"Invisibility Caps" haisati yaonekwa

Iyo ichangoburwa munhevedzano ye "majasi ekusaonekwa" ndiyo yakazvarwa paYunivhesiti yeRochester (1), iyo inoshandisa yakakodzera optical system. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanozvidaidza kuti mamwe maitiro ekunyepedzera kana kuti chiitiko chakakosha, umo dhizaini yakangwara inodzora chiedza uye inonyengedza chiono chemucherechedzi.

Kune mamwe masvomhu akanaka emberi kuseri kwazvo zvese — masayendisiti anofanirwa kuishandisa kutsvaga nzira yekumisikidza lenzi mbiri kuti mwenje udzoke nenzira yekuti vakwanise kuviga chinhu kuseri kwavo. Iyi mhinduro inoshanda kwete chete kana yakatarisa zvakananga kune lenzi - kona ye15 degrees kana imwe yakakwana.

1. "Invisibility Hat" kubva kuYunivhesiti yeRochester.

Inogona kushandiswa mumotokari kubvisa mapofu mumagirazi kana mumakamuri ekuvhiya, zvichiita kuti vavhiyi vaone nemaoko avo. Ichi ndicho chimwe munhevedzano refu yezvakazarurwa pamusoro teknolojia isingaonekiizvo zvakauya kwatiri mumakore achangopfuura.

Muna 2012, takatonzwa nezve "Cap of Invisibility" kubva kuAmerican Duke University. Chete chakanyanya kubvunza chakaverenga ipapo kuti chaive chekusaoneka kwecylinder diki mune chidimbu chidiki cheiyo microwave spectrum. Gore rapfuura, vakuru veDuke vakashuma nezve sonar stealth tekinoroji iyo ingaite senge inovimbisa mune mamwe madenderedzwa.

Zvinosuruvarisa, zvaive kusaoneka chete kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yekuona uye mune yakamanikana chiyero, iyo yakaita kuti tekinoroji isashandise zvishoma. Muna 2013, mainjiniya asinganeti kuDuke akakurudzira mudziyo wakadhindwa we 3D wakavharidzira chinhu chakaiswa mukati chine maburi madiki muchimiro (2). Zvisinei, zvakare, izvi zvakaitika muhuwandu hushoma hwemafungu uye chete kubva pane imwe nzvimbo yekuona.

Mumifananidzo yakaburitswa paInternet, kapi yekambani yeCanada Hyperstealth yaitaridzika kuvimbisa, iyo muna 2012 yakashambadzirwa pasi pezita rinonakidza rekuti Quantum Stealth (3). Nehurombo, kushanda prototypes hakuna kumboratidzwa, uye haina kutsanangurwa kuti inoshanda sei. Iyo kambani inotora nyaya dzekuchengetedza sechikonzero uye inoshuma zvisinganzwisisike kuti iri kugadzirira zvakavanzika zvechigadzirwa zvemauto.

Kumberi kwekutarisa, kumashure kamera

Kutanga kwemazuva anokusaoneka chivharo» Yakaunzwa makore gumi apfuura nainjiniya wekuJapan Prof. Susumu Tachi anobva kuYunivhesiti yeTokyo. Akashandisa kamera yaive kumashure kwemurume aive akapfeka bhachi raivewo monitor. Mufananidzo kubva kumashure kamera wakaratidzwa pairi. Murume aive akapfeka “akange asingaoneki”. Hunyengeri hwakafanana hunoshandiswa neAdaptiv mota yekuvharisa mudziyo yakaunzwa mumakore gumi apfuura neBAE Systems (4).

Inoratidza mufananidzo we infrared "kubva kumashure" pane zvombo zvetangi. Muchina wakadaro haungoonekwi mumidziyo yekuona. Pfungwa yekumisa zvinhu yakaumbwa muna 2006. John Pendry weImperial College London, David Schurig naDavid Smith veDuke University vakabudisa dzidziso ye "transformation optics" mumagazini yeSainzi uye vakaratidza kuti inoshanda sei munyaya ye microwaves (yakareba wavelengths pane chiedza chinooneka).

2. "Chivharo chisingaoneki" chakadhindwa muzvikamu zvitatu.

Nerubatsiro rwemametaterials akakodzera, electromagnetic wave inogona kukotamiswa nenzira yekunzvenga chinhu chakatenderedza uye kudzokera munzira yayo iripo. Iyo parameter inoratidza iyo general optical reaction yepakati ndeye refractive index, iyo inotaridza kuti kangani inononoka pane muvacuum, mwenje unofamba mune ino svikiro. Isu tinoiverenga semudzi wechigadzirwa chehukama hwemagetsi uye magineti permeability.

hukama hwemagetsi permeability; inotarisa kuti kangani simba rekudyidzana kwemagetsi muchinhu chakapihwa rishoma pane simba rekudyidzana muvacuum. Naizvozvo, chiyero chekuti machaji emagetsi mukati mechimwe chinhu anopindura sei kune imwe nzvimbo yemagetsi yekunze. Zvinhu zvizhinji zvine mvumo yakanaka, zvinoreva kuti munda wakashandurwa nechinhu uchiri nechirevo chakafanana nemunda wekunze.

Iyo hukama hwemagineti inogoneka m inotaridza kuti magineti anochinja sei munzvimbo yakazadzwa nezvinhu zvakapihwa, zvichienzaniswa neiyo magineti inogona kunge iri muvacuum ine yakafanana yekunze magineti kunobva. Pazvinhu zvese zvinongoitika zvega, iwo magineti permeability akanaka. Kune midhiya inoonekera segirazi kana mvura, ese matatu huwandu hwakanaka.

Ipapo chiedza, chinopfuura kubva pavacuum kana mhepo (mhepo parameters inongosiyana zvishoma kubva kune vacuum) ichipinda mukati, inodzokororwa maererano nemutemo we refraction uye chiyero chesine chekona yechiitiko kune sine yekona yerefraction. yakaenzana nerefractive index yepakati iyi. Kukosha kwakaderera pane zero; uye m zvinoreva kuti maerekitironi ari mukati mepakati anofamba achienda kune rimwe divi kune simba rinogadzirwa nemagetsi kana magnetic field.

Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvinoitika musimbi, umo erekitironi gasi remahara rinosangana neayo oscillations. Kana iyo frequency ye electromagnetic wave isingapfuure kuwanda kweaya echisikigo oscillations emagetsi, saka maoscillations aya anotarisisa ndima yemagetsi yewaisai zvinobudirira zvekuti haatenderi kuti ipinde mukati mesimbi uye kunyange kugadzira munda wakanangidzirwa zvakapesana. kumunda wekunze.

Somugumisiro, kubvumirwa kwezvinhu zvakadaro hakuna kunaka. Kusakwanisa kupinda mukati mukati mesimbi, electromagnetic radiation inoratidzwa kubva pamusoro pesimbi, uye simbi pachayo inowana hunhu hunopenya. Ko kana mhando mbiri dzemvumo dzaive dzisina kunaka? Uyu mubvunzo wakabvunzwa muna 1967 nenyanzvi yefizikisi yokuRussia Viktor Veselago. Zvinoitika kuti iyo refractive index yepakati yakadaro haina kunaka uye chiedza chinodzorwa nenzira yakasiyana zvachose pane inotevera kubva kune yakajairwa mutemo wekuramba.

5. Negative refraction pamusoro pechiso che metamaterial - kuona

Ipapo simba remagetsi emagetsi rinoendeswa mberi, asi iyo maxima ye electromagnetic wave inofamba ichienda kune yakatarisana nechimiro chepundutso uye simba rakatamiswa. Zvinhu zvakadaro hazvipo mumasikirwo (hapana zvinhu zvine negative magnetic permeability). Mubhuku ra2006 chete rataurwa pamusoro apa uye mune mamwe akawanda mabhuku akagadzirwa mumakore akatevera, zvaive zvichikwanisika kutsanangura uye, saka, kuvaka zvivakwa zvekugadzira zvine negative refractive index (5).

Vanonzi metamatadium. Chivakamberi chechiGiriki "meta" chinoreva "mushure", ndiko kuti, izvi zvimiro zvakagadzirwa kubva kune zvakasikwa zvinhu. Metamaterials inowana zvivakwa zvavanoda nekuvaka madiki emagetsi emagetsi anotevedzera magineti kana emagetsi zvimiro zvechinhu. Masimbi mazhinji ane gasi remagetsi permeability, saka zvakakwana kusiya nzvimbo yezvinhu zvinopa mhinduro yakaipa yemagineti.

Panzvimbo pesimbi ine homogeneous, yakawanda yakaonda simbi waya dzakarongedzerwa muchimiro checubic grid inonamirwa kune ndiro ye insulating material. Nekuchinja dhayamita yewaya uye chinhambwe chiri pakati pawo, zvinokwanisika kugadzirisa ma frequency values ​​paari iyo chimiro chichava negetsi permeability. Kuti uwane husina kunaka hwemagineti muchiitiko chakareruka, dhizaini yacho ine zvindori zviviri zvakaputsika zvakagadzirwa neakanaka conductor (semuenzaniso, goridhe, sirivha kana mhangura) uye yakaparadzaniswa nerumwe rwechimwe chinhu.

Sistimu yakadai inonzi split ring resonator - yakapfupikiswa seSRR, kubva kuChirungu. Split-ring resonator (6). Pamusana pezvipingamupinyi muzvindori uye kureba pakati pavo, ine imwe capacitance, se capacitor, uye sezvo zvindori zvakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvinotungamirira, zvinewo imwe inductance, i.e. kugona kugadzira macurrents.

Shanduko mune yekunze magineti kubva kune electromagnetic wave inokonzera ikozvino kuyerera mumarin'i, uye ikozvino inogadzira magineti. Zvinoitika kuti nekugadzirwa kwakakodzera, iyo magnetic field yakagadzirwa nehurongwa inotungamirirwa yakatarisana nekunze kwekunze. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave negetive magnetic permeability yechinhu chine zvinhu zvakadaro. Nekumisikidza maparamendi eiyo metamaterial system, munhu anogona kuwana yakashata magineti mhinduro mune yakaringana yakawanda yemafungu frequency.

meta - kuvaka

Chiroto chevagadziri ndechekugadzira nzira iyo masaisai aizoyerera achitenderedza chinhu (7). Muna 2008, masayendisiti epaYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Berkeley, kekutanga munhoroondo, akagadzira mativi matatu-dimensional zvinhu zvine negative refractive index yechiedza chinooneka uye chiri pedyo-infrared, achikotamisa chiedza chakananga kwakatarisana nekwachisiko. Vakagadzira metamaterial nyowani nekubatanidza sirivha ne magnesium fluoride.

Zvino inochekwa kuita matrix ine diki tsono. Chiitiko chekukanganisa kwakashata kwave kuchionekwa pawavelengths ye1500 nm (pedyo ne infrared). Mukutanga kwa2010, Tolga Ergin weKarlsruhe Institute of Technology uye vaaishanda navo kuImperial College London vakagadzira. zvisingaonekwi keteni rechiedza. Vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa zvinhu zvinowanikwa pamusika.

Vakashandisa photonic crystals yakaiswa pamusoro kuti ivhare microscopic protrusion pandiro yegoridhe. Saka iyo metamaterial yakagadzirwa kubva kune yakakosha lenzi. Malenzi akatarisana nehump pandiro anowanikwa nenzira yekuti, nekutsausa chikamu chemasaisai echiedza, anobvisa kupararira kwechiedza pane bulge. Nokucherechedza ndiro iri pasi pemaikorosikopu, vachishandisa chiedza chine wavelength pedyo nechiedza chinooneka, masayendisiti akaona ndiro yakati sandara.

Gare gare, vaongorori kubva kuDuke University uye Imperial College London vakakwanisa kuwana kuratidzwa kwakashata kweiyo microwave radiation. Kuti uwane mhedzisiro iyi, zvinhu zvega zvechimiro chemetamaterial zvinofanirwa kunge zviri zvishoma pane wavelength yechiedza. Saka idambudziko rehunyanzvi rinoda kugadzirwa kwezvimiro zvidiki zvemetamaterial zvinoenderana newavelength yemwenje yavanofanirwa kudzosa.

