremu hunowedzera). Shanduko yehuwandu inokubvumira kuti uone kuti chii uye muhuwandu hupi hwakaderera kana kuwedzera.

7. Girafu ye thermogravimetric curve yecrystalline mhangura (II) sulfate.

Hydrated CuSO₄ ine ruvara rwakada kufanana nemushonga wayo une aqueous. Izvi hazvisi masanga. Cu ion in solution₂+ yakakomberedzwa nemamorekuru matanhatu emvura, uye mukristaro - nemana, akarara pamakona echikwere, pakati payo. Pamusoro uye pasi peioni yesimbi ndeye sulfate anions, imwe neimwe "inoshumira" maviri ari pedyo cations (saka stoichiometry yakarurama). Asi molecule yechishanu yemvura iripi? Iri pakati peimwe sulfate ions uye molecule yemvura mubhandi rakakomberedza copper (II) ion.

Uye zvakare, muverengi anobvunza anobvunza: unozviziva sei izvi? Panguva ino kubva pamifananidzo yemakristasi akawanikwa nekuaisa neX-rays. Zvakadaro, kutsanangura kuti nei komisheni inonzi anhydrous ichena uye musanganiswa wehydrated iblue ndiyo kemisitiri yepamusoro. Yasvika nguva yekuti adzidze.

Onawo: