Kushomeka kwepasi rose semiconductor kwakatsanangura: izvo kushomeka kwemotokari chip kunoreva kumota yako itsva inotevera, kusanganisira kunonoka kutumira uye nguva refu yekumirira.

Hyundai ndeimwe yemhando dzakawanda dzakatarisana nekushomeka kwepasirese semiconductor.

Nyika yachinja zvakanyanya mumwedzi gumi nemisere yadarika uye denda repasi rose rakanganisa hupenyu hwese, kusanganisira mota dzatinotyaira.

Kubva mazuva ekutanga denda muna 2020, apo vanogadzira mota pasirese pavakatanga kuvhara mafekitori kuti vaedze kutakura kupararira kwehutachiona, hurongwa hwemaketani hwakatanga izvo zvakonzera kushomeka kwemari muzvitoro zvemotokari, makambani emotokari ave kufunga pachena. kuderedza kuwanda kwehunyanzvi hwavaipa mumotokari. 

Saka takasvika sei pano? Izvi zvinorevei kune vanoda kutenga motokari? Uye chii chinogadzirisa?

Chii chinonzi semiconductors?

Maererano nemashoko Britannica.com, semiconductor ndeye "chero yekirasi yecrystalline solids pakati pemagetsi conductivity pakati pe conductor uye insulator".

Kazhinji, unogona kufunga semiconductor semicrochip, chidimbu chidiki chetekinoroji chinobatsira mazhinji epasirese anhasi kushanda.

Semiconductors anoshandiswa mune zvese kubva kumota nemakomputa kusvika kumafoni uye kunyange zvinhu zvemumba sematerevhizheni.

Nei dhefisiti?

Iyi inyaya yekare yekugovera uye kudiwa. Nedenda ririkumanikidza vanhu pasirese kuti vashande kubva kumba, tisingarevi vana vanodzidza pamhepo, kudiwa kwezvinhu zvetekinoroji zvakaita semalaptop, mamonitor, mawebhusaiti nemakrofoni zvakwira.

Nekudaro, vagadziri vesemiconductor vakafungidzira kuti kudiwa kwaizodzikira sezvo mamwe maindasitiri (kusanganisira emotokari) akadzikira nekuda kwezvirambidzo zvine chekuita nedenda.

Mazhinji semiconductors anogadzirwa muTaiwan, South Korea, neChina, uye nyika idzi dzakarohwa zvakanyanya neCCIDID-19 semumwe munhu wese uye dzakatora nguva kupora.

Panguva iyo zvidyarwa izvi zvave kushanda zvizere, pakanga paine mukaha wakakura pakati pekudiwa kwemasemiconductors uye kuwanikwa kunowanikwa kune vakawanda vanogadzira.

Semiconductor Industry Association yakati kudiwa kwezvigadzirwa zvayo kwakawedzera ne6.5% muna 2020 pakati pekuvharika kwakasiyana pasirese.

Iyo nguva inotora kugadzira machipisi - mamwe acho anogona kutora mwedzi kubva pakutanga kusvika pakupedzisira - akasanganiswa nenguva refu yekukwira-up zvakaisa maindasitiri ekugadzira kutenderera pasirese munzvimbo yakaoma.

Chii chinonzi semiconductors chine chekuita nemotokari?

Dambudziko reindasitiri yemotokari rakaomarara. Chekutanga, mhando zhinji dzakatanga kucheka maodha esemiconductor kutanga kwedenda, vachitarisira kutengesa kwakaderera. Kusiyana neizvi, kutengeswa kwemotokari kwakaramba kwakasimba sezvo vanhu vaida kunzvenga zvifambiso zvevoruzhinji kana kushandisa mari pamotokari nyowani pane kutora zororo.

