Nheyo yekushanda kweiyo automatic transmission

Kuchinja kwemotokari kunoenderana nemhando yekufambisa inoshandiswa. Vagadziri vemichina vanogara vachiyedza nekushandisa matekinoroji matsva. Nekudaro, vatyairi vazhinji vanoshandisa mota pamakanika, vachifunga kuti nenzira iyi vanogona kudzivirira mutengo wemari wekugadzirisa otomatiki. Zvakangodaro, iyo otomatiki yekufambisa yakareruka uye iri nyore kushandisa, yakakosha muguta rine vanhu vakawanda. Kuve ne2 pedals chete mumotokari otomatiki kunoita kuti ive yakanakisa nzira yekufambisa yevatyairi vasina ruzivo.

Chii chinonzi automatic transmission uye nhoroondo yekusikwa kwayo

Kutumira otomatiki ndeyekutapurirana uko, pasina kutora chikamu kwemutyairi, anosarudza iyo yakakwana giya reshiyo zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekufamba. Mhedzisiro yacho kufamba zvakanaka kwemotokari uye kunyaradza kumutyairi pachake.

Gearbox control.

Nhoroondo yekugadzirwa

Hwaro hwemuchina bhokisi regiya repasi uye torque inoshandura, iyo yakagadzirwa neGerman Hermann Fittenger muna 1902. Iyo yakagadzirwa pakutanga yaifanirwa kushandiswa mumunda wekugadzira ngarava. Muna 1904, Startevent hama kubva Boston vakapa imwe shanduro otomatiki kutapurirana, zvinosanganisira 2 gearboxes.

Motokari dzekutanga dzakaiswa mabhokisi emapuraneti dzakagadzirwa pasi pezita rokuti Ford T. Nheyo yekushanda kwavo yakaita seiyi: mutyairi akashandura nzira yekufambisa achishandisa 2 pedals. Mumwe ndiye aikonzeresa kukwidza nekudzikisa, imwe yaipa reverse movement.

Mumakore ekuma1930, General Motors vagadziri vakaburitsa semi-otomatiki kutapurirana. Michina yacho ichiri kupa clutch, asi ma hydraulics aidzora mashandiro epuraneti. Panguva imwecheteyo, mainjiniya eChrysler akawedzera hydraulic clutch kubhokisi. Iwo maviri-anomhanya giya bhokisi akatsiviwa neanopfuura - overdrive, uko giya reshiyo iri pasi pe1.

Yekutanga otomatiki kutapurirana yakaonekwa muna 1940 paGeneral Motors. Iyo yakabatanidza hydraulic clutch uye mana-nhanho yepasi giya bhokisi, uye otomatiki kutonga kwakawanikwa kuburikidza ne hydraulics.

Zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira pamusoro otomatiki hutachiwana

Mhando yega yega yekufambisa ine mafeni. Asi iyo hydraulic muchina haina kurasikirwa nekuzivikanwa kwayo, nekuti ine pasina mubvunzo zvakanakira:

• magiya anoitwa otomatiki, ayo anobatsira kuzara kwakazara mumugwagwa;
• nzira yekutanga kufamba iri nyore sezvinobvira;
• iyo undercarriage ine injini inoshandiswa mune imwe nyoro mode;
• iyo patency yemota dzine otomatiki transmission iri kuramba ichivandudza.

Kunyangwe kuvepo kwezvakanaka, vatyairi vanoratidza zvinotevera zvakaipa mukushanda kwemuchina:

• hapana nzira yekukurumidza kumhanyisa mota;
• injini throttle mhinduro yakaderera pane iyo yemanyorero kutapurirana;
• kutakurwa hakugone kutangwa kubva pamusundi;
• motokari yakaoma kudhonza;
• kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwebhokisi kunotungamirira kuparara;
• Automatic transmissions inodhura kuchengetedza nekugadzirisa.

Otomatiki hutachiwana mudziyo

Pane 4 zvikamu zvikuru mumuchina wekare slot:

