Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa ch.1

Akeno Aviation School Ki-43-II, 1943. Iwe unogona kuona maitiro akajairika einonzi pre-kugadzirwa Ki-43-II - annular oiri inotonhorera muinjini yekupinda mhepo uye diki kesi yekuwedzera mafuta inotonhorera pasi. iyo fuselage.

Iyo Ki-43, yakanzi "Oscar" neAllies, yaive yakawanda kwazvo Imperial Japanese Army murwi munhoroondo yayo. Yakagadzirwa mukupera kwe30s semutsivi weKi-27. Aisiyaniswa nekugona kufamba kwakanakisa, asi munzira dzakawanda aive akaderera kune vaimupikisa. Kuedza kuvandudza mashandiro uye kusimbisa zvombo panguva yekugadzira hakuna mutsauko mudiki, sezvo maAllies akaunzawo mhando nyowani, dzemhando yepamusoro dzevarwi mubasa. Pasinei nekukanganisa uye kushaya simba, Ki-43 yakaramba iri imwe yezviratidzo zveuto reJapan.

Muna Zvita 1937, nekugamuchirwa kwemurwi weKi-27 (Type 97) neImperial Japanese Army (Dai Nippon Teikoku Rikugun), Army General Aviation Administration (Rikugun Kōkū Honbu) akarayira Nakajima kuti atange basa pakugadzira mutevedzeri wake. . Ki-27 yaive yekutanga-simbi-yega-yega yekuzvitsigira yakaderera-bapiro ndege ine yakavharwa cockpit kupinda basa neAuto Air Forces. Mumurwi mutsva, zvakasarudzwa kushandisa imwe itsva - giya rekumhara rinodzoreka. Panyaya yekushanda, Koku Honbu yaida kumhanya kweanenge 500 km / h pa4000 m, nguva yekukwira kusvika 5000 m isingasviki maminetsi mashanu, uye yekushanda ye5 km nemafuta e300 maminetsi ekurwa kwembwa kana. 30 km pasina simba rekuchengetedza. . Kufambisa kwemurwi mutsva kwaifanirwa kunge kwakashata kupfuura Ki-600. Zvombo izvi zvaifanira kuva nepfuti mbiri dzemuchina dze27-mm Type 89 (89-shiki), dzakaiswa mufuselage pakati peinjini necockpit uye dzichipfura nepascuru disk. Ichi ndicho nhumbi dzehondo dzevarwi vemauto kubva payakavambwa.

Nenguva isipi, zvinodiwa zvechirongwa chinotevera chekusimudzira zvombo zvendege (Koku Heiki Kenkyu Hoshin) chakatanga kugadzirwa muKoku Honbu, pasi peiyo varwi vechizvarwa chitsva, mabhomba nendege dzekucherekedza dzaizogadzirwa, dzakagadzirirwa kutsiva michina yakanga ichangotanga kushanda. makore mashoma. Zvakasarudzwa kugadzira mapoka maviri einjini imwe chete, varwi vechigaro chimwe chete - chiedza uye chinorema. Kwakanga kusiri kuwanda kwendege, asi zvombo zvavo. Murwi akareruka ane chigaro chimwe chete (kei tanza sentōki; rakadimburirwa sekeisen), ane pfuti mbiri dze 7,7 mm, aifanira kushandiswa kurwisa varwi vevavengi. Kuti aite izvi, aifanira kuratidzwa, pamusoro pezvose, nekugona kukuru. Kumhanya kwepamusoro uye huwandu hwaive hwekukosha kwechipiri. Murwi anorema ane chigaro chimwe chete (jū tanza sentōki; jūsen) aifanira kunge akapakatira pfuti mbiri dzemuchina 7,7 mm uye imwe kana mbiri "kanoni", kureva pfuti huru. Yakagadzirwa kuti irwise mabhomba, saka yaifanira kunge iine spidhi yepamusoro uye mwero wekukwira, kunyangwe pamutengo wemhando uye maneuverability.

Chirongwa ichi chakabvumidzwa neBazi reMauto (Rikugunsho) muna Chikunguru 1, 1938. Mumwedzi yakatevera, Koku Honbu akagadzira zvinodikanwa zvekushanda kune ega ega mapoka endege uye akazvipa kune vakasarudzwa vagadziri vendege. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, iyo prototype yemakwikwi fomula yakashandiswa kare yakasiiwa, nemakondirakiti anosarudzwa zvisina tsarukano kune imwe neimwe mhando dzendege. Murwi mutsva weNakajima, uyo aida kutsiva Ki-27, akarondedzerwa se "chiedza". Yakapiwa zita rehondo Ki-43.

Yechitatu prototype yeKi-43 (serial nhamba 4303) yakavakwa muna Kurume 1939. Munguva yekuedzwa, ndege yacho yakashandurwa kuti ifanane nemichina yekuedza (iyo inonzi mamwe prototypes).

Kuitwa kweprojekiti

Iyo Ki-43 fighter project yakagadzirwa nechikwata chinotungamirirwa nainjiniya Yasushi Koyama, uyo aitarisirawo gwenya remagetsi. Maneja weprojekiti aitarisira kuvaka kweairframe aive Minoru Ota. Kunihiro Aoki ndiye aitarisira kuverenga kwesimba, nepo Tetsuo Ichimaru aitarisira kugadzirwa kwemapapiro. Hutungamiri hwepamusoro hwepurojekiti hwakaitwa naDr. Eng. Hideo Itokawa, mukuru aerodynamicist kuNakajima uye mukuru wemauto ekugadzira ndege (rikugun sekkei-bu).

Mukufambirana neuzivi hwekugadzira dhizaini muJapan panguva iyoyo, Ki-43 yakagadzirirwa kuve yakareruka sezvinobvira. Hapana nhumbi dzokurwa nadzo dzechigaro chemutyairi wendege kana zvidhindo zvematangi emafuta zvakashandiswa. Kuti ikurumidze kuita basa, mhinduro dzakawanda dzehunyanzvi dzakaedzwa paKi-27 dzakashandiswa. Chinhu chega chakakosha chaive chakareruka, gumbo rimwe chete giya rekumhara, hydraulically retractable uye retractable. Magadzirirwo ayo akaonekwa muAmerican Vought V-143 murwi akatengwa neJapan muna Chikunguru 1937. Kufanana nepakutanga, makumbo chete akavharwa mushure mekuchenesa, asi mavhiri pachawo akaramba asina kudzivirirwa. Muswe wemuswe wakanga wasara pasi pefuselage yekumashure.

Cockpit yemutyairi yakavharwa nekaseti yezvikamu zvitatu, ine mhepo yakagadziriswa, sliding rear limousine uye yakagadziriswa chikamu chemashure, ichigadzira "hump" yepepa resimbi pafuselage, ine mahwindo maviri kumativi. Zvinonakidza kuti paunotanga limousine "yakakungurutswa" pasi pe "hump". Mafuta ose emafuta, akapetwa kaviri seaya eKi-27, akaiswa mumatangi mana mumapapiro. Nokudaro, tangi haina kuiswa munyaya yacho. Ndege iyi yaive ine Type 96 Model 2 transceiver ine mast inotsigira tambo yeantenna yakaiswa pahump. Mutyairi wendege aiva negwenya reokisijeni raaishandisa. Tip yacho yaive standard Type 89 optical sight, chubhu yaipfuura nepaburi repamhepo.

Padanho rekugadzira, zvaifungidzirwa kuti nekuda kwehukuru hukuru hweairframe uye huwandu hwemafuta ekupa, pamwe nekushandiswa kwekudzoreredza uye kumhara giya giya, pamwe neiyo hydraulic system, iyo Ki-43 ingangoita makumi maviri neshanu. % inorema kupfuura Ki. -25. Naizvozvo, injini ine simba rakawanda yaidiwa kuti iwane kuita kwakarongwa. Koyama akasarudza Nakajima Ha-27 14-cylinder mbiri-nyeredzi injini ine simba rekubvisa re 25 hp, ine nhanho imwe, imwechete-speed compressor. Iyo Ha-980 (fekitari zita NAM) yaive yakavakirwa padhizaini yeFrench Gnome-Rhône 25M, asi ichishandisa mhinduro kubva kuHa-14 injini (rezinesi reBritish Bristol Mercury VIII) nemazano avo. Chigumisiro chacho chaiva chikwata chemagetsi chakabudirira zvikuru - chakanga chine compact design, zviduku zviduku uye uremu, zvaive nyore kushanda, zvakavimbika uye panguva imwechete zvinogona kushanda pamusanganiswa wakaonda kwenguva yakareba, izvo zvakaderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta. kushandiswa uye nekudaro kubvumidzwa kuwedzera huwandu hwendege. Muna 20, iyo Ha-1939 yakagamuchirwa nemauto mukugadzirwa kwe serial pasi pezita rinotsanangura Type 25 ine simba re99 hp. (950-shiki, 99-bariki) 950. MuKi-2, injini yakatyaira mapuranga akagadzika maviri-bladed propeller ane dhayamita 43 m pasina chivharo.

