Soviet heavy tank T-10 chikamu 1
Iyo Object 267 tangi ndeye prototype yeT-10A inorema tank ine D-25T pfuti.
Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, matangi akawanda anorema akagadzirwa muSoviet Union. Pakati pavo vakabudirira zvikuru (somuenzaniso, IS-7) uye kwete-standard (somuenzaniso, Object 279) budiriro. Pasinei neizvi, musi waFebruary 18, 1949, Council of Ministers Resolution No. 701-270ss yakasayirwa, maererano nematangi anorema emangwana haafaniri kuyera kupfuura matani makumi mashanu, izvo zvisingabatanidzi zvinenge zvese zvakasikwa kare. Izvi zvakakurudzirwa nechido chekushandisa mapuratifomu enjanji pakufambisa kwavo uye kushandisa mabhiriji mazhinji emigwagwa.
Paivewo nezvikonzero zvisina kuburitswa pachena. Chekutanga, vaitsvaga nzira dzekudzikisa mutengo wezvombo, uye tangi rinorema raidhura sematangi epakati akati wandei. Chechipiri, zviri kuramba zvichitendwa kuti muchiitiko chehondo yenyukireya, hupenyu hwebasa hwechero chombo, kusanganisira matangi, huchava hupfupi. Saka zvaive nani kuve nematangi epakati uye nekukasira kuzadza kurasikirwa kwavo pane kuisa mari mumatangi akakwana, asi mashoma, anorema.
Panguva imwecheteyo, kuramba matangi anorema mune ramangwana zvimiro zvemauto ehondo hazvigone kuitika kune vakuru vemauto. Mhedzisiro yeiyi yakanga iri kugadzirwa kwechizvarwa chitsva chematangi anorema, iyo yakawanda yakangosiyana zvishoma kubva kumatangi epakati. Mukuwedzera, kufambira mberi kwokukurumidza mumunda wezvombo kwakatungamirira kumamiriro ezvinhu asingakarirwi. Zvakanaka, maererano nekugona kurwa, matangi epakati akakurumidza kubatwa neanorema. Vakanga vaine pfuti 100 mm, asi basa rakanga richienderera mberi pa 115 mm caliber uye mabhomba ane high muzzle velocity. Zvichakadaro, matangi anorema aive nepfuti dze 122-130 mm caliber, uye kuedza kushandisa 152 mm pfuti kwakaratidza kusagoneka kwekubatanidza iwo nematangi anorema kusvika matani makumi matanhatu.
Dambudziko iri rakagadziriswa nenzira mbiri. Chekutanga kwaive kuvakwa kwepfuti dzinozvifambisa (nhasi izwi rekuti "motokari dzekutsigira moto" raizoenderana nemagadzirirwo aya) nezvombo zvikuru zvine simba mukutenderera, asi shongwe dzine zvombo zvishoma. Chechipiri chingava kushandiswa kwezvombo zvinokandwa, zvose zviri zviviri zvinotungamirirwa uye zvisina kutungamirirwa. Nekudaro, mhinduro yekutanga haina kugonesa vatongi vemauto, uye yechipiri yakaratidza kuoma kuita nekukurumidza nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda.
Iyo chete sarudzo yaive yekudzikamisa zvinodiwa zvematangi anorema, i.e. gamuchira chokwadi chekuti ivo vachangopfuura zvishoma zvishoma matangi epakati epakati. Nekuda kweizvi, zvakave zvinogoneka kushandisa zvakare vimbiso dzekuguma kweGreat Patriotic War uye kuzvishandisa kugadzira tangi nyowani, zvirinani pane zvese IS-3 uye IS-4. Matangi emhando mbiri idzi akabudiswa mushure mekupera kwehondo, yekutanga muna 1945-46, yechipiri muna 1947-49 uye yakatsanangurwa munyaya yakabudiswa mu "Wojsko i Technika Historia" Nha. 3/2019. Inenge 3 2300 IS-4s yakagadzirwa, uye 244 chete IS-5300. Zvichakadaro, pakupera kwehondo, Red Army yakanga ine matangi anorema 2700 3 uye 4 XNUMX inorema inozvifambisa pfuti. Zvikonzero zvekudzikira kwekugadzirwa kweese IS-XNUMX neIS-XNUMX zvaive zvakafanana - hapana kana mumwe wavo akararama zvinoenderana nezvaitarisirwa.
Iyo yakatangira tangi yeT-10 ndiyo IS-3 inorema tank.
Naizvozvo, semugumisiro wesarudzo yehurumende muna Kukadzi 1949, basa rakatanga patangi raizobatanidza zvakanakira IS-3 neIS-4, uye kwete kugara nhaka zvikanganiso zvezvirongwa zvose. Aifanirwa kutora dhizaini yehull uye turret kubva kune yekutanga uye yakawanda yemagetsi emagetsi kubva kune yechipiri. Paive nechimwe chikonzero nei tangi isina kuvakwa kubva pakutanga: yaive nekuda kweiyo nguva yakaoma kwazvo.
