Nanchang Q-5

Q-5 yakava yekutanga yekuChina ndege yekugadzira yayo, iyo yakashanda makore makumi mana nemashanu mukubhururuka kweChina. Yakanga iri nzira huru yekutsigira kwakananga uye kusina kunanga kwemauto epasi.

People's Republic of China (PRC) yakaziviswa muna Gumiguru 1, 1949 naMao Zedong mushure mekukunda kwevatsigiri vake muhondo yevagari. Kuomintang yakakundwa nemutungamiri wavo Chiang Kai-shek vakadzokera kuTaiwan, uko vakaumba Republic of China. Mushure mekugadzwa kwehukama hwehukama neUSSR, huwandu hukuru hwemidziyo yeSoviet ndege yakaunzwa kuPRC. Pamusoro pezvo, kudzidziswa kwevadzidzi veChinese uye kuvakwa kwemafekitari endege kwakatanga.

Kutanga kwekubatana kweSino-Soviet mundima yeindasitiri yezvendege kwaive kutangwa muChina kwekugadzira marezinesi eSoviet basic training ndege Yakovlev Yak-18 (Chinese zita: CJ-5). Makore mana gare gare (Chikunguru 26, 1958), ndege yekuChina yeJJ-1 yekudzidzira yakasimuka. Muna 1956, kugadzirwa kweMikoyan Gurevich MiG-17F murwi (chiChinese zita: J-5) kwakatanga. Muna 1957, kugadzirwa kweYu-5 multi-purpose ndege, kopi yeChinese yeSoviet Antonov An-2 ndege, yakatanga.

Rimwe danho rakakosha mukusimudzira indasitiri yezvendege yekuChina kwaive kutanga kwekugadzirwa kwerezinesi kweMiG-19 supersonic fighter mune matatu akagadziridzwa: MiG-19S (J-6) murwi wezuva, MiG-19P (J-6A) all-weather fighter, uye chero mamiriro ekunze ane zvinokandwa zvinokandwa. air-to-air class MiG-19PM (J-6B).

Q-5A ndege ine modhi yeanyanzvi bhomba renyukireya KB-1 pane ventral suspension (bhomba racho raive rakavigwa zvishoma mufuselage), rakachengetedzwa mumiunganidzwa yemamuseum.

Chibvumirano cheSino-Soviet panyaya iyi chakasainwa munaGunyana 1957, uye mwedzi wakatevera, zvinyorwa, masampuli, akapatsanurwa makopi ekuzvibatanidza, zvikamu uye magungano ekutanga akateedzana akatanga kusvika kubva kuUSSR, kusvikira kugadzirwa kwavo kwave kunzwisiswa. indasitiri yeChinese. Panguva imwecheteyo, chimwe chete chakaitika neMikulin RD-9B turbojet injini, iyo yakagamuchira zita remunharaunda RG-6 (yakawanda inokonzera 2650 kgf uye 3250 kgf afterburner).

Yekutanga ine rezinesi MiG-19P (yakaungana kubva kuSoviet zvikamu) yakaenda kumhepo pachirimwa nhamba 320 muKhundu musi waSeptember 28, 1958. Muna March 1959, kugadzirwa kweMi-G-19PM fighters yakatanga muKhundu. Murwi wekutanga weMiG-19P pafekitari nhamba 112 muShenyang (inosanganisirawo zvikamu zveSoviet) akatora musi waDecember 17, 1958. Zvadaro, muShenyang, kugadzirwa kweMiG-19S fighter kwakatanga, iyo muenzaniso wakabhururuka musi waSeptember 30, 1959. Panguva ino yekugadzirwa, ndege dzose dzeChinese "gumi nemapfumbamwe" dzakagadzirirwa injini dzekutanga dzeSoviet RD-9B, kugadzirwa kwenharaunda. yezvifambiso zverudzi urwu zvakatangwa nguva yakati gare gare (fekitari No. 410, Shenyang Liming Aircraft Engine Plant).

Muna 1958, PRC yakasarudza kutanga basa rakazvimirira pavarwi. Muna Kurume, pamusangano wehutungamiriri hweindasitiri yekubhururuka nendege uye hutungamiriri hweAir Force yePeople's Liberation Army yeChina, inotungamirwa nemukuru wavo, General Liu Yalou, sarudzo yakaitwa yekuvaka ndege inorwisa yepamusoro. Zvirongwa zvekutanga zvehungwaru uye zvehunyanzvi zvakagadziridzwa uye rairo yepamutemo yakapihwa kugadzirwa kwendege yejeti nechinangwa ichi. Zvaitendwa kuti murwi weMiG-19S akanga asina kunyatsokodzera mabasa ekutsigira zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga kwemauto epasi panhandare yehondo, uye indasitiri yezvendege yeSoviet haina kupa ndege yekurwisa ine maitiro aitarisirwa.

