Ranger uye "Mutungamiriri"
Ranger mukupera 30s. Ndege dzinoramba dziri muhangari, saka mapaipi engarava ari panzvimbo yakatwasuka.
Kuvapo kwezvikepe zvinorema zveKriegsmarine kuchamhembe kweNorway kwakamanikidza maBritish kuchengetedza nyika yakasimba pazasi pezvikepe zvekumba zveScapa Flow. Kubva muchirimo cha1942, vaigona kuwedzera "kukwereta" zvikamu zveUS Navy, uye mwedzi mishoma gare gare vakatendeukira kuWashington kuti vabatsirwe, panguva ino vachikumbira kutumira mutakuri wendege. VaAmerica vakabatsira vatsigiri vavo nerubatsiro rweRanger duku, yekare zvikuru, ine ndege dzakarwisa ngarava dzeGermany pedyo neBodø muna October 1943 nebudiriro huru.
Mwedzi miviri zvisati zvaitika, mutakuri wendege Illustrious akanga atumirwa kuMediterranean kuti abatsire kupinda munyika yeItaly, neFurious yekare chete yakasara mumotokari yeimba inoda kugadziriswa. Mhinduro kuchikumbiro cheAdmiralty yaive yekutumira Task Force 112.1 kuScapa Flow, yakaumbwa kubva kuRanger (CV-4), iyo inorema cruisers Tuscaloosa (CA-37) uye Augusta (CA-31) uye 5 vaparadzi. Chikwata ichi chakasvika panzvimbo yeOrkney musi wa19 Nyamavhuvhu uye Cadmius, akanga akamirira ipapo, akachitungamirira. Olaf M. Hustvedt.
Iyo Ranger yaive yekutanga yeUS Navy ndege inotakura yakagadzirwa kubva pakutanga sechikepe chekirasi iyi, pane kushandurwa kubva muchikepe (seLangley CV-1) kana isina kupera hondo cruiser (seLexington CV-2 uye Saratoga). tangazve-3). Kwemakore mana ekutanga ebasa rake, rakavakirwa zvakanyanya muSan Diego, California, akapinda muchirongwa che "Battle Force" maitiro (Pacific chikamu cheUS Navy) neboka remhepo pakutanga raisanganisira 89 ndege, biplanes chete. Kubva muna Kubvumbi 1939, yaive yakavakirwa muNorfolk (Virginia), mushure mekutanga kweHondo Yenyika II, yakatanga kuita maekisesaizi muCaribbean, ipapo boka remhepo reWasps riri kuvakwa (CV-7) rakadzidziswa ipapo. Muna May 1941, mushure mekugadzirisa, panguva iyo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, zvombo zvekudzivirira ndege zvakasimbiswa, iyo yekutanga inonzi. Patrol yekusarerekera inosanganisira inorema cruiser Vincennes (CA-44) uye vaviri vaparadzi. Mushure mekuongorora kwake kechipiri muna Chikumi, akazoita dzimwe shanduko mumidziyo (kusanganisira radar neredhiyo bhekoni) nezvombo. Muna Mbudzi, nevaviri vezvikepe nevaparadzi vanomwe veUS Navy, akaperekedza zvifambiso zvakatakura masoja eBritish kubva kuHalifax kuenda kuCape Town (convoy WS-24).
Mushure mePearl Harbor, chikepe cheBermuda-based chakashandiswa pakudzidzira, nekuzorora kwekufamba-famba kubva kuMartinique "kurinda" ngarava dzeVichy pakupera kwaFebruary 1942. Mushure meimwe midziyo uye kugadziriswa kwezvombo (pakupera kwaMarch / kutanga kwaApril), akapfuurira kuQuonset. Point (kumaodzanyemba kweBoston), kwaakatora 68 (76?) Curtiss P-40E fighters. Achiperekedzwa nevaparadzi vakati wandei nemuTrinidad, akasvika kuAccra (British Gold Coast, yava kunzi Ghana) musi wa10 Chivabvu, uye ipapo michina iyi, yaifanirwa kusvika kumberi kuNorth Africa, yakasiya ngarava (yakasimuka iri mapoka, yakatora. rinenge zuva rose). Musi waChikunguru 1, mushure menguva yekugara muArgentina (Newfoundland), akadana kuQuonset Point kune rimwe batch reCurtiss P-40 fighters (panguva ino 72 version F), iyo yakatanga muAccra mazuva gumi nemasere gare gare.