Matangi matatu ekutanga aifanira kupfuudza bvunzo dzehurumende muna Nyamavhuvhu 1949, i.e. mwedzi mitanhatu (!) Kubva pakutanga kwekugadzira. Dzimwe motokari gumi dzaifanira kunge dzakagadzirira mumwedzi, purogiramu yakanga isingaiti zvachose, uye basa racho rakanyanya kuomeswa nechisarudzo chokuti boka kubva kuŻ rinofanira kugadzira motokari. Kotin kubva kuLeningrad, uye kugadzirwa kuchaitwa pane chirimwa muChelyabinsk. Kazhinji, kudyidzana kwepedyo pakati pevagadziri uye tekinoroji vanoshanda mukati mekambani imwechete ndiyo yakanakisa nzira yekukurumidza kuita chirongwa.
Muchiitiko ichi, kuedza kwakagadziriswa kugadzirisa dambudziko iri nekupa Kotin neboka remainjiniya kuChelyabinsk, pamwe nekutumira ikoko, zvakare kubva kuLeningrad, boka remainjiniya makumi mana nerimwe kubva kuVNII-41 Institute, iyo yaitungamirirwawo. Kotin. Zvikonzero zve "kupatsanurwa kwevashandi" uku hazvina kujekeswa. Inowanzotsanangurwa nemamiriro asina kunaka eLKZ (Leningradskoye Kirovskoye), iyo yakanga ichipora zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pakubuda kwechikamu uye chikamu che "nzara" muguta rakakombwa. Zvichakadaro, ChKZ (Chelyabinsk Kirov Plant) yakanga yakaremerwa nemirairo yekugadzira, asi boka rayo rekuvaka raionekwa serakagadzirira kurwa kupfuura reLeningrad.
Basa idzva rakapiwa "Chelyabinsk", i.e. nhamba 7 - Chinhu 730, asi zvichida nekuda kwekubatana kwekubatana, IS-5 (kureva Joseph Stalin-5) yainyanya kushandiswa muzvinyorwa, kunyange zvazvo yaiwanzopiwa chete mushure mokunge tangi yaiswa mubasa.
Iyo yekutanga dhizaini yakagadzirira kutanga kwaApril, kunyanya nekuda kwekushandiswa kwakapararira kweakagadzirira-akagadzirwa mhinduro dzemagungano nemagungano. Matangi maviri ekutanga aifanira kugamuchira 6-kumhanya gearbox kubva kuIS-4 uye inotonhorera sisitimu ine mafeni inotyairwa neinjini huru. Zvisinei, vagadziri veLeningrad havana kukwanisa kuramba kuunza mhinduro dzakagadzirirwa IS-7 mukugadzirwa kwemuchina.
Izvi hazvishamise, sezvo vaive vemazuva ano uye vachivimbisa, pamwe nekuedzwa zvakare panguva yeI-7 bvunzo. Naizvozvo, tangi yechitatu yaifanirwa kugashira 8-kumhanya giya bhokisi, kutakura torsion mabara mu depreciation system, ejector injini kutonhora sisitimu uye yekurodha rubatsiro. I-IS-4 yakanga yakashongedzerwa nechasi ine mavhiri manomwe emugwagwa, injini, mafuta uye bhureki system, nezvimwewo. Iyo hull yakafanana neIS-3, asi yakanga yakawanda, turret yaivawo nehombe huru yemukati. Iyo huru yezvombo - 25-mm D-122TA cannon ine yakaparadzana yekurodha zvombo - yaive yakafanana neyekare matangi emhando mbiri. Zvombo zvaive 30 rounds.
Zvimwe zvombo zvaive zviviri 12,7 mm DShKM pfuti yemuchina. Imwe yakanga yakaiswa kurudyi rwenguvo yepfuti uye yaishandiswawo kupfura panzvimbo dzakamira kuti vaone kuti pfuti yakanga yagadzikwa zvakanaka uye bara rekutanga rarova chakananga. Yechipiri pfuti yemuchina yaive anti-ndege ine K-10T collimator kuona. Yakajairwa 10RT-26E nhepfenyuro uye TPU-47-2 intercom yakaiswa senzira yekutaurirana.
Musi waMay 15, muenzaniso wehupenyu hwetangi wakaiswa kune komisheni yehurumende, musi waMay 18, mifananidzo yehull uye turret yakatamirwa kusima Nhamba 200 muChelyabinsk, uye mazuva mashomanana gare gare kudyara Nha. muChelyabinsk. Izhora chirimwa muLeningrad. Chigadzirwa chemagetsi panguva iyoyo chakaedzwa pane maviri asina kutakurwa IS-4s - muna Chikunguru vaive vafamba anopfuura 2000 km. Zvakazoitika, zvisinei, kuti mapoka maviri ekutanga e "armored hulls", i.e. hulls uye turrets zvakaendeswa kuchirimwa nguva yapera, kutanga kwaNyamavhuvhu 9, uye pakanga pasina injini dzeW12-5, masisitimu ekutonhodza nezvimwe zvinhu. zvinoriumba kwavari zvakadaro. Pakutanga, injini dzeW12 dzaishandiswa paIS-4 matangi.