Muchirimo cha1938, komisheni yenyanzvi kubva kuKoku Honbu naRikugun Koku Gijutsu Kenkyusho (Army Experimental Institute of Aviation Technology, yakapfupikiswa seKogiken kana Giken) yakaongorora zvakanaka dhizaini yeKi-43 murwi ndokubvumidza marongero ayo. . Mushure meizvozvo, Koku Honbu akaraira kuvakwa kwemaprototypes matatu (shisakuki) kubva kuNakajima, uye vagadziri vakatanga kugadzira zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi.

Prototypes

Yekutanga Ki-43 prototype (serial nhamba 4301 seizō bangō) yakasiya Nakajima Hikōki Kabushiki Gaisha Nha. Kutiza kwake kwakaitika muna Zvita 1 kubva kunhandare yefekitari yeOjima. Muna Ndira 1, ndege yacho yakabhururukira kuTachikawa kuti iongororwe zvakadzama ndege paKogiken Research department. Vakapindwawo nevanodzidzisa vatyairi vendege kubva kuAkeno Army Aviation School (Akeno Rikugun Hikō Gakkō), iyo yakanga iri imwe nzvimbo yekuwedzera yekuyedza yeVarwi Aviation varwi. Mamwe maviri prototypes (1938 uye 12), akapera muna Kukadzi naKurume 1939, akaendawo kuKogiken. Ivo vakasiyana kubva kune yekutanga prototype chete mumutsetse wekombi - iyo "hump" yaive yakanyatso penya, uye limousine yaive nemafuremu ekusimbisa mashoma.

Zvekuedzwa kwendege hazvizivikanwe, asi mhinduro yemutyairi inozivikanwa kunge isina kunaka. Iyo prototypes yeKi-43 yakanga isina kuita zviri nani kupfuura serial Ki-27, uye panguva imwechete yakaipisisa maitiro ekubhururuka, kunyanya maneuverability. Vaive nehusimbe uye vachinonoka kupindura kune chidzoreso uye kutsauka kweaileron, uye nguva dzekutendeuka neradius zvaive zvarebesa. Mukuwedzera, kusimuka uye maitiro ekumhara akanga asingagutsi. Matambudziko akakonzera iyo hydraulic system yechasisi. Nzira yekuvhura chivharo chekombi yakanzi haigoneki. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, Koku Honbu aive pedyo nekutora danho rekusiya imwe budiriro yeKi-43. Hutungamiri hwaNakajima, husingadi kurasikirwa nepurofiti kana kukanganisa mukurumbira wekambani, vakakwanisa kuita kuti mauto awedzere bvunzo uye kurodha gumi akagadziridzwa prototypes (4304-4313). Yakanga yakagadzirirwa kuyedza mhinduro nyowani dzehunyanzvi, injini uye zvombo mazviri. Chikwata chemainjiniya Koyama akatanga basa rekugadzirisa zvakare Ki-43 yakagadziridzwa kuti isangane nezvaitarisirwa naKoku Honbu.