Kamwe zvakare kupedzisa zvombo zvekurwisa ndege, mushure mekudzidziswa pedyo neNorfolk, Ranger akatora boka remhepo revarwi vemauto VF-9 neVF-41 uye bhomba nekucherechedza squadrons VS-41, iyo yakadzidzisa yakawanda yaOctober muBermuda. Kudzidziswa kwakatangira kutora chikamu muAllied landings muchikamu cheFrance cheNorth Africa (Operation Torch). Pamwe chete nemutakuri wendege inoperekedza Suwanee (CVE-27), mutyairi wechikepe Cleveland (CL-55) nevaparadzi vashanu, akaumba Task Force 34.2, chikamu cheTask Force 34, yakapihwa basa rekuvhara nekutsigira simba rekumhara raizotora. Moroko. Paakasvika 8 nautical mamaira kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweCasablanca mambakwedza emusi waNovember 30, boka rake remhepo raive nendege 72 dzakagadzirira kurwa: imwe ndege yekuraira (yaive Grumman TBF-1 Avenger torpedo bomber), 17 Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers ( VS-41) uye 54 Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat fighter (26 VF-9 uye 28 VF-41).
MaFrench akakanda mapfumo pasi mangwanani aNovember 11, 1942, panguva iyo ndege dzeRanger dzakanga dzasimuka ka496. Pazuva rekutanga rehondo, varwi vakapfura ndege gumi nenhatu (kusanganisira nekukanganisa RAF Hudson) uye dzakaparadza dzinenge makumi maviri pasi, nepo mabhomba akanyura maFrench submarines Amphitrite, Oread uye Psyche, akakuvadza ngarava yehondo Jean Bart, mutyairi wechiedza Primaguet uye muparadzi Albatros. Zuva rakatevera, Wildcats yakagamuchira 13 hits (zvakare nemichina yavo), uye ndege dzinenge gumi nemana dzakaparadzwa pasi. Mangwanani aNovember 20, matorpedoes akadzingwa neLe Tonnant submarine paRanger akapotsa. akagadzika nhevedzano yake pazasi pedziva raakanga akasungirirwa. Kubudirira uku kwaive nemutengo wavo - semhedzisiro yekurwa kwevavengi uye tsaona, varwi gumi nevashanu uye mabhomba matatu akarasika,
vatyairi vendege vatanhatu vakaurayiwa.
Mushure mokudzokera kuNorfolk uye nekuongorora chiteshi chengarava musi wa19 Ndira, 1943, Ranger, ichiperekedzwa neTuscaloosa nevaparadzi vashanu, yakaendesa varwi 5 veP-72 kuCasablanca. Batch imwechete, asi mushanduro L, yakaburitswa muna Kukadzi 40. Kubva pakutanga kwaApril kusvikira pakupera kwaJuly, akanga ari muArgentina, pachitsuwa cheNewfoundland, achiita nzendo dzokurovedza nomumvura dzakapoteredza. Munguva iyi, akauya muchidimbu achitariswa nevezvenhau, sezvo maGerman akazivisa kuti akange anyura. Ichi chaive mhedzisiro yekusabudirira kwepasi pemvura kurwiswa - muna Kubvumbi 24, U 23 yakadzinga torpedo ina paBritish inoperekedza ndege inotakura Beater, ejections yavo (zvingangoita pakupera kwekumhanya) yakaonekwa sechiratidzo chekurova uye CP. Otto von Bülow akataura achinyura chinangwa chisiri kuzivikanwa. Apo nhema dzeGermany dzakaridza hwamanda kubudirira (Hitler akapa von Bülow the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves), vokuAmerica, hongu, vaigona kuratidza kuti izvi zvakanga zvisina maturo, uye vakadana mukuru wengarava yepasi pemvura mbwende inonyepa, akanyengedzwawo (pasi pomurayiro wake, U-Boat 404 akashinga akarwisa makonikoni kakawanda, achinyura mungarava yeBritish Vetera 404).
Mumazuva gumi ekutanga aNyamavhuvhu, Ranger yakaenda kugungwa kunoperekedza Queen Mary ocean liner, uko nhumwa dzehurumende yeBritain dzaitungamirwa naMutungamiri Winston Churchill dzaienda kuQuebec kumusangano nevaAmerica. Panguva 11 tm. yakabva kuCanada airport, boka rayo remhepo (CVG-4) raive nendege makumi matanhatu nenomwe: 67 FM-27 Wildcats yeboka reVF-2 (ex-VF-4), 41 SBD Dauntless VB-30 (ex-VB-4 , 41 mune zvakasiyana-siyana 28 uye maviri "matatu") uye 4 Grumman TBF-10 Avenger VT-1 torpedo mabhomba, imwe yacho yaiva "yega" ndege yemukuru weboka idzva, Mutungamiriri W. Joseph A. Ruddy.
Kukuvadzwa kuseri kwechikepe cheFrance Jean Bart, chakamira muCasablanca. Zvimwe zvacho zvakakonzerwa nemabhomba akadonhedzwa nendege dzeRanger.
