Main hondo tank T-72
Main hondo tank T-72Kugadziriswa kuT-72 hombe yehondo tank:
Tangi T-72
MBT T-72 yakagadzirwa neUralvagonzavod muNizhny Tagil. Kugadzirwa kweseri kwetangi kwakarongeka pane chirimwa muNizhny Tagil. Kubva 1979 kusvika 1985 tangi T-72A yakanga kugadzirwa. Pahwaro hwayo, shanduro ekisipoti yeT-72M yakabudiswa, uyezve imwe shanduko - tangi T-72M1. Kubva 1985, tangi yeT-72B uye vhezheni yayo yekutengesa T-72S yave iri mukugadzirwa. Matangi eiyo T-72 akatevedzana akatumirwa kune yaimbova Warsaw Pact, pamwe neIndia, Yugoslavia, Iraq, Syria, Libya, Kuwait, Algeria neFinland. Pahwaro hwetangi reT-72, iyo BREM-1, iyo MTU-72 tank bhiriji layer, uye IMR-2 engineering barrier mota yakagadziridzwa uye yakaiswa mukugadzirwa kwakawanda. Nhoroondo yekusikwa kwetangi reT-72Kutanga kwemaitiro ekugadzira tangi yeT-72 kwakaiswa nechisungo cheDare reMakurukota reUSSR yaNyamavhuvhu 15, 1967 "Pakushongedza mauto eSoviet nematangi matsva e-T-64 epakati nekuvandudza masimba ekugadzira" , maererano nezvakarongwa kuronga kugadzirwa kweT-64 matangi kwete chete paKharkov Plant of Transport Engineering yakatumidzwa zita reMalyshev (KhZTM), asiwo kune mamwe mabhizimisi muindastiri, kusanganisira Uralvagonzavod (UVZ), uko iyo T-62 yepakati tangi yakagadzirwa panguva iyoyo. Kugamuchirwa kwechisarudzo ichi kwakatsanangurwa zvine musoro nekuvandudzwa kweSoviet tank kuvaka munguva ye1950-1960s. Makanga muri mumakore iwayo apo hutungamiri hwepamusoro hwemauto-tekinoroji hwenyika D.F. Ustinov, L. V. Smirnov, S.A. Zverev uye P.P. Poluboyarov (marshal of the armored forces, kubva muna 1954 kusvika muna 1969 - mukuru wemauto eSoviet Army) akaita bheti isingagadziriswi paT-64 tank, yakagadzirwa muna KB-60 (kubvira 1966 - Kharkov Design Bureau yeMechanical Engineering. - KMDB) pasi pehutungamiriri hwaA. A. Morozov. Tangi T-72 "Ural"
T-72 yakagamuchirwa neSoviet Army musi waAugust 7, 1973. Pfungwa yekuti A. A. Morozov, aifanira kuwedzera mwero weiyo huru yehunyanzvi uye tekinoroji maitiro etangi pasina kuwedzera huwandu hwayo. A prototype tangi, yakagadzirwa muchimiro chepfungwa iyi - "chinhu 20" - yakaonekwa muna 430. Pamuchina uyu, mhinduro nyowani dzehunyanzvi dzakaiswa, pakati pazvo, kutanga kune zvese, zvinofanirwa kusanganisira kuiswa kweaviri-stroke H-yakaita H-yakaita injini 1957TD uye kushandiswa kwemaviri madiki-mashanu-anomhanya magiya mabhokisi. Aya magadzirirwo ehunyanzvi akaita kuti zvikwanisike kudzikisa zvakanyanya huwandu hweMTO uye huwandu hwese hwakachengetwa hwetangi kune hudiki husina kumboitika - 5 uye 2,6 m.3 zvichiteerana. Kuti uchengetedze