Ndege yakatanga kugadzirwa paPlant No. 112 (Shenyang Aircraft Building Plant, yava kunzi Shenyang Aircraft Corporation), asi pamusangano wehunyanzvi munaAugust 1958 muShenyang, mugadziri mukuru wePlant No. 112, Xu Shunshou, akataura kuti nekuda kwe iyo yakakura kwazvo kurodha yechirimwa nemamwe mabasa chaiwo, kuendesa magadzirirwo uye kuvaka kweimwe ndege yekurwisa kusima No. 320 (Nanchang Aircraft Building Plant, ikozvino Hongdu Aviation Industry Group). Uye saka zvakaitwa. Pfungwa yaXu Shunshou yaitevera yaive pfungwa yeaerodynamic yendege itsva yekurwisa pasi ine mativi ekubata uye yakareba "tapered" kumberi fuselage ine yakagadziridzwa kumberi-ku-pasi uye kudivi-ku-kudivi kuoneka.

Lu Xiaopeng (1920-2000), ipapo mutevedzeri wemutungamiri wemiti Nhamba 320 yehutano hwehutano, akagadzwa mukuru wekugadzira ndege. Mutevedzeri wake injinjiniya mukuru Feng Xu akagadzwa semutevedzeri weinjiniya mukuru wechirimwa ichi, uye Gao Zhenning, He Yongjun, Yong Zhengqiu, Yang Guoxiang naChen Yaozu vaive chikamu chechikwata chevanhu gumi. Boka iri rakatumirwa kuFactory 10 muShenyang, kwavakatanga kugadzira ndege yekurwisa vachibatsirana nenyanzvi dzeko uye mainjiniya vakapihwa basa iri.

Panguva ino, dhizaini yakasarudzwa Dong Feng 106; zita rekuti Dong Feng 101 rakatakurwa neMiG-17F, Dong Feng 102 - MiG-19S, Don Feng 103 - MiG-19P, Don Feng 104 - dhizaini yekurwira yechirimwa cheShenyang, chakafananidzirwa paNorthrop F-5 ( kumhanya Ma = 1,4; yakawedzera data haisipo), Don Feng 105 - MiG-19PM, Don Feng 107 - Shenyang fekitori yekurwira dhizaini, inofananidzirwa paLockheed F-104 (kumhanya Ma = 1,8; hapana imwe data).

Kune ndege itsva yekurwisa, yakarongerwa kuti iwane kumhanya kwakanyanya kweanosvika 1200 km / h, sirin'i inoshanda ye 15 m uye huwandu hwezvombo uye mamwe matangi emafuta e000 km. Maererano nechirongwa, ndege itsva yekurwisa yaifanirwa kushanda pakadzika uye yakadzika-yakadzika, sezvakataurwa mune yekutanga tactical uye tekinoroji zvinodiwa, pazasi penzvimbo yemuvengi.

Pakutanga, zvombo zvakamira zvendege zvaisanganisira maviri 30-mm 1-30 (NR-30) makanoni akaiswa pamativi emberi fuselage. Zvisinei, panguva yekuedzwa, zvakazoitika kuti mhepo inopinda kune injini yakasveta mumagasi eupfu panguva yekupfura, izvo zvakaita kuti vapere. Nokudaro, zvombo zvezvombo zvakachinjwa - pfuti mbiri 23-mm 1-23 (NR-23) dzakaendeswa kumidzi yemapapiro pedyo nefuselage.

Zvombo zvebhomba zvaive munzvimbo yebhomba, inenge mamita mana kureba, iri muchikamu chezasi chefuselage. Yaigara mabhomba maviri, ari kuseri kwerimwe, anorema 4 kg kana 250 kg. Pamusoro pezvo, mamwe mabhomba maviri e500-kg anogona kusungirirwa padivi pezvikorekedzo zvemukati pamativi ebhomba bay uye mamwe maviri pazvikorekedzo zvepasi, nekuda kwemamwe matangi emafuta. Iyo yakajairika mutoro wekutakura mabhomba yaive 250 kg, iyo yakanyanya - 1000 kg.

Pasinei nekushandiswa kwekamuri yezvombo zvemukati, gadziriro yemafuta yendege haina kuchinjwa. Kukwanisa kwematangi emukati kwaiva 2160 litita, uye pasi pemvura matangi PTB-760 - 2 x 780 litita, inokwana 3720 malita; nemafuta akadaro uye 1000 kg yemabhomba, ndege yekufamba kwendege yaiva 1450 km.

Pazvirembera zvemukati zvemukati, ndege yacho yakatakura maviri 57-1 (S-5) akawanda-mubhobho roketi maroketi ane 57-mm isina kurongeka, imwe neimwe yakatakura maroketi masere erudzi urwu. Gare gare, inogona zvakare kuve yekuvhura nemaroketi manomwe 90 mm 1-90 asina kutungamirwa kana mana 130 mm Type 1-130 maroketi. Kuvavarira, kuona kwakapfava gyro kwakashandiswa, iyo isina kugadzirisa mabasa ekubhomba, saka iko kurongeka kwaienderana nedanho rakasimba pakugadzirira kwemutyairi webhomba kubva pakubhururuka kwedive kana neinosiyana dive angle.

