Kugadziriswa kwemakemikari emagetsi emagetsi

Mamiriro ezvinhu akajairika mumusha wega wega ndewekuti mabhatiri achangobva kutengwa haasisina kunaka. Kana kuti zvichida, kutarisira zvakatipoteredza, uye panguva imwe chete - nezvehupfumi hwechikwama chedu, takawana mabhatiri? Pashure penguva yakati, ivo vacharambawo kubatira pamwe. Saka mumarara? Kwete! Kuziva nezve kutyisidzira kunokonzerwa nemasero munzvimbo, isu tichatsvaga rally point.

Kuunganidza

Dambudziko ratiri kubata naro rakakura sei? Chirevo cha2011 naChief Environmental Inspector chakaratidza kuti kupfuura 400 mamiriyoni maseru nemabhatiri. Inenge nhamba imwe cheteyo yakazviuraya.

Mupunga. 1. Avhareji yekuumbwa kwezvinhu zvakasvibiswa (masero akashandiswa) kubva muunganidzwa wehurumende.

Saka tinofanira kuvandudza anenge 92 zviuru zvematani emarara ane ngozi ine heavy metals (mercury, cadmium, nickel, sirivheri, lead) uye nhamba yemakemikari emakemikari (potassium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, manganese dioxide, sulfuric acid) (Fig. 1). Apo patinozvirasa - mushure mokunge jira racho raora - rinosvibisa ivhu nemvura (Fig. 2). Ngatisaite "chipo" chakadaro kune zvakatipoteredza, uye naizvozvo kune isu pachedu. Pamari iyi, 34% yakaverengerwa nehunyanzvi processors. Naizvozvo, kuchine zvakawanda zvinoda kuitwa, uye haisi nyaradzo kuti haisi muPoland chete?

Mupunga. 2. Corroded cell coatings.

Hatisisina chikonzero chekusaenda masero anoshandiswa. Chese chinotengeswa chinotengesa mabhatiri uye chinotsiva chinodiwa kuti uzvigamuchire kubva kwatiri (pamwe nemagetsi ekare uye midziyo yemumba). Zvakare, zvitoro zvakawanda nezvikoro zvine midziyo yatinogona kuisa matanga. Saka ngatirege "kuramba" uye kwete kurasa mabhatiri akashandiswa uye accumulators mumarara. Nechido chidiki, tichawana nzvimbo yekuunganidza, uye zvisungo pachazvo zvinorema zvishoma zvekuti chinongedzo hachizotinetese.

Kugadziriswa

Sevamwe zvinogona kushandiswazve, shanduko inoshanda inonzwisisika mushure mekugadzirisa. Marara kubva kumaindasitiri emiti inowanzo fanana mumhando, asi tsvina kubva muunganidzwa weveruzhinji musanganiswa wemhando dzesero dziripo. Nokudaro, mubvunzo unokosha unova rusarura.

MuPoland kurongedza kunoitwa nemaoko, nepo dzimwe nyika dzeEurope dzatove nemitsara yekuronga yega yega. Ivo vanoshandisa sieves ane akakodzera mesh saizi (kubvumira kupatsanurwa kwemasero ehukuru hwakasiyana) uye x-ray (kuronga zvirimo). Iko kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvakasvibirira kubva kuunganidzwa muPoland zvakare kwakasiyana zvishoma.

Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, edu echinyakare acidic Leclanche masero akatonga. Ingori nguva pfupi yadarika iyo mukana weakawanda emazuva ano alkaline masero, ayo akakunda misika yekuMadokero makore mazhinji apfuura, akaonekwa. Chero zvazvingava, marudzi ose emasero anoraswa anodarika 90% yemabhatiri akaunganidzwa. Zvimwe zvacho mabhatiri mabhatani (mawachi ekusimbaradza (Fig. 3) kana macalculator), mabhatiri anochajiswa uye lithium mabhatiri emafoni nemalaptops. Chikonzero chechikamu chidiki chakadaro mutengo wepamusoro uye hupenyu hwesevhisi hurefu zvichienzaniswa nezvinhu zvinoraswa.

Mupunga. 3. Silver link inoshandiswa kusimbisa wrist wachi.

Processing

Mushure mekuparadzana, inguva yechinhu chakakosha processing stage - kudzorerwa kwezvinhu zvakasvibiswa. Pamhando imwe neimwe, zvigadzirwa zvakagamuchirwa zvichave zvakasiyana zvishoma. Zvisinei, maitiro ekugadzirisa akafanana.

mechanical processing inosanganisira mukuya marara muzvigayo. Zvikamu zvinokonzeresa zvinopatsanurwa uchishandisa magineti emagetsi (iron uye alloys ayo) uye akakosha masisitimu esefa (mamwe simbi, mapurasitiki zvinhu, bepa, nezvimwewo). Mafashamo iyo nzira ndeyokuti hapana chikonzero chekunyatsorongedza zvigadzirwa zvisati zvagadziriswa, kuremara - yakawanda yemarara isingashandisi inoda kuraswa mumarara.