mauto ekurwa kwetangi mukati mematani makumi matatu nematanhatu, matanho akatorwa ekurerutsa chassis: mavhiri emugwagwa madiki-diameter ane mukati mekuvhundutsa absorption uye aluminium alloy discs uye mapfupi torsion mabara akaunzwa. Kuchengetedzwa kwehuremu kwakawanikwa kuburikidza nehunyanzvi uhu kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kusimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwezvombo zvehull uye turret. Kubva pakutanga kwekuedzwa kwe "chinhu 430", kusavimbika kwejini ye5TD kwakaratidzwa. Kunyanya kupisa kwekupisa kweboka re-cylinder-piston rakabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwayo, kusanganiswa nekuwedzera kupikisa panzvimbo yekubuda, zvakakonzera kukanganisa nguva dzose mukushanda kwakajairika kwepistoni uye kukundikana kwekubuda kwemhepo. Mukuwedzera, zvakazoitika kuti pane zvakanyanya kuitika tembiricha yemhepo (+25 ° C uye pasi), injini yaisagona kutangwa pasina preheating neinopisa. Kukanganisa kwakawanda kwedhizaini kwakaratidzwa zvakare mune yakareruka undercarriage yetangi. Uye zvakare, kunyangwe padanho rekugadzira, "chinhu 430" chakatanga kusarira kumashure kweazvino mhando dzekunze maererano nemaitiro ayo ekuita. Pakazosvika 1960, mari yakawanda yakanga yatoshandiswa pamabasa aya, uye kubviswa kwavo kwaizoreva kucherechedzwa kwekukanganisa kwezvisarudzo zvese zvakapfuura. Panguva ino, A. A. Morozov akapa hunyanzvi hwekugadzira tangi "chinhu 432". Kuenzaniswa ne "chinhu 430", chaisanganisira zvitsva zvitsva, kusanganisira: pfuti ye 115-mm yakatsetseka ine imwe cartridge case; pfuti kurodha michina, iyo yakabvumira kuderedza nhamba yevashandi kune vanhu vatatu; nhumbi dzakasanganiswa dzehull uye turret, pamwe ne-anti-cumulative side skrini; yakawedzera kusvika ku3 hp maviri-stroke dhiziri 700TDF uye zvimwe zvakawanda. Tangi T-64
Tangi yakapinda sevhisi muna 1969 seT-64A yepakati tangi. Pakutanga kwa1962, chassis yekuedza ye "chinhu 432" yakagadzirwa. Mushure mekuiswa kweshongwe yehunyanzvi, miedzo yegungwa yakatanga. Yekutanga tangi yakakwana yakagadzirira munaSeptember 1962, yechipiri - musi waOctober 10. Nechekare muna Gumiguru 22, mumwe wavo akaunzwa panzvimbo yekudzidzira Kubinka kuhutungamiriri hwepamusoro hwenyika. Panguva imwe cheteyo, N.S. Khrushchev yakagamuchira vimbiso pamusoro pekutanga kwekutanga kwekugadzirwa kwematangi matsva, sezvo yakakurumidza kuva isina maturo. Muna 1962-1963, prototypes matanhatu "chinhu 432" tangi yakagadzirwa. Muna 1964 mutyairi batch matangi akagadzirwa muhuwandu 90 mayuniti. Muna 1965, dzimwe motokari 160 dzakabva pauriri hwefekitari.
