Chikonzero chePolish panguva yeHondo Huru, chikamu 2: padivi reEntente
Dzimbahwe rekutanga rePolish Corps muRussia (kunyanya, "kuMabvazuva"). Pakati panogara General Jozef Dovbor-Musnitsky.
Kuedza kwePoland kudzorera kuzvitonga pahwaro hwerimwe remasimba anokamuranisa kwakaunza miuyo yakaganhurirwa zvikuru. VaAustria vakanga vasina kusimba uye maGermany anewo zvinhu. Pakutanga, tariro huru yakaiswa kune vokuRussia, asi kubatana navo kwakanga kwakaoma zvikuru, kwakaoma uye kwaida kuzvininipisa kukuru kubva kuPoles. Kushandira pamwe neFrance kwakaunza zvakawanda.
Muzana ramakore rechigumi nesere - uye yakawanda yezana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe - Russia yaionekwa semubatsiri akakosha wePoland uye muvakidzani ane mutsa. Hukama hwacho hahuna kuparadzwa nechikamu chekutanga chePoland, asi chete nehondo ye1792 uye kudzvinyirirwa kwehutsinye kwekumukira kweKosciuszko muna 1794. Asi kunyangwe zviitiko izvi zvaionekwa sesaona kupfuura chiso chechokwadi chehukama. MaPoles aida kubatana neRussia munguva yeNapoleonic, zvisinei nekuvapo kwepro-French Duchy yeWarsaw. Imwe nzira kana imwe, uto reRussia, iro raigara duchy muna 1813-1815, rakaita zvakarurama. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei nzanga yePoland yakagamuchira nechido kudzorerwa kweHumambo hwePoland pasi pehutongi hwaTsar Alexander. Pakutanga, aifarira kuremekedzwa kukuru pakati pePoles: kwaiva mukukudzwa kwake kuti rwiyo "Mwari, chimwe chinhu chePoland ..." chakanyorwa.
Vaitarisira kudzorera Republic of Poland pasi petsvimbo yake. Kuti aizodzorera Nyika Dzakatorwa (kureva, yaimbova Lithuania nePodolia) kuHumambo, uye ozodzoka Lesser Poland neGreater Poland. Sezvingabvira, sokunzwisisa kwaiita munhu wose aiziva nhoroondo yeFinland. Muzana remakore re1809, Russia yakarwa hondo neSweden, nguva imwe neimwe ichitora zvidimbu zveFinland. Imwe hondo yakatanga muna XNUMX, mushure mezvo nyika yose yeFinland yakawira kuSt. Tsar Alexander akasika Grand Duchy weFinland pano, kwaakadzorera nyika dzakakundwa muhondo dzezana remakore rechigumi nemasere. Ndicho chikonzero maPoles muUmambo hwePoland aitarisira kubatana neNyika Dzakatorwa - naVilnius, Grodno naNovogrudok.
Zvinosuruvarisa, Mambo Alexander wePoland aiva panguva imwe chete mambo weRussia uye haana kunyatsonzwisisa kusiyana kwenyika mbiri idzi. Mukoma wake nomutsivi Mikołaj akanga atoderera zvikuru, uyo akafuratira bumbiro romutemo ndokuedza kutonga Poland sezvaakanga atonga Russia. Izvi zvakakonzera kumukira kwakaitika munaNovember 1830, uyezve kuhondo yePolish-Russian. Zvose izvi zviitiko zvinozivikanwa nhasi nezita rinotsausa reKumukira kwaNovember. Ipapo ndipo pakatanga kuratidza ruvengo rwemaPoles kumaRussia.
Kumukira kwaNovember kwakarasika, uye mauto eRussia ekutapa akapinda muUmambo. Zvisinei, Umambo hwePoland hahuna kurega kuvapo. Hurumende yakashanda, kunyange zvazvo yakanga ine masimba akaganhurirwa, dare redzimhosva rePoland raishanda, uye mutauro wehurumende waiva wechiPolish. Mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kufananidzwa nekutorwa kweUS kuAfghanistan kana Iraq. Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo vokuAmerica pakupedzisira vakagumisa kutora kwavo nyika dzose dziri mbiri idzi, vaRussia vakanga vasingadi kuita kudaro. Muma60s, maPoles akasarudza kuti kuchinja kwakanyanyisa, uye mhirizhonga yaJanuary yakatanga.