Matangiro
Anopfuura makore 21 pamberi pezvi, muna February 1922, vamiriri vemasimba enyika mashanu vakasaina muWashington chibvumirano pamusoro pokuderedzwa kwezvombo zvomugungwa, vachisuma “mazororo” mukuvakwa kwengarava dzinorema zvikurusa. Kuti adzivise zvikwata zvakapedzwa zvezvikepe zviviri zveLexington-class kuti zvisvike kunzvimbo dzengarava kuti dziparadzwe, maAmerican vakasarudza kuzvishandisa se "chassis" yevatakuri vendege. Ngarava dzekirasi iyi dzaive pasi pechigadziro chakazara chekutamisa, icho mune iyo US Navy yaive matani 135 000. Sezvo zvaifungidzirwa kuti Lexington neSaratoga vaive 33 vanhu imwe neimwe, 000 vanhu vaivepo.
Pavaive muWashington vakatanga kufunga nezve ngarava yaizove inotakura ndege kubva pakaiswa keel, yekutanga dhizaini "yakakodzera", muna Chikunguru 1922, yaisanganisira mifananidzo yemayuniti ane dhizaini yekusimuka kwe11, 500, 17 uye. matani 000 23. Izvi zvaireva misiyano mukumhanya kukuru, kubhuka uye ukuru hweboka remhepo; maererano nezvombo, imwe neimwe sarudzo yaifungidzira kuvepo kwe000-mm (27-000) pfuti uye 203-mm (6 kana 9) pfuti dzepasi rose. Pakupedzisira, zvakasarudzwa kuti zvishoma zve 127 tf zvaizounza mhedzisiro inogutsa, izvo zvingave zvakafanira kusarudza kukurumidza uye pfuti yakasimba kana yakaderera kumhanya, asi nenhumbi dzakasimba, kana dzimwe ndege dzakawanda.
Muna Chivabvu 1924, pakanga paine mukana wekubatanidza mutakuri wendege mune inotevera US Navy yekuwedzera chirongwa. Zvakazoitika ipapo kuti Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer), inotarisira hunhu uye kuwanda kwekusimudzira kwendege, ingada ngarava ine dhizaini yakatsetseka, isina superstructure pabhodhi (zvitsuwa). Nekuda kweizvi, boka remhepo rakakura uye kudzika kwakachengeteka kwaireva matambudziko mazhinji, semuenzaniso, nekuiswa kwezvombo. Nhengo dzeGeneral Council, boka rinopa mazano riri pasi peGurukota reNavy rinoumbwa nevakuru vakuru, vakakakavadzanawo pamusoro pekumhanya kwakakodzera kwechikepe (tichifunga nezvekutyisidzira kunogona kuitika kubva ku "Washington" cruisers) uye mararamiro ayo. Kanzuru yakazoronga sarudzo mbiri: ngarava ine zvombo zvishoma, inokurumidza (32,5 mu) ine pfuti sere 203 mm nendege makumi matanhatu, kana iri nani ine zvombo asi inononoka (60 mu) ngarava.
uye ne72 ndege.
Pazvakazoitika kuti mari yemutakuri wendege yaisazoverengerwa mubhajeti kusvika 1929, musoro wekuti "wakadonha kubva pakurongwa." Akadzoka gumi nemaviri kana kupfuura mwedzi gare gare, panguva iyo Kanzuru yakavhota ichifarira chikamu chidiki, kusasanganisa pfuti 203 mm uye nhumbi dzekurwa dzakambotaurwa. Kunyange zvazvo paiva nemishumo kubva kuLondon yezvinetso nekubviswa kweutsi paKutsanya uye Kutsamwa uye pasina matambudziko neHermes neEagle, zvose nezvitsuwa, BuAer yakaramba ichisarudza dhizaini yekubhururuka. Muna Kukadzi 1926, nyanzvi kubva kuBusiness of Construction and Repair (BuSiR) dzakaratidza mifananidzo yemayuniti ane kutamiswa kwe10, 000 uye 13 matani, ayo aifanirwa kusvika 800-23 cm. bhandi, zvombo muhull yayo yaisanganisira 000 32-mm pfuti. Mamwe maviri aive nemitsara yekumativi 32,5 mm mukobvu, uye gumi nemaviri aive nepfuti 12 127 mm.