Iyo injini yaive yemazuva ano yeanozivikanwa uye akapupurirwa W-2, i.e. dhiraivha tangi yepakati T-34. Kurongeka kwayo, ukuru uye sitiroko yehumburumbira, simba, nezvimwewo, zvakachengetwa.Musiyano wakakura waive wokushandiswa kwe AM42K mechanical compressor, iyo inopa injini nemhepo pakumanikidzwa kwe0,15 MPa. Mafuta emafuta aive 460 litres mumatangi emukati uye 300 litres mumakona maviri ekunze matangi, akaiswa zvachose muchikamu cheshure chehull sekuenderera mberi kwezvombo zvepadivi. Kuwanda kwetangi kwaifanirwa kuva kubva ku120 kusvika ku200 km, zvichienderana nepamusoro.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, yekutanga prototype yetangi inorema yakagadzirira chete munaGunyana 14, 1949, iyo ichiri mhedzisiro inonakidza, nekuti basa, rakatanga kubva mukutanga pakati paFebruary, rakatora mwedzi minomwe chete.
Kuyedzwa kwefekitari kwakatanga musi wa22 Gunyana asi kwaifanira kukurumidza kusiiwa sezvo kuzunguzika kwefuselage kwakakonzera kuti ndege-giredhi giredhi aruminiyamu alloy mukati emafuta matangi kutsemuka pamwe chete welds. Mushure mekushandurwa kwavo kuita simbi, miedzo yakatangazve, asi kumwe kutyora kwakakonzerwa nekutadza kwese maviri ekupedzisira madhiraivha, mashaft makuru ayo akave madiki uye akakotama uye akamonyoroka pasi pemutoro. Pakazara, tangi yakafukidza 1012 km uye yakatumirwa kuti igadzirise uye igadzirise, kunyangwe iyo mileage yaifanirwa kunge ingangoita 2000 km.
Mukufanana, pakanga paine kuendeswa kwezvikamu zvemamwe matangi gumi nerimwe, asi kazhinji aive akaremara. Semuenzaniso, kubva pa11 turret castings akapihwa nePlant No.
Kuti uchengetedze mamiriro acho, maviri seti esere-anomhanya giya mabhokisi emapuraneti uye akabatana mabheti akatumirwa kubva kuLeningrad, kunyangwe iwo akagadzirirwa iyo IS-7 injini ine kanenge kaviri simba. Musi waGumiguru 15, Stalin akasaina chirevo chehurumende chitsva pachinhu 730. Yakagamuchira nhamba 701-270ss uye yakapa kuti matangi maviri ekutanga apedzwe neNovember 25, uye kupera kwekuedza kwavo kwefekitari munaJanuary 1, 1950. Musi waZvita 10, chikepe chimwe chete uye turret chaifanira kuongororwa kupfurwa. Pakazosvika Kubvumbi 7, mamwe matangi matatu aifanira kugadzirwa nekugadziriswa zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yebvunzo dzefekitori, uye aifanira kunge ari nyaya yebvunzo dzehurumende.
Pakazosvika Chikumi 7, tichifunga nezve bvunzo dzehurumende, mamwe matangi gumi akagadzirirwa izvo zvinonzi. kutongwa kwechiuto. Zuva rekupedzisira rakanga risinganzwisisike zvachose: zvaizotora mazuva makumi mapfumbamwe kuita bvunzo dzehurumende, kuongorora mhedzisiro yavo, kunatsa dhizaini uye kugadzira gumi matangi! Zvichakadaro, bvunzo dzehurumende pachadzo dzaiwanzogara anopfuura mwedzi mitanhatu!
Senguva dzose, nguva yekutanga chete ndiyo yakasangana nekunetseka: ma prototypes maviri ane serial manhamba 909A311 uye 909A312 akagadzirira munaNovember 16, 1949. Miedzo yefekitari yakaratidza mhedzisiro isingatarisirwe: kunyangwe kuteedzera giya rekumhanya reiyo serial IS-4 tank, iyo hydraulic shock absorbers yemavhiri ekumhanya, ma hydraulic cylinders emaoko e rocker, uye kunyange nzvimbo dzekumhanya dzemavhiri pachadzo dzakakurumidza kudonha! Kune rumwe rutivi, injini dzakashanda zvakanaka uye, pasina kukanganisa kwakakomba, dzakapa motokari mileage ye 3000 uye 2200 km, maererano. Nekuda kwekukurumidza, seti nyowani dzemavhiri ekumhanya dzakagadzirwa ne27STT simbi uye L36 yakakandwa simbi kutsiva yakamboshandiswa L30. Basa rakatanga zvakare pamavhiri ane mukati mekushomeka absorption.