1. Hydraulic transformer. Muchirevo chechinyorwa, inoratidzika sebheji, iyo yakagamuchira zita rinoenderana. Iyo torque inoshandura inodzivirira giya bhokisi mune chiitiko chekukurumidza kukurumidza uye injini braking. Mukati mune mafuta egiya, anoyerera ayo anopa lubrication kune system uye kugadzira kudzvanywa. Nekuda kwaizvozvo, clutch inoumbwa pakati pemota uye kutapurirana, torque inoendeswa kune chassis.
2. Planetary reductor. Iine magiya uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshanda zvinofambiswa kutenderedza nzvimbo imwe (kutenderera kwemapuraneti) uchishandisa chitima chegiya. Iwo magiya anopiwa mazita anotevera: pakati - solar, yepakati - satellites, yekunze - korona. Iyo gearbox ine mutakuri wepuraneti, iyo yakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa ma satellite. Kuchinja magiya, mamwe magiya anokiiwa asi mamwe akaiswa mukufamba.
3. Brake bhendi ine seti ye friction clutches. Aya maitiro ane basa rekubatanidzwa kwegiya, panguva yakakodzera ivo vanovhara uye kumisa zvinhu zvegiya repasi. Vazhinji havanzwisisi kuti nei bhendi remabhureki richidikanwa mune otomatiki kutapurirana. Iyo uye clutch inobatidzwa nekudzimwa mukuteerana, izvo zvinotungamira mukugovaniswazve kwe torque kubva mujini uye inova nechokwadi chekushanduka kwegiya. Kana iyo tepi isingagadziriswi zvakanaka, jerks inonzwika panguva yekufamba.
4. Kudzora system. Inosanganisira pombi yegiya, sump yemafuta, hydraulic unit uye ECU (electronic control unit). Iyo hydroblock ine kutonga uye manejimendi mabasa. Iyo ECU inogamuchira data kubva kune akasiyana masensa nezve kumhanya kwekufamba, kusarudzwa kweiyo yakakwana modhi, nezvimwewo, nekuda kweizvi, iyo otomatiki kutumira inodzorwa pasina kubatanidzwa kwemutyairi.

Gearbox dhizaini.

Nheyo yekushanda uye hupenyu hwehupenyu hwekufambisa otomatiki

Kana injini yatanga, mafuta ekuparadzira anopinda mushanduri ye torque, kumanikidza mukati kunowedzera, uye centrifugal pombi blades inotanga kutenderera.

Iyi modhi inopa kusafamba kwakazara kweiyo reactor vhiri pamwe chete neiyo huru turbine.

Kana mutyairi achinja lever uye achidzvanya pedal, kumhanya kwepombi vanes kunowedzera. Iko kumhanya kwemafuta anotenderera anoyerera anowedzera uye turbine blades inotanga. Mvura yacho inoendeswa kune reactor uye inodzokera kune turbine, ichipa kuwedzera kwekushanda kwayo. Iyo torque inotamirwa kumavhiri, mota inotanga kufamba.

Pakangosvika kumhanya kunodiwa, vane central turbine uye vhiri repombi zvinotanga kufamba nenzira imwecheteyo. Chamupupuri chemafuta chakarova vhiri reactor kubva kune rumwe rutivi, sezvo kufamba kuchigona kungova mune imwe nzira. Inotanga kutenderera. Kana motokari ichikwira kumusoro, ipapo vhiri rinomira uye rinotamisa torque yakawanda kune centrifugal pombi. Kusvika pakumhanya kwaunoda kunotungamira kune shanduko yegiya mugiya remapuraneti.

Pakuraira kweiyo yemagetsi control unit, iyo braking band ine friction clutches inononoka giya rakaderera, izvo zvinotungamira mukuwedzera kwekufamba kwemafuta anoyerera kuburikidza nevhavha. Ipapo iyo overdrive inokurumidza, shanduko yayo inoitwa pasina kurasikirwa kwesimba.

Kana muchina wacho ukamira kana kukurumidza kwayo kuderera, ipapo kudzvinyirira kwemvura inoshanda kunodererawo, uye giya rinoshanduka pasi. Mushure mekunge injini yadzimwa, kumanikidzwa kwemushanduri we torque kunopera, izvo zvinoita kuti zvibvirire kutanga motokari kubva kune pusher.

Kurema kweiyo otomatiki kutapurirana kunosvika 70 kg munzvimbo yakaoma (hapana hydraulic transformer) uye 110 kg kana yazadzwa. Kuti muchina ushande zvakajairika, zvinodikanwa kudzora mwero wemvura inoshanda uye kudzvanywa kwakaringana - kubva 2,5 kusvika 4,5 bar.

Bhokisi rekushandisa rinogona kusiyana. Mune dzimwe motokari, inoshumira anenge 100 000 km, mune vamwe - kupfuura 500 km. Iyo nguva yebasa inoenderana nekuti mutyairi anotarisisa sei mamiriro eyuniti, ingave inotsiva zvinodyiwa nenguva.

Mhando dze otomatiki kutapurirana

Sekureva kwehunyanzvi, iyo hydromechanical otomatiki transmission inomiririrwa chete nechikamu chepuraneti chegungano. Mushure mezvose, ine basa rekuchinja magiya uye, pamwe chete neinoshandura torque, chinhu chimwe chete otomatiki. Iyo otomatiki kutapurirana inosanganisira yemhando yepamusoro hydraulic transformer, robhoti uye variator.