Dhizaini yendege yakareruka (iyo yakazokonzera matambudziko akakomba nesimba rebapiro), uye iyo muswe unit yakagadziridzwa zvakare. Muswe wacho wakadzoserwa kumashure, uye chidzoreso zvino chakavhara kureba kwese kwemuswe uye fuselage tips, saka nzvimbo yayo yakanga yakakura zvikuru. Somugumisiro, kushanda kwayo kwakawedzera, izvo zvakave nemigumisiro yakanaka pakufambisa kwendege. Cockpit chivharo chakaitwa patsva uye chave nezvikamu zviviri - hwindo remhepo rakagadzika uye teardrop limousine yakanyatsopenya yaigona kutsvedza neshure. Chifukidziro chitsva chakanga chisiri chakareruka chete, asi chakapawo kuoneka kuri nani kumativi ose (kunyanya kuseri). Iyo antenna mast yakaendeswa kurudyi rwemberi fuselage, kuseri kweinjini. Nekuda kwekuchinja uku, silhouette yendege yawedzera kutetepa uye aerodynamically yakakwana. Kushanda kwema hydraulic uye magetsi masisitimu kwakagadziridzwa, redhiyo yakatsiviwa nereruru Type 96 Model 3 Model 2, yakagadziriswa vhiri remuswe yakaiswa panzvimbo yeskid, uye propeller yakashongedzerwa kavha. Muna May 1940, mapapiro maviri matsva emapapiro akagadzirwa, 20 uye 30 cm maduku kudarika epakutanga, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuderedza mapapiro ne 40 uye 60 cm, maererano, asi kushandiswa kwavo kwakasiiwa kwenguva pfupi.

Ndege dzekuyedza, dzinodaidzwa kuti supplementary or complementary prototypes (zōka shisakuki), dzakavakwa pakati paNovember 1939 naGunyana 1940. Vaive vakashongedzerwa injini dzeHa-25 dzine maviri-bladed Sumitomo metal propellers ane dhayamita imwe chete uye hydraulic blade tilt kugadzirisa michina kubva kuAmerican kambani Hamilton Standard. Panguva imwecheteyo, makona akasiyana-siyana ekurerekera kwemashizha akaedzwa kuti aone maitiro avo akanaka. Pamakopi akati wandei, nyowani, matatu-bladed self-adjusting propellers yakaedzwa, asi haina kusarudzwa kuishandisa mukugadzira ndege.

Muna July 1940, prototypes Nos. 4305 uye 4309 vakanga vakagadzirirwa injini itsva dzeHa-105 dzine simba rekubvisa re 1200 hp. Yakanga iri kudzokororwa kweHa-25 ine imwe-nhanho mbiri-speed compressor uye yakagadziridzwa gearbox. Mushure mekutevedzana kwebvunzo, injini dzepakutanga dzakadzoserwa pamichina yese. Kune rumwe rutivi, injini itsva dzeHa-4308 dzaifanira kuedzwa pandege Nhamba 4309 uye zvakare 115, asi nekuda kwehurefu hwavo hukuru uye uremu, pfungwa iyi yakasiyiwa. Izvi zvaida kuchinja kwakawanda mukugadzirwa kwendege, uyezve, panguva iyoyo injini yeHa-115 yakanga isati yapera. Inenge ndege imwe chete (4313) ine mhepo inotonhorera inotonhorera pamucheto wekutevera weinjini casing ine sere hinged flaps kune rumwe rutivi uye maviri pamusoro. Iyo screw hub yakafukidzwa nekepisi. Pandege Nha. Dzimwe ndege dzekuyedza dzakabhururuka panguva dzekuyedzwa dzisina zvombo, zvinoonekwa uye maredhiyo (uye kunyangwe neantenna mast yakabviswa). Kugadziriswa kwakabudirira kwakaunzwa uye kuyedzwa pane imwe sampu yakazoitwa pane mimwe michina.

Mushure mezvose, hutsva hwakakosha hwaive hunonzi nhovo dzehondo (sento kana kusen furappu), yakagadzirwa naEng. Itokawa. Zviputi zvakaenda asymmetrically kupfuura contour yebapiro, i.e. pane chinhambwe chikuru kubva kune fuselage kupfuura kubva kune ailerons, kugadzira hurongwa hunofanana nemapapiro akapararira e butterfly (saka zita ravo rinozivikanwa re butterfly flaps - cho-gata). Munguva yekurwa kwemhepo (kusvika kumhanya kweanenge 400 km / h), vanogona kukwidziridzwa uye kudzoserwa ne15 °, iyo yakavandudza zvakanyanya kufambiswa kwendege, zvichikubvumidza iwe kuita majana akasimba pasina kurasikirwa nekusimudza. Combat nhovo dzakatanga kuiswa pazvikamu zvitatu zvekupedzisira zvekuedza (4311, 4312 uye 4313). Nenguva isipi vakava chiratidzo chevarwi veNakajima.