Hydrometallurgical recycling ndiko kuparara kwemasero mumaasidhi kana mabhesi. Pachikamu chinotevera chekugadzirisa, mhinduro dzinoguma dzinocheneswa uye dzakaparadzaniswa, semuenzaniso, simbi yemunyu, kuwana zvinhu zvakachena. Big mukana iyo nzira inoratidzirwa nekuderera kwesimba rekushandisa uye shoma shoma yemarara inoda kuraswa. Kukanganisa Iyi nzira yekudzokorodza inoda kunyatsorongedzwa kwemabhatiri kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwezvakagadzirwa.

Thermal processing inosanganisira kupisa masero muhovhoni yedhizaini yakakodzera. Nekuda kweizvozvo, maokisi avo anonyungudutswa uye anowanikwa (raw materials yesimbi mills). Mafashamo nzira inosanganisira mukana wekushandisa mabhatiri asina kurongedzwa, kuremara uye - kushandiswa kwesimba uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza zvinopisa.

kunze recyclable Iwo maseru anochengeterwa mumarara mushure mekudzivirirwa kwekutanga kubva kune ingress yezvikamu zvavo munzvimbo. Zvisinei, iyi inongova hafu yechiyero, kumisa kudiwa kwekutarisana nemhando iyi yemarara uye kuparara kwezvinhu zvakawanda zvinokosha.

Isu tinokwanisa zvakare kudzoreredza zvimwe zvinovaka muviri mulabhu yedu yekumba. Izvi ndizvo zvikamu zvechinyakare Leclanche zvinhu - yakakwirira-kuchena zinc kubva kumakombe akatenderedza chinhu, uye graphite electrodes. Neimwe nzira, tinogona kuparadzanisa manganese dioxide kubva mumusanganiswa mukati memusanganiswa - kungoibika nemvura (kubvisa tsvina inonyungudika, kunyanya ammonium chloride) uye sefa. Iyo insoluble residue (yakasvibiswa neguruva remarasha) inokodzera maitiro mazhinji anosanganisira MnO.₂.

Asi hazvisi izvo chete zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kusimbisa midziyo yemumba zvinodzokororwa. Mabhatiri emotokari ekare anowanikwawo kubva kune zvigadzirwa. Mutobvu unotorwa kubva kwavari, unobva washandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemidziyo mitsva, uye makesi nekuzadza kwe electrolyte kunoraswa.

Hapana munhu anoda kuyeuchidzwa nezvekukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza kunogona kukonzerwa nechepfu inorema simbi uye sulfuric acid mhinduro. Kune yedu inokurumidza kusimukira yehunyanzvi budiriro, muenzaniso wemaseru nemabhatiri muenzaniso. Dambudziko riri kuwedzera harisi kugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa chacho, asi kuraswa kwayo mushure mekushandisa. Ndinovimba kuti vaverengi veiyo Young Technician magazini vachakurudzira vamwe kuti vadzokorore nemuenzaniso wavo.

Kuedza 1 - lithium bhatiri

lithium masero ivo vanoshandiswa mumakarukureta uye kuchengetedza simba kune BIOS yekombuta mamaboards (Fig. 4). Ngatisimbisei kuvapo kwesimbi lithium mavari.

Mupunga. 4. Lithium-manganese cell inoshandiswa kuchengetedza simba kuBIOS yekombiyuta motherboard.

Mushure mekuparadzanisa chinhu (semuenzaniso, iyo yakajairika mhando CR2032), isu tinogona kuona iwo magadzirirwo echimiro (Fig. 5): dema rakadzvanywa dhizaini remanganese dioxide MnO.₂, porous separator electrode yakamisikidzwa ne organic electrolyte solution, insulating ring yepurasitiki uye masimbi maviri anoumba imba.

Mupunga. 5. Zvikamu zve lithium-manganese cell: 1. Chikamu chezasi chemuviri chine simbi ye lithium (negative electrode). 2. Separator akaiswa pamuviri ane organic electrolyte mhinduro. 3. Yakatsikirirwa layer ye manganese dioxide (positive electrode). 4. Plastiki mhete (electrode insulator). 5. Imba yepamusoro (positive electrode terminal).

Iyo diki (iyo yakaipa electrode) yakafukidzwa neyakagadzika ye lithium, iyo inokurumidza kusviba mumhepo. Chinhu chinozivikanwa nechiedza chemoto. Kuti uite izvi, tora imwe simbi yakapfava pamagumo etambo yesimbi uye isa sampuli mumoto unopisa - iyo carmine color inoratidza kuvapo kwe lithium (Fig. 6). Isu tinorasa zvisaririra zvesimbi nekuzvinyungudutsa mumvura.

Mupunga. 6. Muenzaniso we lithium mumoto unopisa.

Isa electrode yesimbi ine mutsara we lithium mubheki uye udururire masendimita mashoma³ mvura. Kuita zvechisimba kunoitika mumudziyo, ichiperekedzwa nekuburitswa kwehydrogen gasi:

Lithium hydroxide hwaro hwakasimba uye tinogona kuiyedza zviri nyore nebepa rechiratidzo.