Classic otomatiki kutapurirana

Chakanakira muchina wekare ndechekuti kuendesa torque kune chassis kunopihwa neoiri fluid mune torque inoshandura.

Izvi zvinodzivirira matambudziko eclutch anowanzo kuwanikwa kana uchishanda michina ine mamwe marudzi emagiya mabhokisi. Kana iwe ukashandira bhokisi panguva yakakodzera, saka unogona kuishandisa kanenge nekusingaperi.

Robotic yekutarisa

Mhando yerobhoti gearbox.

Irwo rudzi rweimwe nzira kune mechanics, chete mukugadzirwa kune kaviri clutch inodzorwa nemagetsi. Kubatsira kukuru kwerobhoti ndeye hupfumi hwemafuta. Iyo dhizaini inoshongedzerwa nesoftware, basa rayo ndere rationally kuona torque.

Bhokisi racho rinonzi adaptive, nokuti. inokwanisa kuenderana nemaitiro ekutyaira. Kazhinji kazhinji, iyo clutch inopwanya murobhoti, nekuti. haigoni kutakura mitoro inorema, yakadai sepakutasva munzvimbo dzakaoma.

Anoshanduka anomhanyisa dhiraivha

Iyo mudziyo inopa yakatsetseka isina nhanho kutapurirana kwe torque ye chassis yemotokari. Iyo variator inoderedza kushandiswa kwepeturu uye inowedzera simba, inopa injini kushanda kwakapfava. Bhokisi rakadaro rakagadzirwa harina kusimba uye harimiri mitoro inorema. Mukati meyuniti, zvikamu zvinogara zvichikweshana, izvo zvinomisa hupenyu hweiyo variator.

Mashandisiro ekushandisa otomatiki

Sevhisi chiteshi makiyi anoti kazhinji otomatiki kutapurirana kuparara kunoonekwa mushure mekushandisa zvisina hanya uye nekusajairika kuchinja kweoiri.

Mode anoshanda

Pane bhatani pachireverero iro mutyairi anofanira kudzvanya kuti asarudze modhi yaunoda. Sarudzo ine akati wandei anogoneka zvinzvimbo:

• kupaka (P) - dhiraivha axle yakavharwa pamwe chete negearbox shaft, itsika kushandisa iyo modhi mumamiriro ekupaka kwenguva refu kana kudziya;
• kusarerekera (N) - shaft haina kugadzikiswa, muchina unogona kunyatsodhonzwa;
• dhiraivha (D) - kufamba kwemotokari, magiya anosarudzwa otomatiki;
• L (D2) - motokari inofamba mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma (kunze kwemugwagwa, kutsika, kukwira), iyo inomhanya zvikuru ndeye 40 km / h;
• D3 - kuderedzwa kwegiya nekudzika kudiki kana kukwira;
• reverse (R) - kudzoka shure;
• overdrive (O / D) - kana bhatani riri kushanda, ipapo kana yakakwira kumhanya, giya rechina rinoshandurwa;
• PWR - "mutambo" modhi, inopa yakagadziridzwa mashandiro ekuita nekuwedzera magiya pakumhanya kukuru;
• zvakajairika - kufamba kwakatsetseka uye kwehupfumi;
• manu - magiya anobatanidzwa zvakananga nemutyairi.

Kuchinja modes otomatiki kutapurirana.

Ungatanga sei mota otomatiki

Iko kushanda kwakagadzikana kweiyo otomatiki kutapurirana kunoenderana nekutanga kwakaringana. Kuti udzivirire bhokisi kubva pakutadza kuverenga uye kugadzirisa kunotevera, madhigirii akati wandei ekudzivirira akagadzirwa.

Paunotanga injini, sarudzo yekusarudza inofanira kunge iri "P" kana "N" nzvimbo. Izvi zvinzvimbo zvinobvumira iyo yekudzivirira system kusvetuka chiratidzo kuti itange injini. Kana iyo lever iri mune imwe nzvimbo, mutyairi haakwanisi kubatidza moto, kana hapana chichaitika mushure mekushandura kiyi.

Zviri nani kushandisa nzira yekupaka kuti utange kufamba zvakanaka, nokuti ne "P" kukosha, mavhiri emotokari akavharwa, izvo zvinodzivirira kuti irege kukunguruka. Iko kushandiswa kweiyo neutral mode inobvumira kudhonzwa kwekukurumidzira kwemotokari.

Mota zhinji dzine otomatiki transmission dzinotanga kwete chete nenzvimbo chaiyo yechibatiso, asi zvakare mushure mekudzvinyirira brake pedal. Izvi zviito zvinodzivirira netsaona kudzoserwa kwemotokari kana lever yakaiswa ku "N".