Pamusangano weKanzuru munaKurume 1927, mukuru weBKR akavhotera chikepe chepakati nepakati, pachikonzero chekuti zvikamu zvishanu zvakadaro zvinotora nzvimbo yese yezvikepe zvendege 15-20 muzana. kupfuura muchiitiko chevatatu vane kutamiswa kwematani 23 000. Vaigona kuva ne“zvinobatsira” dziviriro yengarava, asi kuverenga kwakaratidza kuti nhumbi dzokurwa dziri pamusoro pedeki yendege kana kuti dziviriro ye<em>hangar yakanga isingabviri. Nekuda kwekushomeka kwakaderera kurwisa kukanganisa, uye nekudaro mukana wepamusoro wekurasikirwa, zvikepe zvakawanda zvaive nani. Zvisinei, pane nyaya yemitengo, iyo inenge 20 muzana yakakwirira. nekuda kwemamwe makamuri maviri einjini anodhura. Kana zvasvika kune maficha anodiwa kuBuAer, zvakasarudzwa kuti dhizaini rendege rinofanira kunge riine 80 tsoka (24,4 m) yakafara uye inoda kusvika 665 (203 m) kureba nemabhureki mitsara masisitimu uye makataputi kumagumo ese.
Pamusangano muna Gumiguru, mukuru anomiririra vatyairi vendege akataura achifarira chikepe chine kutamiswa kwematani gumi nematatu, iyo yaizogara 13 mabhomba uye 800 varwi mu hangar uye pabhodhi, kana - mushanduro ine hupamhi hwepamusoro (36 panzvimbo ye72 knots) - 32,5 uye 29,4, maererano. Dambudziko regesi rekupedza simba rakamanikidza Bureau yeUinjiniya (BuEng) kusarudza chitsuwa, asi sezvo mutengo wechikepe wakatemwa nezvakanakira "airport", BuAer akawana nzira yake.
Kutanga kwekushanda kweSaratoga neLexington (yekutanga kupinda musevhisi mavhiki maviri apfuura, yechipiri pakati paZvita) zvaireva kuti muna Mbudzi 1, 1927, Main Council yakakurudzira munyori kuvaka mashanu pa13 tf. Sezvo, zvinopesana nemafungiro enyanzvi kubva kuDhipatimendi reZvirongwa zveHondo, avo vaida kuti vaumbe hukama nevafambisi veWashington, kushamwaridzana kwavo nehondo dzehondo "dzinononoka" dzaifungidzirwa, vatakuri vendege itsva vaionekwa sevasina kufanira kuti vafambe kuburikidza nemugwagwa. 800th century.
Dzimwe nzira dzakatariswa kuBuC&R mumwedzi mitatu yakatevera, asi mana chete edhizaini echikepe che13-tons akaendeswa kune imwe nhanho yepamusoro, uye Bhodhi rakasarudza 800-foot (700 m) dhizaini yendege sarudzo. Nemhaka yokuti varongi vakaziva kuti kunyange chimuni dzakareba pachitsuwa chacho dzaigona kusavhiringidza mhepo yaiva pamusoro pacho, kudiwa kwokutsetseka kwakachengetwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, kuitira kuti utsi hurambe hwakaderera sezvinobvira, mabhoilers aifanira kuwanikwa padyo nepaanogona kusvika kumagumo ehull, uye nekudaro, zvakasarudzwa kutsvaga imba yekubikira "zvisingaite" kuseri kwekamuri returbine. Zvakasarudzwawo, sezvakaita Langley yekuedza, kushandisa chimneys dzekupeta (nhamba yavo yakawedzera kusvika matanhatu), izvo zvakavabvumira kuti vaiswe zvakadzikama, perpendicular kumativi. Munguva yekushanda kwemhepo, magasi ese ekupedza anogona kunangidzirwa kune "inowanikwa" symmetrical trio iri padivi reeward.
Kufambisa imba yeinjini aft kwakadzivirira huremu hwayo hukuru (zvichikonzera matambudziko makuru ekucheka) uye naizvozvo simba, saka Bhodhi rakazobvumira 53 hp, iyo yaifanira kupa kumhanya kwepamusoro kwe000 knots pasi pemamiriro ekuedzwa. Zvakasarudzwawo kuti boka remhepo rinofanira kuva nemotokari 29,4 (kusanganisira mabhomba makumi maviri nemanomwe chete uye torpedo bombers), uye makata maviri maviri anofanirwa kuiswa pane hangar deck, mhiri kwefuselage. Shanduko dzakakomba dzakaitwa kune zvombo - semhedzisiro, anti-submarine pfuti, torpedo machubhu nepfuti zvakasiiwa zvichifarira gumi nemaviri 108-mm L / 27 pfuti dzepasirese uye akawanda 127-mm muchina pfuti sezvinobvira, pamwe nezvinodiwa dziise kunze kwenzvimbo yekubhururuka uye dzipe kune wese hunde seminda mikuru yemoto sezvinobvira. Kuverenga kwakaratidza kuti makumi mashoma ematani ezvombo aizosara, uye, pakupedzisira, nzira yekutungamirira yakavharwa (mahwendefa 25 mm mukobvu kumativi uye 12,7 mm pamusoro). Sezvo zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kugadzirisa zvakanaka misoro yehondo, torpedoes dzakasiiwa, uye ndege dzendege dzaifanira kugadzirirwa chete nemabhomba.