Nekudaro, kunyangwe mushure meKumukira kwaNdira, Humambo hwePoland hauna kurega kuvapo, kunyangwe rusununguko rwayo rwakanga rwakaganhurirwa. Humambo hwaisagona kuvharwa - hwakasikwa pahwaro hwechisarudzo chemasimba makuru akatorwa paCongress yeVienna, saka, nekuibvisa, mambo aizosiya mamwe madzimambo eEurope asina hanya, uye aisakwanisa kuzvipa. Zita rokuti "Kingdom of Poland" rakashandiswa zvishoma nezvishoma mumagwaro eRussia; kazhinji kazhinji izwi rekuti "nyika dzeviclanian", kana "nyika paVistula" raishandiswa. VaPoles vakaramba kuitwa varanda neRussia vakaramba vachidana nyika yavo kuti “Kingdom”. Vaya chete vakaedza kufadza maRussia uye vakabvuma kuzviisa pasi peSt. Petersburg vakashandisa zita rokuti "vislav country". Iwe unogona kusangana naye nhasi, asi iye mhedzisiro yefrivolity uye kusaziva.
Uye vazhinji vakabvumirana nekutsamira kwePoland paPetersburg. Vakabva vanzi "realists". Vazhinji vavo vakaomerera kune anochengetedza maonero, ayo, kune rumwe rutivi, akafambisa kushandira pamwe nehutongi hwekutonga tsarist, uye, kune rumwe rutivi, akaodza mwoyo vashandi vePoland nevarimi. Zvichakadaro, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, vakanga vari varimi nevashandi, uye kwete vanokudzwa uye varidzi vevhu, avo vakaumba chikamu chikuru uye chakakosha chenzanga. Pakupedzisira, rutsigiro rwavo rwakagamuchirwa neNational Democracy, inotungamirwa naRoman Dmovsky. Mupurogiramu yaro yezvematongerwe enyika, kubvuma kutonga kwechinguvana kweSt.
Hondo yaiuya, nzira yainzwika muEurope yese, yaive yekuunza Russia kukunda Germany neAustria uye nekudaro kubatana kwenyika dzePoland pasi pekutonga kwamambo. Sekureva kwaDmowski, iyo hondo yaifanira kunge yakashandiswa kuwedzera pesvedzero yePoland pahutongi hweRussia uye kuve nechokwadi chekuzvimiririra kwePoles dzakabatana. Uye mune ramangwana, zvichida, pachavawo nemukana wekusununguka kwakakwana.
Makwikwi Legion
Asi Russia yakanga isina hanya nePoles. Ichokwadi, hondo neGermany yakapiwa chimiro chekurwa kwePan-Slavic - nguva pfupi yatanga, guta guru reRussia rakashandura zita rechiGerman-rinonzwika rePetersburg kuva Slavic Petrograd - asi chaive chiito chakananga kubatanidza zvidzidzo zvese zvakatenderedza. tsar. Vezvematongerwo enyika nevakuru vemauto muPetrograd vaitenda kuti vaizokurumidza kukunda hondo yacho voikunda ivo pachavo. Chero kuedza kutsigira chikonzero chePoland, chakaitwa nemaPoles akagara muRussian Duma uye State Council, kana nekutora ivhu uye maindasitiri aristocracy, yakadzingwa nemadziro ekusada. Muvhiki yechitatu chete yehondo - Nyamavhuvhu 14, 1914 - Grand Duke Nikolai Mikolayevich akapa chikumbiro kuPoles, achizivisa kubatana kwenyika dzePoland. Chikumbiro chacho chakanga chisina kukosha mune zvematongerwo enyika: chakabudiswa kwete namambo, kwete neparamende, kwete nehurumende, asi chete nemukuru-mukuru weuto reRussia. Kukwidzwa kwacho kwakanga kusina kukosha kunoshanda: hapana kubvumira kana zvisarudzo zvakateverwa. Chikumbiro chaive nechimwe - chisinganyanyi kukosha - propaganda kukosha. Nekudaro, tarisiro dzese dzakadonha kunyangwe mushure mekuverenga kwechinyorwa kwechinyorwa chake. Zvakanga zvisina kujeka, zvine chekuita nezveramangwana risina chokwadi, uye zvakataura izvo munhu wese ainyatsoziva: Russia yaida kutora nyika dzine vanhu vekuPoland dzevavakidzani vayo vekumadokero.