Nepo kushomeka kwechip kwakanganisa maindasitiri ese, kuomerwa kweindasitiri yemotokari nderekuti mota hadzisi kuvimba nemhando imwe chete yesemiconductor, dzinoda zvese zvemazuva ano zvezvinhu zvakaita se infotainment uye iyo isinganyanyi kufambira mberi kune zvikamu. semahwindo emagetsi.

Zvisinei neizvi, vagadziri vemotokari vari vatengi vadiki kana vachienzaniswa nehofori dzetekinoroji seApple neSamsung, saka ivo havapihwe pekutanga, zvichikonzera mamwe matambudziko.

Mamiriro acho haana kubatsirwa nemoto pane imwe yevagadziri vakuru veJapan chip munaKurume gore rino. Nekuda kwekukuvadzwa kwefekitari, kugadzira kwakavharwa kweinenge mwedzi, zvichiwedzera kuderedza kutumirwa kwenyika.

Izvi zvakakanganisa sei indasitiri yemotokari?

Kushomeka kwe semiconductor kwakanganisa munhu wese anogadzira mota, kunyangwe zvakaoma kuonesa kuti yakaipa sei sezvo dambudziko ririkuenderera mberi. Chatinoziva ndechekuti izvi zvakanganisa kugona kwemhando zhinji kugadzira mota uye zvicharamba zvichikonzera zvirambidzo zvenguva iri kuuya.

Kunyangwe ivo vagadziri vakuru havadzivirirwe: Volkswagen Boka, Ford, General Motors, Hyundai Motor Group uye Stellantis vanomanikidzwa kunonoka kugadzira pasirese.

Mukuru weVolkswagen, Herbert Diess, akati boka ravo harina kukwanisa kuvaka mota dzinosvika zviuru zana nekuda kwekushomeka kwemasemiconductors.

Kutanga kwegore rino, General Motors yakamanikidzwa kuvhara mafekitori kuAmerica, Canada neMexico, mamwe acho asati adzokera kumabasa. Pane imwe nguva, hofori yeAmerica yakafanotaura kuti dambudziko iri raizomutorera US$2 bhiriyoni.

Zvizhinji zvemhando dzakasarudza kutarisa pane izvo semiconductors zvavanogona kuwana mumhando dzinobhadhara zvakanyanya; semuenzaniso, GM iri kukoshesa kugadzirwa kwemarori ayo uye maSUV makuru pamusoro pemhando dzisina mari shoma uye zvigadzirwa zve niche seChevrolet Camaro, iyo yanga isiri kugadzirwa kubva muna Chivabvu uye haina kufanirwa kutangazve kusvika pakupera kwaNyamavhuvhu.

Mamwe mabhureki, achinetsekana nekushomeka kwechip gore rese, ave kufunga kutora matanho akasimba. Jaguar Land Rover nguva pfupi yadarika yakabvuma kuti iri kufunga kubvisa zvimwe zvimedu zvemichina kubva mumamodheru kuitira kuti ivake imwe mota.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti vatengi vanogona kusarudza kuti vanoda here kutora mota yavo nyowani nekukasira pane yakatarwa, kana kuve nemoyo murefu uye kumirira kusvika kushomeka kwechip kwapera kuti hardware yese ibatidzwe.

Imwe mhedzisiro yekuderera kwekugadzirwa uku ishoma kupa uye kunonoka kuburitsa. MuAustralia, mamiriro ezvinhu akawedzera nehusimbe hafu yekutanga ya2020 nekuda kwekuderera kwehupfumi, uye denda rinongowedzera kushomeka.

Kunyangwe paine zviratidzo zvekupora muAustralia sekutengesa kunodzokera kune pre-denda mazinga, mitengo yemotokari inoramba iri pamusoro peavhareji sezvo vatengesi vakaganhurirwa mune hesera yavanogona kupa.

Zvichapera rinhi?

Zvinoenderana nezvaunoteerera: vamwe vanofanotaura kuti takasangana nekushomeka kukuru, vamwe vachiyambira kuti inogona kuenderera kusvika 2022.

