Hondo dzeNaval dzeGuadalcanal chikamu 2

Imwe yezvikepe zvitsva zveAmerica, USS Washington, ndiyo yakakunda yehondo yeJapan Kirishima muHondo yechipiri yeGuadalcanal musi waNovember 15, 1942.

Mushure mekutorwa kwenhandare yendege yeGuadalcanal, mauto eAmerica akasimbisa akaipoteredza, asina simba rakakwana uye nzira dzekutora chitsuwa. Mushure mekubva kwezvikepe zveAmerica kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, veMarines vakasara vari voga. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, mativi ose maviri akaedza kusimbisa mauto avo pachitsuwa, izvo zvakatungamirira kuhondo dzakawanda dzegungwa. Vakarwa nerombo rakasiyana-siyana, asi pakupedzisira, kurwa kwenguva refu kwakave kunobatsira maAmerican. Hazvisi nezve chiyero chekurasikirwa, asi kuti havana kubvumira maJapan kurasikirwa neGuadalcanal zvakare. Mauto emugungwa akaita basa guru mune izvi.

Kana Kontradm inotakura yaenda. Turner, maMarines ari ega paGuadalcanal. Dambudziko guru panguva iyoyo raive kusakwanisa kuburitsa 155-mm howitzer squadron ye11 Marine Regiment (artillery) uye 127-mm pfuti dzemahombekombe egungwa kubva ku3rd Defensive Division. Iye zvino rimwe remabasa ekutanga raive rekugadzira nzvimbo yakagadzikana yakatenderedza nhandare yendege (mumutsara une hupamhi hwemakiromita mapfumbamwe) uye kuunza nhandare yendege mumamiriro ekushanda. Pfungwa iyi yaive yekuisa mauto emuchadenga pachitsuwa, izvo zvaizoita kuti zvisaite kusimbaradza mauto eJapan uye kuvhara yavo yekutakura yekutakura munzira yekuenda kuGuadalcanal.

Kupesana kune ramangwana remauto emuchadenga emuAmerica pachitsuwa (icho chinodaidzwa kuti Cactus Air Force, sezvo maAmerican aidaidzira Guadalcanal "Cactus") yaive nzvimbo yemauto eJapan mudunhu reRabaul kuNew Britain. Mushure mekurwiswa kweAmerica paGuadalcanal, maJapan akasimudza 25th Air Flotilla kuRabaul, iyo yaizotsiviwa ne26th Air Flotilla. Mushure mekusvika kwekupedzisira, akabatwa sekusimbisa, kwete sekuzvipira. Kuumbwa kwendege muRabaul kwakachinja, asi muna Gumiguru 1942, semuenzaniso, kuumbwa kwacho kwaive kunotevera:

• 11. Aviation Fleet, Vice Adm. Nishizo Tsukahara, Rabaul;
• 25th Air Flotilla (Commander for Logistics Sadayoshi Hamada): Tainan Air Group - 50 Zero 21, Tōkō Air Group - 6 B5N Kate, 2nd Air Group - 8 Zero 32, 7 D3A Val;
• 26th Air Flotilla (Vice Admiral Yamagata Seigo): Misawa Air Group - 45 G4M Betty, 6th Air Group - 28 Zero 32, 31st Air Group - 6 D3A Val, 3 G3M Nell;
• 21. Air Flotilla (Rinosuke Ichimaru): 751. Air Group - 18 G4M Betty, Yokohama Air Group - 8 H6K Mavis, 3 H8K Emily, 12 A6M2-N Rufe.

Mauto eImperial Japanese epasi anogona kupindira paGuadalcanal Hondo yechi17, inotungamirirwa naLieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake. General Hyakutake, achiri lieutenant colonel, aive mauto eJapan muWarsaw kubva 1925-1927. Akazoshanda muKwantung Army uye gare gare akabata zvinzvimbo zvakasiyana muJapan. Muna 1942, murairo we17th Army waiva muRabaul. Akaraira 2nd Infantry Division "Sendai" muPhilippine neJava, iyo 38th Infantry Division "Nagoya" muSumatra neBorneo, iyo 35th Infantry Brigade muPalau uye 28th Infantry Regiment (kubva ku7th Infantry Division) muTruk. . Gare gare, Uto idzva rechi18 rakaumbwa kuti rishande muNew Guinea.

Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto akatangawo kuunganidza mauto kuti apindire munzvimbo yaSoromoni. Kutanga, 2nd Fleet yakatumirwa kuNew Britain pasi pemurairo weVice Adm. Nobutake Kondo, inosanganisira 4th cruiser squadron (iyo mureza inorema cruiser Atago uye mapatya Takao naMaya) pasi pekuraira kwakananga kwemutevedzeri wemutevedzeri. Kondo uye 5th cruiser squadron (heavy cruisers Myoko naHaguro) pasi pemurairo weVice Adm. Takeo Takagi. Iwo mashanu anorema cruisers akaperekedzwa ne4th Destroyer Flotilla pasi pekuraira kweKontrrad. Tamotsu Takama ari muchikepe chechiedza cheYura. Flotilla yaisanganisira vaparadzi Kuroshio, Oyashio, Hayashio, Minegumo, Natsugumo naAsagumo. Seaplane transporter Chitose awedzerwa kuchikwata. Chinhu chose chakanzi "advanced command".

Panzvimbo yekuisa mauto eNavy muchikwata chimwe chakasimba, kana zvikwata zvinoshanda muhukama hwepedyo, padyo nayo, adm. Yamamoto akakamura zvikepe mumapoka akati wandei ehunyanzvi, ayo aifanira kushanda akazvimirira, kure kure kubva kune mumwe. Iyo kupatsanurwa haina kushanda muCoral Sea, haina kushanda kuMidway, haina kushanda kuGuadalcanal. Neiko kubatanidzwa kwakadaro kudzidziso yegamuchidzanwa yokuparadzirwa kwamasimba omuvengi? Zvichida nokuti vatungamiri vemazuva ano vakaikurudzira hondo isati yatanga uye vakakurudzira vose vakuru nevari pasi kuti vaitevere. Vanobvuma here kuti vakanga vasina kururama? Zvikepe zvakakamurwa kuita zvikamu "kuvhiringa" muvengi uye kukanganisa mauto avo, nemaitiro akadaro zvichireva kuti zvikwata zvega zvinogona kuparadzwa zviri nyore mukurwiswa kunotevera.

Ndicho chikonzero nei, kunze kwe "boka remberi", "boka remberi" pasi pemurairo wekurwisa (inozivikanwa se "Kido Butai") yakaparadzaniswa nemasimba makuru. Hiroaki Abe. Mwongo wemurairo uyu waive zvikepe zviviri zvehondo, Hiei (flagship) neKirishima, zvakaperekedzwa nemutakuri wendege cruiser Chikuma we8th Cruiser Squadron. Iri boka raisanganisirawo 7th cruiser squadron, iyo yakarairwa nerear rad. Shoji Nishimura nevatyairi vanorema Kumano naSuzuya uye 10th Destroyer Flotilla pasi pekuraira kweCounterrad. Susumu Kimura: light cruiser Nagara uye vaparadzi Nowaki, Maikaze naTanikaze.

Mauto makuru eKido Butai pasi pekuraira kweVice Adm. Chuichi Nagumo aisanganisira chikepe chechitatu pasi pekuraira kwake kwakananga: vatakuri vendege Shokaku naZuikaku, mutakuri wendege akareruka Ryujo, yakasara ye3th cruiser squadron - iyo cruiser-ndege inotakura Tone nevaparadzi (yakasara yegumi flotilla): "Kazagumo", "Yugumo", "Akigumigumo". , Kamigumigumo Hatsukaze, Akizuki, Amatsukaze and Tokitsukaze. Paiva nemamwe mapoka maviri, "boka rekutsigira" rehondo yehondo "Mutsu" pasi pemurairo waCaptain Mutsu, com. Teijiro Yamazumi, iyo yaisanganisira vaparadzi vatatu "Harusame", "Samidare" uye "Murasame", pamwe ne "backup group" pasi pekuraira kwemunhu adm. Isoroku Yamamoto, inosanganisira yehondo Yamato, mutakuri wendege Junyō, mutakuri wendege anoperekedza Taiyo, nevaparadzi vaviri Akebono naUshio.

Mutakuri wendege Junyō ​​​​akagadzirwa nekuvakazve ngarava yevatyairi Kashiwara Maru isati yapera. Saizvozvovo, yakafanana mutakuri wendege Hiy yakavakwa pahull yemapatya Izumo Maru, yakatengwawo panguva yekuvakwa kubva kumuridzi wengarava Nippon Yusen Kaisha. Sezvo zvikwata izvi zvaive zvishoma zvishoma (pasi pezana remakore rechi26), hazvina kuonekwa sevatakuri vendege, kunyange zvazvo zvaive zvakakura kune vatakuri vendege (kudzingwa pamusoro pe24 tons).

Nekudaro, izvi hazvisi zvese, nekuti basa rekuendesa makoni ane zvinosimbisa uye zvekushandisa kuGuadalcanal rakaiswa kune rimwe boka - iyo 8th Fleet pasi pekuraira kwaVice Adm. Gunichi Mikawa. Yakanga yakanangana neiyo inorema cruiser Chōkai uye 6th Cruiser Squadron pasi pekuraira kweKontrrad. Aritomo Goto nevatyairi vanorema Aoba, Kinugasa neFurutaka. Vakanga vakafukidzwa nevaparadzi kubva ku2nd Destroyer Flotilla pasi pemurairo weKontrrad. Raizō Tanaka ane light cruiser Jintsu and the destroyers Suzukaze, Kawakaze, Umikaze, Isokaze, Yayoi, Mutsuki and Uzuki. Simba iri rakabatanidzwa nezvikepe zvina zvekuperekedza (Nos. 1, 2, 34 uye 35), izvo zvakavakwazve vaparadzi vekare, vane pfuti mbiri 120 mm uye pfuti mbiri dzinorwisa ndege uye kudzika kwemhosva kunodonha imwe neimwe.

Uyu ndiye 8th Vice Admiral weFleet. Mikawi akagoverwa kuendesa 28th Infantry Regiment pasi pemurairo weColonel F. Kiyonao Ichika kuGuadalcanal. Regiment yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri. Rimwe boka rakasiyana reuto, raisanganisira vakuru vakuru nevarwi ve916 veColonel V. Ichiki, aiva mukuru, rakanga riri rokutakura vaparadzi vatanhatu pasi pechivharo chousiku: Kagero, Hagikaze, Arashi, Tanikaze, Hamakaze uye Urakaze. Zvakare, mauto akasara (varume vangangosvika mazana manomwe pamwe nemimwe michina mikuru) aifanira kutakurwa kuenda kuGuadalcanal nevatakuri vaviri, Boston Maru naDaifuku Maru, vachiperekedzwa negwara rechiedza Jintsu nemapatrol maviri, Nhamba 700 ne34. Chechitatu chokufambisa, Kinryū Maru, chakatakura varwi vanenge 35 kubva kuYokosuka 800th Marine Division. Pakazara, vanhu zviuru zviviri nemazana mana vakaendeswa kuGuadalcanal kubva kuTruk Island, uye iyo 5th Fleet yakaenda sekuperekedza kwakareba. Nekudaro, zvese adm. Yamamoto aifanira kupa imwe chivharo apo mutungamiriri weJapan aitarisira kukwevera maAmerica mune imwe hondo huru uye kurova kumashure kuMidway.

Masimba adm. Yamamota yakabva kuJapan musi waAugust 13, 1942. Kwapera chinguva, chokufambisa kubva kuTruk chakasara kuti chirongedze basa rose, iro maJapan akadana "Operation Ka".

Kukundikana kweOperation Ka

Musi waNyamavhuvhu 15, 1942, zvikepe zvekuAmerica zvakasvika paGuadalcanal kekutanga kubva pakamhara. Ichokwadi, vaparadzi vana chete vakashandurwa kuita zvifambiso: USS Colhoun, USS Little, USS Gregory uye USS McKean, asi vakaunza zvinhu zvekutanga zvakakosha kuronga nhandare yendege kuLunga Point (Henderson Field). Paive nemazana mana emadhiramu emafuta, 400 mabhomba emafuta, 32 mabhomba anorema 282-45 kg, masipire uye maturusi ebasa.

Kwapera zuva, muparadzi wekare weJapan Oite akapa mauto zana negumi nezvitatu zvemauto echitsuwa cheJapan mauto, aisanganisira kunyanya vevabatsiri vengarava, mauto ekuvaka, uye nhamba yakakosha yevaranda veKorea vasingaonekwe sevadziviriri vechitsuwa. MaJapan Marines, kusanganisira zvakasara zveKure's 113rd Marine Group uye zvinhu zvichangobva kusvika zveYokosuka's 3th Marine Group, zvakamira kumadokero kweAmerican beachhead kuHenderson Field. Mauto epasi eJapan, nekupesana, akadzivirirwa kumabvazuva kwebhiriji.

Pana Nyamavhuvhu 19, vaparadzi vatatu vokuJapan, Kagero, Hagikaze, uye Arashi, vakapfurwa pamauto eMarine eUnited States uye vaAmerica havana kupindura. Kwakange kusati kwave kurongwa 127 mm yemahombekombe artillery zvidimbu. Ipapo kwakauya chigaro chimwe chete B-17 kubva ku11th Espiritu Santo Bombardment Group, inotungamirwa naMajor J. James Edmundson. Iyo chete yakagadzirira kubhururuka. Akadonhedza nhevedzano yemabhomba pavaparadzi veJapan kubva paurefu hunosvika 1500 m uye, zvinoshamisa, rimwe ramabhomba aya rakarova! Muparadzi Hagikaze akarohwa nechekumashure kweturret huru

cal. 127 mm bhomba - 227 kg.