Muna Gumiguru 1958, kuvakwa kwe1:10 modhi ndege yakapedzwa muShenyang, iyo yakaratidzwa muBeijing kune bato, nyika uye vatungamiriri vemauto. Iyo modhi yakaita fungidziro yakanaka kwazvo kune vanoita sarudzo, saka zvakabva zvasarudzwa kuvaka prototypes matatu, kusanganisira imwe yekuyedza pasi.

Nechekare muna Kukadzi 1959, seti yakazara yezvinyorwa zvekuvakwa kweprototypes, inoumbwa nevanhu vangangosvika gumi nevashanu, yakaunzwa kumashopu ekugadzira ekuedza. mifananidzo. Sezvaungafungidzira, nekuda kwekukurumidza, yaifanira kunge iine zvikanganiso zvakawanda. Izvi zvakaguma nezvinetso zvakakomba, uye zvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvakaiswa pakuyedzwa kwesimba zvaiwanzokuvadzwa kana mutoro wacho wakaderera pane zvaitarisirwa. Saka zvinyorwa zvaida kuvandudzwa kwakawanda.

Somugumisiro, vanenge 20 zviuru. kudhirowa kwezvinyorwa zvitsva, zvakagadziridzwa hazvina kuendeswa kuPlant No. 320 kusvika May 1960. Maererano nemifananidzo mitsva, kuvakwa kweprototypes kwakatangwa zvakare.

Panguva iyoyo (1958-1962), mushandirapamwe wezvehupfumi pasi pesirogani "Great Leap Forward" yaive ichiitwa muPRC, iyo yakapa kukurumidza kushandurwa kweChina kubva kune yakadzokera kumashure nyika yekurima kuita nyika yemaindasitiri simba. Kutaura idi, yakaguma nenzara nokuparara kwoupfumi.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, muna August 1961, zvakasarudzwa kuvhara chirongwa chekurwisa ndege yeDong Feng 106. Kunyange kugadzirwa kwegumi nemapfumbamwe ane rezinesi kwaifanira kumiswa! (Kuzorora kwakatora makore maviri). Nekudaro, manejimendi echirimwa nhamba 320 haana kukanda mapfumo pasi. Kune chirimwa, yaive mukana wemazuva ano, kuti ubatanidzwe mukugadzirwa kweanovimbisa ndege dzehondo. Feng Anguo, mutungamiriri weFactory No. 320, uye mutevedzeri wake uye mukuru wekugadzira ndege, Lu Xiaopeng, vakapikisa zvakasimba. Vakanyora tsamba kuCentral Committee yeCommunist Party yeChina, iyo yakavabvumira kushanda vakazvimirira, kunze kwemaawa ekushanda.

Zvechokwadi, boka rekugadzira rakaderedzwa, kubva kune vanenge 300 vanhu gumi nemana chete vakasara, vaingova vashandi vechirimwa Nhamba 320 muHongdu. Pakati pavo paive nevagadziri vatanhatu, vaviri vanogadzira dhizaini, vashandi vana, mutumwa uye mukuru wezvehungwaru. Nguva yebasa rakasimba "kunze kwemaawa ehofisi" yakatanga. Uye chete pakupera kwa1962 chirimwa ichi chakashanyirwa neMutevedzeri weGurukota rechitatu Ministry of Mechanical Engineering (rinotarisira indasitiri yeaviation), General Xue Shaoqing, zvakasarudzwa kuti zvitangezve chirongwa. Izvi zvakaitika nekuda kwekutsigirwa kwehutungamiriri hweAir Force yePeople's Liberation Army yeChina, kunyanya Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weChinese Air Force, General Cao Lihuai. Pakupedzisira, zvaive zvichibvira kutanga kuvaka sampuli ye static bvunzo.

Somugumisiro wekuedza muenzaniso wendege mumhepo yepamusoro-soro, zvaive zvichikwanisika kunatsiridza mapapiro ekugadzirisa, umo warp yakaderedzwa kubva ku55 ° kusvika ku52 ° 30 '. Nokudaro, zvaive zvichikwanisika kuvandudza maitiro e ndege, iyo, ine mhepo-ku-pasi kurwisana mutoro pamitsipa yemukati nekunze, yakanga ine uremu hwakanyanya uye yakanga yakakura zvikuru aerodynamic drag mukubhururuka. Bapiro rebapiro uye nzvimbo yekutakura yakawedzerawo zvishoma.

Mapapiro eQ-5 (mushure mezvose, zita iri rakapihwa Don Feng 106 kurwisa ndege muChinese mauto endege; kugadziridzwa patsva kwendege kwese kwakaitwa muna Gumiguru 1964) yaive 9,68 m, zvichienzaniswa nenguva yeJ. -6 - 9,0 m. nenzvimbo yekutarisa, yaive (zvichienderana): 27,95 m2 uye 25,0 m2. Izvi zvakavandudza kugadzikana uye kudzoreka kweQ-5, iyo yaive yakakosha panguva yekufambisa kwakadzika pakadzika uye yakaderera kumhanya (yakajairika pasi kurwisa mamiriro endege pamusoro penhandare yehondo).