Mhando dzemazuva ano dzakashongedzerwa nechidhiraivho chekukiya uye anti-kuba yekukiya. Kana mutyairi apedza matanho ose nemazvo, uye chidhiraivho hachifambi uye hazvibviri kuvhura kiyi, saka izvi zvinoreva kuti otomatiki kudzivirira inovhurwa. Kuti uivhure, unofanira kuisa zvakare uye kutenderedza kiyi, pamwe nekutenderedza chidhiraivho kumativi ese. Kana zviito izvi zvichiitwa synchronously, ipapo kudzivirira kunobviswa.

Maitiro ekutyaira otomatiki kutapurirana uye chii chekusaita

Kuti uwane hupenyu hurefu hwesevhisi yegiya bhokisi, zvinodikanwa kunyatso kuseta modhi zvichienderana nemamiriro azvino ekufamba. Kuti ushandise muchina nemazvo, mitemo inotevera inofanirwa kucherechedzwa:

• kumirira kusundirwa kunozivisa nezvekuita kwakazara kwekutapurirana, chete ipapo iwe unofanirwa kutanga kufamba;
• kana uchitsvedza, zvinofanirwa kuchinjika kune yakaderera giya, uye kana uchishanda ne brake pedal, ita shuwa kuti mavhiri anotenderera zvishoma nezvishoma;
• kushandiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana kunobvumira injini braking uye kukurumidza kuderedza;
• panguva yekukwevera mota ine injini inomhanya, nhanho yekumhanya inosvika makumi mashanu km / h inofanirwa kucherechedzwa, uye kureba kureba kunofanirwa kunge kuri pasi pe50 km;
• Iwe haugone kukwevera imwe mota kana ichirema kupfuura mota ine otomatiki transmission, kana uchidhonza, unofanirwa kuisa lever pa "D2" kana "L" uye kutyaira isingasviki 40 km / h.

Kuti udzivise kugadzirisa kunodhura, vatyairi havafanire:

• kufamba mu parking mode;
• dzika mumagetsi asina kwaakarerekera;
• edza kutanga injini nekusundira;
• isa lever pa "P" kana "N" kana uchida kumira kwechinguva;
• shandura reverse kubva panzvimbo "D" kusvikira kufamba kwamira zvachose;
• pamateru, chinja ku parking mode kusvika mota yaiswa pahandbrake.

Kuti utange kufamba kubva pamateru, unofanirwa kutanga wadzvanya brake pedal, wozosunungura muchina kubva paruoko. Ipapo chete ndiyo nzira yekutyaira yakasarudzwa.

Maitiro ekushandisa otomatiki kutapurirana munguva yechando

Mumamiriro okunze anotonhora, kazhinji kune matambudziko nemichina. Kuti uchengetedze sosi yeyuniti mumwedzi yechando, vatyairi vanofanirwa kutevedzera zvinotevera zvinokurudzira:

1. Mushure mekubatidza injini, dziya bhokisi kwemaminetsi akati wandei, uye usati watyaira, dzvanya uye ubate brake pedal uye shandura ese modes. Izvi zviito zvinobvumira mafuta ekufambisa kuti adziye nekukurumidza.
2. Munguva yekutanga 5-10 km, haufanire kumhanyisa zvakanyanya uye kutsvedza.
3. Kana iwe uchida kusiya nzvimbo ine chando kana yechando, saka iwe unofanirwa kusanganisira yakaderera gear. Neimwe nzira, iwe unofanirwa kushanda neese pedals uye nekunyatso dzinga kunze.
4. Iyo kuvaka haigone kuitwa, nekuti inokanganisa hydraulic transformer.
5. Dry pavement inobvumidza iwe kudzika pasi uye kuita semi-otomatiki modhi yekumisa kufamba nekubhureki injini. Kana kudzika kwacho kuchitsvedza, saka unofanirwa kushandisa brake pedal.
6. Pamateru echando, zvinorambidzwa kudzvanya pedal zvine simba uye kubvumira mavhiri kutsvedza.
7. Kuti ubudise zvinyoro skid uye kudzikamisa muchina, zvinokurudzirwa kuti upinde muchidimbu muutera mode.

Musiyano uripo pakati peotomatiki kutapurirana mumashure-vhiri dhiraivha uye kumberi-vhiri dhiraivha mota

Mumotokari ine kumberi-vhiri dhiraivha, iyo otomatiki dhiraivha ine yakawanda compact saizi uye musiyano, inova huru giya compartment. Mune mamwe maitiro, chirongwa uye kushanda kwemabhokisi hakuna misiyano.