Bhomba racho rakaparadza turret, rakafashamira danda repfuti, rakakuvadza chidzoreso ndokupwanya sikuruu imwe, richideredza sipidhi yomuparadzi kusvika ku 6 V. Nokuurawa 33 uye 13 vakuvadzwa, vaHagikaze vakaperekedza Arashi kuTruk, uko iye akagadziridzwa. Kupfura kwakamira. Major Edmundson akafamba akadzika kwazvo pasi pemahombekombe paHenderson Field uye akaonekana nekushevedzera kweMarines.

Musi waNyamavhuvhu 20, ndege yekutanga yakasvika kuHenderson Field: 19 F4F Wildcats kubva kuVMF-223, pasi pemurairo weCapt. F. John L. Smith, uye 12 SBD Dauntless kubva kuVMSB-232, pasi pemurairo weMajor. Richard S. Mangrum. Ndege idzi dzakasimuka kubva kumutakuri wendege USS Long Island (CVE-1), mutakuri wendege wekuAmerica wekutanga. Usiku ihwohwo, kurwisa kwevarwi veJapan vanenge 850 vachitungamirirwa naColonel S. Ichiki, uyo akasemburwa nekuparadzwa kunenge kwakazara kweuto reJapan. Pamasoja 916 akaputika e28th Infantry Regiment, 128 chete ndivo vakapona.

Zvichakadaro, ngarava dzeJapan dzakanga dzava kusvika kuGuadalcanal. Musi waNyamavhuvhu 20, chikepe cheJapan chaibhururuka chakaona USS Long Island ndokuchifunga semutakuri wendege wezvikepe zveUS. Chikwata chakasimbiswa chengarava nhatu chakatungamirira kurwisa kwaitungamirirwa nemauto eJapan. Raizo Tanaka akarairwa kutendeukira kuchamhembe kuti auye nemutakuri wendege wekuAmerica munzvimbo yeRabaul air force. Kubva kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, kune rumwe rutivi, murwi wekuAmerica wekutakura ane zvinotakura USS Fomalhaut (AKA-5) uye USS Alhena (AKA-9) mukuperekedza zvakananga vaparadzi USS Blue (DD-387), USS Henley (DD-391) . ) uye USS Helm vakanga vava kusvika kuGuadalcanal (DD-388). Nekudaro, zvakanyanya kukosha, chivharo chemahara chekoniyori chaive nemapoka matatu ekurova pasi pemubatanidzwa weVice Adm. Frank "Jack" Fletcher.

Akarayira USS Saratoga (CV-3), mutakuri wendege weTask Force 11, akatakura 28 F4Fs (VF-5), 33 SBDs (VB-3 uye VS-3) uye 13 TBF Avengers (VT-8). Mutakuri wendege akaperekedzwa nevatyairi vanorema USS Minneapolis (CA-36) uye USS New Orleans (CA-32) uye vaparadzi USS Phelps (DD-360), USS Farragut (DD-348), USS Worden (DD-352) ) , USS Macdonough (DD-351) uye USS Dale (DD-353).

Boka rechipiri reTask Force 16 pasi pekuraira kweCounterradm. Thomas C. Kincaid yakarongeka yakapoteredza mutakuri wendege USS Enterprise (CV-6). Muchikepe maive ne29 F4F (VF-6), 35 SBD (VB-6, VS-5) uye 16 TBF (VT-3). TF-16 yakafukidzwa ne: chikepe chitsva chehondo USS North Carolina (BB-55), iyo inorema cruiser USS Portland (CA-33), inorwisa ndege cruiser USS Atlanta (CL-51) uye vaparadzi USS Balch (DD- 363), USS Maury (DD- 401), USS Ellet (DD-398), USS Benham (DD-397), USS Grayson (DD-435), uye USS Monssen (DD-436).

Chikwata chechitatu cheTask Force 18 pasi pekuraira kweCounterrad. Lee H. Noyes yakarongeka yakatenderedza mutakuri wendege USS Wasp (CV-7). Yakatakura 25 F4Fs (VF-71), 27 SBDs (VS-71 uye VS-72), gumi TBFs (VT-10) uye imwe amphibious J7F Dhadha. Kuperekedzwa kwakatakurwa nevatyairi vengarava inorema USS San Francisco (CA-2) uye USS Salt Lake City (CA-38), iyo anti-ndege cruiser USS Juneau (CL-25) uye vaparadzi USS Farenholt (DD-52), USS Aroni. Ward (DD-491), USS Buchanan (DD-483), USS Lang (DD-484), USS Stack (DD-399), USS Sterett (DD-406) uye USS Selfridge (DD-407).

Pamusoro pezvo, ndege dzichangosvika dzakamiswa paGaudalcanal, uye boka rechigumi nerimwe remabhomba (11 B-25E / F) uye 17 PBY-33 Catalina ine VP-5, VP-11, VP-14 uye VP-23 yakamira paEspiritu. . Santo.