Chiedza chinooneka (violet kusvika kutsvuku) chine wavelength ye380 kusvika 780 nanometers (nanometer ibhirioni imwe yemamita). Nanotechnologists kubva kuScottish University yeSt. Andrews vakauya kuzonunura. Ivo vane imwe layer yeyakanyanya densely meshed metamaterial. Mapeji eNew Journal of Physics anotsanangura metaflex inokwanisa kupeta wavelengths inosvika mazana matanhatu nemakumi maviri nenomwe (620) chiedza chitsvuku.

Muna 2012, boka revatsvakurudzi veAmerica paYunivhesiti yeTexas kuAustin rakauya nehunyengeri hwakasiyana zvachose vachishandisa microwaves. Silinda ine dhayamita ye 18 cm yakavharwa neasina kunaka impedance plasma zvinhu, izvo zvinobvumira kushandiswa kwezvinhu. Kana iine zvakanyatsopesana neoptical properties yechinhu chakavanzika, inogadzira rudzi rwe "negative".

Saka, masaisai maviri aya anopindirana uye chinhu chinova chisingaoneki. Nekuda kweizvozvo, izvo zvinhu zvinogona kupeta akati wandei akasiyana ma frequency mafungu kuti afambe achitenderedza chinhu, achichinjika kune rimwe divi racho, izvo zvingave zvisingaonekwe kune anoona kunze. Mafungiro edzidziso ari kuwanda.

Inenge mwedzi gumi nemaviri yapfuura, Advanced Optical Materials yakaburitsa chinyorwa pamusoro pechidzidzo chingangove chinotyisa nemasayendisiti kuYunivhesiti yeCentral Florida. Ndiani anoziva kana vakatadza kukunda zvirambidzo zviripo pa "hati dzisingaoneki» Yakavakwa kubva kune metamatadium. Maererano neruzivo rwavakaburitsa, kunyangarika kwechinhu chiri muchiedza chinooneka chinogoneka.

7. Nzira dzedzidziso dzekukotamisa chiedza pachinhu chisingaoneki

Debashis Chanda neboka rake vanotsanangura kushandiswa kwemetamatiya ine mativi matatu-dimensional chimiro. Zvaiita kuti ndiwane kutenda kune anonzi. nanotransfer kudhinda (NTP), iyo inogadzira matepi esimbi-dielectric. Iyo refractive index inogona kuchinjwa nenzira dze nanoengineering. Iyo nzira yekuparadzira mwenje inofanirwa kudzorwa mune matatu-dimensional pamusoro pechimiro chechinhu uchishandisa electromagnetic resonance nzira.

Masayendisiti anongwarira zvakanyanya mumhedzisiro yavo, asi kubva mukutsanangurwa kwehunyanzvi hwavo zviri pachena kuti machira echinhu chakadaro anokwanisa kutsausa mafungu emagetsi kusvika pamwero mukuru. Pamusoro pezvo, mawanirwo anoitwa zvinhu zvitsva anobvumira kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo huru, izvo zvakaita kuti vamwe varote varwi vakafukidzwa nekakuvharira kwaizovapa. kusaoneka yakakwana, kubva radar kusvika masikati machena.

Kuvanza zvishandiso uchishandisa metamatadium kana optical matekiniki haakonzeri kunyangarika chaiko kwezvinhu, asi kusaonekwa kwavo kune maturusi ekuona, uye nekukurumidza, pamwe, kune ziso. Zvisinei, panotova nemamwe pfungwa dzakasimba. Jeng Yi Lee naRay-Kuang Lee vanobva kuNational Taiwan Tsing Hua University vakaronga pfungwa yedzidziso ye quantum "cap of invisibility" iyo inogona kubvisa zvinhu kwete kubva kumunda wekuona, asiwo kubva kune chokwadi chakazara.

Izvi zvichashanda zvakafanana nezvakakurukurwa pamusoro, asi Schrödinger equation ichashandiswa pachinzvimbo cheMaxwell's equations. Nyaya yacho ndeyekutambanudza chikamu chechinhu kuti chienzane ne zero. Theoretically, izvi zvinogoneka pane microscale. Zvisinei, zvinotora nguva yakareba kumirira mikana yetekinoroji yekugadzira chivharo chakadaro. Sezvakaita chero"kusaoneka chivharo“Zvinogona kunzi akanga avanza chimwe chinhu kuti tionekwe nesu.