Chiitiko chechipiri - alkaline bond

Cheka chinhu chinoraswa chealkaline, semuenzaniso, nyora LR6 ("munwe", AA). Mushure mokuzarura kapu yesimbi, chimiro chemukati chinoonekwa (Mufananidzo 7): mukati mune chiedza chechiedza chinoumba anode (potassium kana sodium hydroxide uye zinc dust), uye rima rakasviba re manganese dioxide MnO rakaripoteredza.₂ ne graphite dust (cell cathode).

Mupunga. 7. Alkaline reaction yeanode mass mu alkaline cell. Inooneka cellular chimiro: light anode-forming mass (KOH + zinc guruva) uye yakasviba manganese dioxide ine graphite guruva se cathode.

Ma electrode anoparadzaniswa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe nepepa diaphragm. Isa chinhu chiduku chechiedza chechiedza uye unyorovese nedonhwe remvura. Rudzi rwebhuruu runoratidza maitiro ealkaline eanode paste. Mhando ye hydroxide inoshandiswa inosimbiswa zvakanyanya nemoto bvunzo. Muenzaniso wehukuru hwemhodzi dzepoppy dzakanamwa kune waya yesimbi yakanyikwa mumvura uye inoiswa mumoto unopisa.

Yellow color inoratidza kushandiswa kwe sodium hydroxide nemugadziri, uye pink-yepepuru ruvara inoratidza potassium hydroxide. Sezvo masodium makomisheni achisvibisa zvinenge zvese zvinhu, uye murazvo wekuyedza wechinhu ichi wakanyanya kuoma, iyo yero ruvara rwemurazvo inogona kuvharidzira mitsetse ye potassium. Mhinduro ndeyekutarisa murazvo kuburikidza neblue-violet sefa, inogona kunge iri cobalt girazi kana dhayi mhinduro muflask (indigo kana methyl violet inowanikwa muronda rekuuraya utachiona, pyoctane). Iyo sefa inotora iyo yero ruvara, ichikubvumidza iwe kuratidza kuvepo kwe potassium mumuenzaniso.

Designation codes

Kugonesa kuzivikanwa kwerudzi rwesero, yakakosha alphanumeric kodhi yakaunzwa. Pamhando dzakajairika mudzimba dzedu, zvinoita se: nhamba-tsamba-tsamba-nhamba, apo:

- nhamba yekutanga ndiyo nhamba yemasero; kufuratirwa kwesero rimwe chete.

- tsamba yekutanga inoratidza rudzi rwesero. Kana isipo, iLeclanche zinc-graphite cell (anode: zinc, electrolyte: ammonium chloride, NH.₄Cl, zinc chloride ZnCl₂, cathode: manganese dioxide MnO₂) Mamwe marudzi emasero akanyorwa seizvi (iyo yakachipa sodium hydroxide inoshandiswawo panzvimbo ye potassium hydroxide):

A, P - zinc-air elements (anode: zinc, okisijeni yemhepo yakaderedzwa pane graphite cathode);

B, C, E, F, G - lithium masero (anode: lithium, asi zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshandiswa se cathodes uye electrolyte);

H - Ni-MH nickel-metal hydride bhatiri (simbi hydride, KOH, NiOOH);

K - Ni-Cd nickel-cadmium bhatiri (cadmium, KOH, NiOOH);

L - alkaline chinhu (zinc, KOH, MnO₂);

M - mercury element (zinc, KOH; HgO), haichashandiswi;

S - Sirivha chinhu (zingi, KOH; Ag₂ABOUT);

Z - nickel-manganese chinhu (zinc, KOH, NiOOH, MnO₂).

- tsamba inotevera inoratidza chimiro chekubatanidza:

F - lamellar;

R - cylindrical;

S - rectangular;

P - kusarudzwa kwemazuva ano kwemasero ane zvimiro kunze kwecylindrical.

- nhamba yekupedzisira kana manhamba anoratidza saizi yereferensi (kataroji tsika kana zvakananga kupa zviyero).

Kumaka mienzaniso:

R03
 - zinc-graphite cell saizi yemunwe mudiki. Rimwe zita rinonzi AAA kana micro.

LR6 - alkaline cell saizi yemunwe. Imwe zita reAA kana minion.

HR14  - Ni-MH bhatiri, iyo tsamba C inoshandiswawo kukura.

KR20 - Ni-Cd bhatiri, saizi yaro yakanyorwa zvakare netsamba D.

3LR12 - bhatiri rakapfava rine voltage ye 4,5 V, inosanganisira matatu alkaline masero.

6F22 - 9V bhatiri; matanhatu ega ega planar zinc-graphite masero akavharirwa mune rectangular kesi.

CR2032 - lithium-manganese cell (lithium, organic electrolyte, MnO₂) nehupamhi hwemamirimita makumi maviri uye kukora kwe20 mm.