Mukuru wekutenga weVolkswagen, Murat Axel, akaudza Reuters munaJune kuti akafanotaura kuti nguva yakaipisisa yaizopera mukupera kwaChikunguru.

Mukupesana, panguva yekunyora, dzimwe nyanzvi dzeindasitiri dzinotaura kuti kushomeka kwekushandisa kunogona kuwedzera muhafu yechipiri ya2021 uye kukonzeresa kunonoka kugadzira kwevagadziri. 

Mukuru weStellantis, Carlos Tavares, akaudza vatori venhau svondo rino kuti haatarisire kuti zvinhu zvinotakurwa zvichadzokera kune denda risati rasvika 2022.

Iwe unogona sei kuwedzera kugovera uye kudzivirira izvi kuti zvirege kuitika zvakare?

Ndinoziva kuti iyi iwebhusaiti yemotokari, asi chokwadi ndechekuti kushomeka kwesemiconductor inyaya yakaoma yezvematongerwo enyika inoda kuti hurumende nebhizinesi vashande pamwe pamatunhu akakwirira kuti vawane mhinduro.

Dambudziko rakaratidza kuti semiconductor kugadzira yakatarisana muAsia - sezvambotaurwa, mazhinji emachipi aya anogadzirwa muTaiwan, China neSouth Korea. Izvi zvinoita kuti hupenyu huome kune veEuropean neAmerica automaker, sezvo zvichidzikamisa kugona kwavo kuwedzera kuwanikwa muindasitiri inokwikwidza yepasirese. 

Somugumisiro, vatungamiriri venyika vakasvetukira muiri chinetso chesemiconductor ndokuvimbisa kubatsira kuwana mhinduro.

Mutungamiri weUS, VaJoe Biden, vakati nyika yavo inofanira kumira kuvimba nedzimwe nyika uye inofanira kuchengetedza cheni yayo mune ramangwana. Chaizvoizvo zvinorehwa neizvi zvakaoma kuverengera, nekuti kukwidza kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi zvakaita semiconductors harisi bhizinesi repakarepo.

Muna Kukadzi, Mutungamiri Biden akaraira ongororo yemazuva-zana yemaketani epasi rose kuyedza kutsvaga mhinduro pakushomeka kwesemiconductor.

Muna Kubvumbi, akasangana nevatungamiriri veindasitiri vanopfuura makumi maviri kuti vakurukure nezve hurongwa hwake hwekudyara US$20 bhiriyoni mukugadzira semiconductor, kusanganisira Mary Barry weGM, Jim Farley naTavares veFord, uye Sundar Photosi weAlphabet (kambani yevabereki veGoogle). ) uye vamiririri vanobva kuTaiwan Semiconductor Company uye Samsung.

Mutungamiri weUnited States haasi oga mune zvinomunetsa. Muna Chivabvu, Chancellor weGerman Angela Merkel akaudza musangano wekuvandudza kuti Europe ichaisa mungozi maindasitiri ayo akakosha kana ikatadza kuchengetedza cheni yayo.

"Kana bloc hombe seEU isingakwanise kugadzira machipisi, handifare nazvo," Chancellor Merkel akadaro. "Zvakaipa kana uri nyika yemotokari uye usingakwanise kugadzira zvinhu zvakakosha."

China inonzi yakatarisana nekugadzira anosvika makumi manomwe muzana emamicrochip anodiwa kumaindasitiri ayo anogadzirwa mukati memakore mashanu anotevera kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti ine zvainoda.

Asi kwete chete kuti hurumende dziri kutora matanho, vagadziri vemotokari vakati wandei vari kutungamira mukuedza kwavo kuchengetedza. Mwedzi wapera, Reuters yakashuma kuti Hyundai Motor Group yakakurukura neSouth Korean chipmakers mhinduro yenguva refu iyo yaizodzivirira dambudziko kuti rirege kudzoka.