Tangi T-64 yakabudiswa kwenguva pfupi - kusvika 1969 - muna 1963, basa rakatanga patangi "chinhu 434". Yakaitwa yakada kufanana nekugadzirisa zvakanaka kwe "chinhu 432": muna 1964 chirongwa chekugadzira chakapedzwa, muna 1966-1967 prototypes dzakagadzirwa, uye muna May 1968, tangi yeT-64A, yakashonga 125. -mm D-81 cannon, yakaiswa mubasa. Sarudzo yeKanzuru yeMakurukota eUSSR yaNyamavhuvhu 15, 1967 yakataurawo nezvekuburitswa kwe "reserve" shanduro yetangi reT-64. Zvaidiwa nekuda kwekushayikwa kwekukwanisa kugadzirwa kwe5TDF injini muKharkov, iyo yaisakwanisa kupa huwandu hwekugadzirwa kweT-64 matangi kune dzimwe zvirimwa munguva yerunyararo uye munguva yehondo. Kusagadzikana kweKharkiv vhezheni yesimba remagetsi kubva pakuona kwekuunganidza kwakange kuri pachena kwete kune vanopikisa chete, asiwo kune vatsigiri, kusanganisira A.A. Morozov pachake. Zvikasadaro, hazvigoneke kutsanangura chokwadi chekuti dhizaini ye "reserve" vhezheni yakaitwa naA.A. Morozov kubvira 1961. Muchina uyu, uyo wakagamuchira zita rekuti "chinhu 436", uye mushure mekunatsiridzwa - "chinhu 439", chakagadzirwa zvine husimbe. Zvakangodaro, muna 1969, mana prototypes e "chinhu 439" tangi akagadzirwa uye akaedzwa neMTO itsva uye V-45 injini, yakagadziridzwa vhezheni yeV-2 mhuri dhiziri. Tangi T-64A (chinhu 434)
Medium tank T-64A (chinhu 434) muenzaniso 1969 Pakazosvika makore ekuma1970, kusava nechokwadi kwakakomba kwakanga kwaungana muBazi reDziviriro pamusoro pekuti zvaive zvakakodzera kugadzira matangi eT-64 ane injini ye5TDF zvachose. Nechekare muna 1964 injini iyi yakanyatsoshanda maawa 300 pachigadziko, asi pasi pemamiriro ekushanda patangi, hupenyu hwebasa rejini hahuna kudarika maawa 100! Muna 1966, mushure mebvunzo dzepakati pemadhipatimendi, chitubu chechokwadi chemaawa mazana maviri chakatangwa, pakazosvika 200 chakawedzera kusvika kumaawa mazana matatu. Muna 1970, injini yeV-300 paT-1945-2 tank yakashanda zvakafanana, uye kazhinji kazhinji! Asi kunyange maawa mazana matatu aya injini ye34TDF haina kukwanisa kumira. Munguva kubva muna 85 kusvika muna 300, 5 injini dzakanga dzisina kurongeka mumauto. Mukupera kwe1966, panguva yekuedzwa muBelarusian Military District, injini dzematangi gumi dzakaputsika mumaawa mashomanana ekushanda: tsono dzeKisimusi dzakavhara madutu ekuchenesa mhepo, uye ipapo guruva rakaputira zvindori zvepiston. Muzhizha regore rinotevera, miedzo mitsva yaifanira kuitwa muCentral Asia uye itsva yekuchenesa mweya system yakaunzwa. Grechko muna 1969, vasati vawedzera bvunzo dzemauto gumi neshanu T-879 matangi, akaudza Kharkovites:
“Sezvinei, pane imwe nzvimbo yekudzidzira zvombo, ndakafunga kutarisa tangi iri. Akakwira mukamuri yekurwira. Ini handina kufarira kurodha otomatiki uye kuturika kwepfuti mu turret. Pfuti dzakanga dzakati twasa pabendekete reshongwe uye dzaiganhurira zvikuru kuwana mutyairi. Kana akakuvara kana kurohwa, zvingave zvakaoma kumuburitsa mutangi. Ndakagara pachigaro chemutyairi, ndainzwa sokuti ndakanga ndiri mumusungo: pakanga pane simbi kumativi ose, kukwanisa kutaurirana nevamwe vashandi kwakanga kwakaoma zvikuru. Ndichisvika kumba, ndakaraira madhizaini emadhizaini eKovalev neBystritsky kugadzira otomatiki yekurodha yetangi reT-62. Makomuredhi akafarira basa racho. Iko mukana wekuisa mapfuti mumitsara miviri, pasi pepasi rinotenderera, wakawanikwa, izvo zvakavandudza kupinda kune mutyairi uye zvakawedzera kupona kwetangi panguva yekuputira. Pakupera kwa1965, takanga tapedza kugadzirwa kwemuchina uyu, asi hazvina musoro kuusuma, sezvo panguva iyoyo Central Committee yeCPSU neKanzuru yeMakurukota eUSSR yakanga yapa chisungo chekuisa chibvumirano. Kharkov tank mukugadzirwa nesu ... Sezvo vaKharkovites vaisakwanisa kuunza tangi yavo kune serial kugadzirwa mamiriro, takasarudza nekukurumidza sezvinobvira kuisa 125-mm pfuti ine otomatiki loader yakagadzirirwa isu pfuti 115-mm mukati. iyo T-62 tank. Panyaya yezvimiro zvekunze, pfuti dzose dzakanga dzakafanana. Kazhinji, taironga mabasa edu ese kuti aenderane nemamwe mazera. Iri basa rakatsaurirwa kumakore makumi mashanu ekuyeukwa kweOctober Revolution. Nenguva isipi, imwe prototype yeT-50 tank ine 62-mm pfuti yakagadzirwa. Ane ruzivo tangi "chinhu 167" 1961
Chassis yemotokari iyi yakashanda senheyo yekusikwa kwepasi petangi yeT-72. Pamwe chete neiyo injini dhizaini Bureau yeChelyabinsk Tractor Plant, inotungamirwa naI.Ya. Trashutin, mukana wekumanikidza injini yemhuri yeV-2 kune simba re780 hp yakadzidzwa. nekuda kwekuwedzera. Pane imwe yeprototypes ("chinhu 167"), yakasimbiswa matanhatu-roller undercarriage yakaiswa uye yakaedzwa. Basa re "chinhu 167" mune ramangwana re "makumi manomwe nemaviri" inokosha zvikuru. Izvi zvinotevera zvakaiswa patangi iyi: 700-horsepower V-26 injini yedhiziri ine yakasimbiswa kutapurirana, itsva undercarriage (6 tsigiro uye 3 tsigiro rollers pabhodhi) nekuwedzera kutsetseka, jenareta nyowani, hydro-servo control system ye transmission units uye anti-radiation lining. Sezvo kuiswa kwezvinhu zvitsva izvi kwakawedzera kuwanda kwemotokari, kuitira kuti ichengetedze mukati memiganhu inosvika 36,5 matani, kudzivirira kwezvombo kwaifanira kuderedzwa. Ukobvu hwepazasi frontal hull plate yakaderedzwa kubva pa100 kusvika 80 mm, mativi - kubva 80 kusvika 70 mm, sterin plate - kubva 45 kusvika 30 mm. Matangi maviri okutanga "chinhu 167" akaitwa mumatsutso a1961. Vakabudirira kupasa yekutanga fekitori yakazara uyezve bvunzo dzemunda muKubinka. Tangi yakakurudzirwa kutorwa, asi Mutevedzeri weGurukota reDziviriro Marshal V.I. Chuikov uye Mutevedzeri wasachigaro weDare reHurumende reDefence Technology S.N. Makhonin akamupa chiyero chisingafadzi. Kunyanya, kurasikirwa kwechidimbu kwekushandurwa neT-55 uye T-62 matangi kwakaonekwa sechinhu chikuru chekudzoka. MuNizhny Tagil Design Bureau, kunyadziswa uku kwakatorwa zvakanyanya uye vakaedza kugadzira mota nekuenderera mberi kwechasisi. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo "chinhu 166M" chakaonekwa. Muchina uyu wakasiyana neserial T-62 kunyanya pakugadzikwa kweinjini yeV-36F ine HP 640 simba. uye kumiswa kwakavandudzwa. Iyo undercarriage yaisanganisira shanu rutsigiro uye matatu ekutsigira rollers mubhodhi. Iwo ma track rollers akafanana neaya aishandiswa pa "chinhu 167". Pasinei nokuti kukurumidza kwekufamba kwakawedzera kuenzaniswa neT-62, miedzo yakaratidza kusakosha kweiyi vhezheni yechasi. Kubatsira kweiyo matanhatu-roller dhizaini yakave pachena. Hapana "chinhu 167" kana "chinhu 166M" chaive chakakwira kusvika padanho re "chinhu 434" uye chaisagona kutorwa senzira yakazara kune tangi yeKharkov. Chete "chinhu 167M" kana T-62B yakava imwe nzira yakadaro. Chirongwa chetangi iyi chakatariswa neSainzi neTechnical Council yeHurumende Committee yeKurwisa Hondo muna Kukadzi 26, 1964. Iyo mota nyowani, yakaziviswa naL.N. Kartsev semazuva ano e-serial tank, yakasiyana zvikuru kubva kuT-62. Yakanga iine hull uye turret neyakasanganiswa yekudzivirira yezvombo yekumberi fungidziro, "chinhu 167" undercariage, 125-mm D-81 smoothbore pfuti ine "Rain" stabilizer, carousel-type automatic loader, uye B- 2 injini ine simba re780 hp. ine supercharger, ma radiator akavandudzwa, mafirita emhepo, mafuta emafuta neoiri masisitimu, pamwe nekusimbiswa kwemayuniti ekufambisa. Zvisinei, musangano wacho wakaramba chirongwa chetangi idzva. Kunyange zvakadaro, pakupera kwa1967, nhamba yezvikamu zvetangi rehondo yakaedzwa uye yakaedzwa kuUralvagonzavod. Pane imwe serial T-62 matangi, otomatiki loader (dingindira "Acorn") akaiswa uye akaedzwa, pamwe chete nepfuti 125 mm. Muchina uyu wakagamuchira zita remu-chirimwa T-62Zh. Muenzaniso wekutanga wetangi "chinhu 172" chakaitwa muzhizha ra1968, yechipiri - munaSeptember. Ivo vakasiyana neT-64A tangi mune yakanyatso kurongeka yekurwa, sezvo electro-hydro-mechanical loading mechanism yeT-64 tank yakatsiviwa ne electromechanical automatic loader ine pallet ejection mechanism, uye kuiswa kweChelyabinsk V. -45K injini. Zvose zvimwe zvikamu uye magungano zvakatamiswa kubva kuKharkov tank, kana kuti zvakaramba zviripo, sezvo yekutanga "172 zvinhu" zvakashandurwa "makumi matanhatu nemana". Pakupera kwegore, matangi ese ari maviri akapasa kutenderera kwakazara kwemafekitari bvunzo uye kumhanya-mukati panzvimbo yekudzidzira yedunhu remauto reTurkestan. Maitiro emagetsi ematangi aive akanyanya kukwirira: avhareji yekumhanya mumugwagwa mukuru yaive 43,4-48,7 km / h, iyo yakakwira yakasvika 65 km / h. Tangi ine ruzivo
Ane ruzivo tangi "chinhu 172" 1968 Kushanda matangi "chinhu 172" (chikamu chezvikamu makumi maviri chakagadzirwa) chakaenderera mberi kusvika pakutanga kwaFebruary 20. Panguva ino, zvikamu uye magungano akagadzirwa muNizhny Tagil akanga aunzwa kune yakakwirira yekuvimbika. Iwo maotomatiki anorodha akatadza kumwe kutenderera kwe1971, ndiko kuti, kuvimbika kwavo kunoenderana neavhareji kupona kwepfuti ye448-mm D-125T (81 rounds ine caliber projectile uye 600 ine sub-caliber projectile). Dambudziko rega re "chinhu 150" kwaive kusavimbika kwechasi "nekuda kwekutadza kurongeka kwema hydraulic shock absorbers, mavhiri emumugwagwa, mapini nema track, torsion bars uye idlers." Zvino muUVZ dhizaini Bureau, iyo kubva Nyamavhuvhu 1969 yaitungamirwa naV.N. Venediktov, yakasarudzwa kushandisa pa "chinhu 172" chassis kubva ku "chinhu 167" nemavhiri emugwagwa akafukidzwa nerabha akawedzera dhayamita uye matani ane simba ane hinge yakazaruka yesimbi, yakafanana nemitambo yeT-62 tank. . Kuvandudza tangi yakadaro yakaitwa pasi pezita rokuti "chinhu 172M". Injini, yakawedzera kusvika 780 hp, yakagamuchira B-46 index. A maviri-nhanho cassette air cleaning system yakaunzwa, yakafanana neyakashandiswa paT-62 tank. Huremu hwe "chinhu 172M" chakawedzera kusvika matani 41. Asi maitiro ane simba anoramba ari pamwero wakafanana nekuda kwekuwedzera kweinjini simba ne 80 hp, tangi yemafuta inosvika 100 litres uye hupamhi hwekutevedza ne 40 mm. Kubva paT-64A tangi, chete yakanyatso kuratidzwa zvimiro zvehall yakashongedzwa neyakasanganiswa uye yakasiyaniswa zvombo uye kutapurirana zvakachengetwa. Kubva muna Mbudzi 1970 kusvika Kubvumbi 1971, "chinhu 172M" matangi akapfuura nekutenderera kwakazara kwemafekitari bvunzo uyezve muna Chivabvu 6, 1971 akaunzwa kuMakurukota eDziviriro A.A. Grechko uye indasitiri yekudzivirira S.A. Zverev. Pakuvamba kwezhizha, boka rekutanga remotokari gumi neshanu rakagadzirwa, iro, pamwe chete neT-15A uye T-64 matangi, rakapfuura nemwedzi yakawanda yekuedzwa muna 80. Mushure mekupera kwekuedzwa, "Chirevo pamusoro pemigumisiro yekuedzwa kwemauto e1972 15M matangi akagadzirwa neUralvagonzavod muna 172" akaonekwa. "1. Matangi akapasa bvunzo, asi hupenyu hwenjanji hwe4500-5000 km hauna kukwana uye haupi inodiwa tangi mileage ye6500-7000 km pasina kutsiva makwara. 2. Tangi 172M (warranty nguva - 3000 km) uye V-46 injini - (350 m / h) yakashanda yakavimbika. Munguva yekumwe miedzo kusvika ku10000-11000 km, zvizhinji zvezvikamu uye magungano, kusanganisira injini yeV-46, yakashanda zvakavimbika, asi nhamba yezvikamu zvakakomba uye magungano zvakaratidza kusakwana kwezvinhu uye kuvimbika. 3. Tangi inokurudzirwa kuti igamuchirwe mubasa nekugadzirwa kwehuwandu, zvichienderana nekubviswa kwezvikanganiso zvakaonekwa uye kuongororwa kwekubudirira kwekubviswa kwavo kusati kwagadzirwa. Kukura uye nguva yekuvandudzwa uye ongororo inofanirwa kubvumirana pakati peBazi reDziviriro neIndasitiri yeDziviriro. " "Chinhu 172M"
Kuedza tangi "chinhu 172M" 1971 Nechisarudzo cheCentral Committee yeCPSU uye Council of Ministers yeUSSR yaAugust 7, 1973, "chinhu 172M" chakagamuchirwa neSoviet Army pasi pezita rokuti T-72 "Ural". Mutemo unoenderana weGurukota reZviviriro weUSSR wakabudiswa musi waAugust 13, 1973. Mugore rimwe chetero, boka rekutanga remichina makumi matatu rakagadzirwa. Kumashure - Pamberi >> |
• T-72 (1973) - muenzaniso wekutanga;
Asi ose aya akanga asiri serial matangi. Muna March 1963 uye May 1964, "chinhu 432" chakapiwa kuti bvunzo dzehurumende, asi haana kubudirira. Mukupera kwa1966 chete uko komisheni yenyika yakafunga kuti zvinokwanisika kuisa tangi basa pasi pezita reT-64, iro rakagadziriswa nechisungo cheCentral Committee yeCPSU uye Council of Ministers yeUSSR ye30 Zvita. , 1966. Ese mota mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu dzakagadzirwa muna 250-1964 dzakabviswa makore mana gare gare.
Sechikamu chekuvandudzwa kwemaserial matangi kuUVZ dhizaini Bureau pasi pehutungamiriri hwaL.N. Kartsev, prototype yetangi reT-62 ine 125-mm D-81 cannon uye itsva autoloader, iyo inonzi cabinless type, yakagadzirwa uye yakagadzirwa. L.H. Kartsev anotsanangura mabasa aya uye maonero ake ekuzivana neatomatiki loader yeT-64 tank.
